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1.
This article presents a report on APNOMS 2007, which was held October 10–12, 2007 in Sapporo, Japan. The theme of APNOMS 2007
was “Managing the Next Generation Networks and Services.”
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2.
The goal of this article is to compare some optimised implementations on current high performance platforms in order to highlight
architectural trends in the field of embedded architectures and to get an estimation of what should be the components of a
next generation vision system. We present some implementations of robust motion detection algorithms on three architectures: a general purpose
RISC processor—the PowerPC G4—a parallel artificial retina dedicated to low level image processing— Pvlsar34—and the Associative Mesh, a specialized architecture based on associative net. To handle the different aspects and constraints
of embedded systems, execution time and power consumption of these architectures are compared.
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3.
This paper presents the experience of good practices and bench learning in the EU for sustainable development in transitional
economies. In exploring key issues of ICT development for economic growth in African countries, it will showcase how information
and experience from different geographical/economic sectors within the EU have been collated into a comprehensive knowledge
system, and shared among users, using both electronic and traditional methods—see The BEEP Project . It will then discuss how this good practice model could be developed further as a Pan-African Initiative, as part of the
IST Africa Programme for participating countries, to enable them share experience and information in their attempt to narrow
the digital divide for sustainable growth.
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4.
There are only a few ethical regulations that deal explicitly with robots, in contrast to a vast number of regulations, which
may be applied. We will focus on ethical issues with regard to “responsibility and autonomous robots”, “machines as a replacement
for humans”, and “tele-presence”. Furthermore we will examine examples from special fields of application (medicine and healthcare,
armed forces, and entertainment). We do not claim to present a complete list of ethical issue nor of regulations in the field
of robotics, but we will demonstrate that there are legal challenges with regard to these issues.
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5.
People with cognitive difficulties, including memory, sequencing and attentional difficulties, face barriers to the use of
conventionally designed information systems. This paper explores some of the reasons for these barriers in terms of the expectations
normally placed on the user’s cognitive abilities and background knowledge. In the paper, the design and evaluation of three
information systems are reported. These systems go some way towards overcoming cognitive barriers, allowing access to the
advantages of computers for people with dyslexia, and for older users with no background in computer use who were able to
access both email and the World Wide Web through specially designed interfaces.
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6.
Multiple memory models have been proposed to capture the effects of memory hierarchy culminating in the I-O model of Aggarwal
and Vitter (Commun. ACM 31(9):1116–1127, [ 1988]). More than a decade of architectural advancements have led to new features that are not captured in the I-O model—most
notably the prefetching capability. We propose a relatively simple Prefetch model that incorporates data prefetching in the traditional I-O models and show how to design optimal algorithms that
can attain close to peak memory bandwidth. Unlike (the inverse of) memory latency, the memory bandwidth is much closer to
the processing speed, thereby, intelligent use of prefetching can considerably mitigate the I-O bottleneck. For some fundamental
problems, our algorithms attain running times approaching that of the idealized random access machines under reasonable assumptions.
Our work also explains more precisely the significantly superior performance of the I-O efficient algorithms in systems that
support prefetching compared to ones that do not.
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7.
The area of agent systems design may be safely described as cluttered and disorganized, especially by those that situate themselves
outside the “agent community”. Despite the wealth of bibliography on agent systems design and applications, there are few
widely acknowledged design methods that have surfaced from testing and practice, mainly in laboratory settings. The paper
contributes to the understanding of the field by presenting a critical review of methodologies that have emerged over the
last few years to guide and explain agent systems design and development. The perspective for this review has been mainly
formulated by posing important research questions in the field, and by attempting to interpret and discover latent hypotheses
and underlying assumptions made by methodologies in reference to relevant research, both in agent systems and cooperative
information systems practice and theory. The paper identifies significant challenges for agent systems methodologies that,
if pursued, can contribute to a new understanding of the field that shifts the foci of current agent systems research, towards
holistic design methods that place human users and information systems stakeholders at the centre of interest and involve
them in the design process as much as possible.
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8.
The complexity of group dynamics occurring in small group interactions often hinders the performance of teams. The availability
of rich multimodal information about what is going on during the meeting makes it possible to explore the possibility of providing
support to dysfunctional teams from facilitation to training sessions addressing both the individuals and the group as a whole.
A necessary step in this direction is that of capturing and understanding group dynamics. In this paper, we discuss a particular
scenario, in which meeting participants receive multimedia feedback on their relational behaviour, as a first step towards
increasing self-awareness. We describe the background and the motivation for a coding scheme for annotating meeting recordings
partially inspired by the Bales’ Interaction Process Analysis. This coding scheme was aimed at identifying suitable observable
behavioural sequences. The study is complemented with an experimental investigation on the acceptability of such a service.
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9.
Awareness systems have attracted significant research interest for their potential to support interpersonal relationships.
Investigations of awareness systems for the domestic environment have suggested that such systems can help individuals stay
in touch with dear friends or family and provide affective benefits to their users. Our research provides empirical evidence
to refine and substantiate such suggestions. We report our experience with designing and evaluating the ASTRA awareness system,
for connecting households and mobile family members. We introduce the concept of connectedness and its measurement through
the Affective Benefits and Costs of communication questionnaire (ABC-Q). We inform results that testify the benefits of sharing
experiences at the moment they happen without interrupting potential receivers. Finally, we document the role that lightweight,
picture-based communication can play in the range of communication media available.
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10.
Communication is in this paper seen as the foundation for purposeful human–human activity in dynamic environments. Coordination
is a central issue in large systems such as military organisations, enterprises, or rescue organisations, and communication
is needed in order to achieve coordination in such systems. This paper suggest a holistic approach to control, where control
in a large system is seen as an emergent product of human interaction, focusing on human–human communication from a technical,
organisational, temporal, and social perspective.
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11.
Research on hybrid bionic systems (HBSs) is still in its infancy but promising results have already been achieved in laboratories.
Experiments on humans and animals show that artificial devices can be controlled by neural signals. These results suggest
that HBS technologies can be employed to restore sensorimotor functionalities in disabled and elderly people. At the same
time, HBS research raises ethical concerns related to possible exogenous and endogenous limitations to human autonomy and
freedom. The analysis of these concerns requires reflecting on the availability of scientific models accounting for key aspects
of sensorimotor coordination and plastic adaptation mechanisms in the brain.
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12.
Increased network speeds coupled with new services delivered via the Internet have increased the demand for intelligence and
flexibility in network systems. This paper argues that both can be provided by new hardware platforms comprised of heterogeneous
multi-core systems with specialized communication support. We present and evaluate an experimental network service platform
that uses an emergent class of devices—network processors—as its communication support, coupled via a dedicated interconnect
to a host processor acting as a computational core. A software infrastructure spanning both enables the dynamic creation of
application-specific services on the network processor, mediated by middleware and controlled by kernel-level communication
support. Experimental evaluations use a Pentium IV-based computational core coupled with an IXP 2400 network processor. The
sample application services run on both include an image manipulation application and application-level multicasting.
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13.
The purposes of this study are (a) to establish a measurement for evaluating conversational impressions of group discussions,
and (b) to make an exploratory investigation on their interactional processes which may affect to form those impressions.
The impression rating and factor analysis undertaken first give us four factors concerning conversational impressions of “focus
group interviews (FGIs)”: conversational activeness, conversational sequencing, the attitudes of participants and the relationships
of participants. In relation to the factors of conversational activeness and conversational sequencing in particular, the
microanalysis of four selected topical scenes from our database further shows that the behavior of the moderator and the interviewees
is organized not independently but with reference to each other. The study thus emphasizes the importance of the integration
of quantitative and qualitative approaches towards human interactions.
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14.
Constrained pattern mining extracts patterns based on their individual merit. Usually this results in far more patterns than
a human expert or a machine leaning technique could make use of. Often different patterns or combinations of patterns cover
a similar subset of the examples, thus being redundant and not carrying any new information. To remove the redundant information
contained in such pattern sets, we propose two general heuristic algorithms—Bouncer and Picker—for selecting a small subset
of patterns. We identify several selection techniques for use in this general algorithm and evaluate those on several data
sets. The results show that both techniques succeed in severely reducing the number of patterns, while at the same time apparently
retaining much of the original information. Additionally, the experiments show that reducing the pattern set indeed improves
the quality of classification results. Both results show that the developed solutions are very well suited for the goals we
aim at.
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15.
TimeBank is the only reference corpus for TimeML, an expressive language for annotating complex temporal information. It is
a rich resource for a broad range of research into various aspects of the expression of time and temporally related events.
This paper traces the development of TimeBank from its initial—and somewhat noisy—version (1.1) to a substantially revised
release (1.2), now available via the Linguistic Data Consortium. The development path is motivated by the encouraging empirical
results of TimeML-compliant annotators developed on the basis of TimeBank 1.1, and is informed by a detailed study of the
characteristics of that initial release, which guides a clean-up process turning TimeBank 1.2 into a consistent and robust
community resource.
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16.
An important area of Human Reliability Assessment in interactive systems is the ability to understand the causes of human
error and to model their occurrence. This paper investigates a new approach to analysis of task failures based on patterns
of operator behaviour, in contrast with more traditional event-based approaches. It considers, as a case study, a formal model
of an Air Traffic Control system operator’s task which incorporates a simple model of the high-level cognitive processes involved.
The cognitive model is formalised in the CSP process algebra. Various patterns of behaviour that could lead to task failure
are described using temporal logic. Then a model-checking technique is used to verify whether the set of selected behavioural
patterns is sound and complete with respect to the definition of task failure. The decomposition is shown to be incomplete
and a new behavioural pattern is identified, which appears to have been overlooked in the informal analysis of the problem.
This illustrates how formal analysis of operator models can yield fresh insights into how failures may arise in interactive
systems.
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17.
A lack of design information can be a significant barrier for systems developers when developing and reusing a component.
This paper tackles this problem by presenting and exemplifying the conceptual framework of component context and its hypertext
representation in a metaCASE environment. It discusses the linking of contextual knowledge to components in systems analysis
and design. The contextual knowledge includes the conceptual dependencies of component definition, reuse, and implementation,
as well as the reasoning and rationale behind design and reuse processes. We also illustrate the hypertext approach to contextual
knowledge representation that enables designers to express, record, explore, recognize, and negotiate their shared context
within a metaCASE environment.
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18.
The European Union co-funded COMUNICAR (communication multimedia unit inside car) project designed and developed an integrated multimedia human–machine interface (HMI) able to manage a wide variety of driver information systems (from entertainment to safety). COMUNICAR proposed an innovative information provision paradigm, in which the on-vehicle HMI is able to tailor the delivery of the information in real time according to the actual driving context and the drivers workload. COMUNICAR adopted a user-centred design process involving an iterative development based on extensive user tests since the early phases of the project. This approach was particularly useful to define and improve the layout of the user interface and specify the rules that decide the scheduling and the modalities of the delivery of the information messages to the driver. This paper introduces the COMUNICAR concept and the user-centred flow of design. Then, a concrete case of user-test driven, iterative improvement of a systems functionality is presented. We also briefly describe two software tools that we have designed to enhance the development process in a user-centred perspective. Finally, the future evolution of the concept of smart and safe information scheduling is sketched and discussed. 相似文献
19.
This paper describes the simulated car racing competition that was arranged as part of the 2007 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary
Computation. Both the game that was used as the domain for the competition, the controllers submitted as entries to the competition
and its results are presented. With this paper, we hope to provide some insight into the efficacy of various computational
intelligence methods on a well-defined game task, as well as an example of one way of running a competition. In the process,
we provide a set of reference results for those who wish to use the simplerace game to benchmark their own algorithms. The paper is co-authored by the organizers and participants of the competition.
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20.
A number of mobile applications have emerged that allow users to locate one another. However, people have expressed concerns
about the privacy implications associated with this class of software, suggesting that broad adoption may only happen to the
extent that these concerns are adequately addressed. In this article, we report on our work on P eopleF inder, an application that enables cell phone and laptop users to selectively share their locations with others (e.g. friends,
family, and colleagues). The objective of our work has been to better understand people’s attitudes and behaviors towards
privacy as they interact with such an application, and to explore technologies that empower users to more effectively and
efficiently specify their privacy preferences (or “policies”). These technologies include user interfaces for specifying rules
and auditing disclosures, as well as machine learning techniques to refine user policies based on their feedback. We present
evaluations of these technologies in the context of one laboratory study and three field studies.
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