表面纹理结构加工方式对柴油机缸套-活塞环摩擦副的摩擦特性影响研究

为实现柴油机缸套-活塞环系统的润滑、减磨以及降耗,为柴油机缸套表面纹理加工方式的选取提供依据,以船舶柴油机的缸套-活塞环摩擦副为研究对象,从摩擦因数、接触电阻及表面粗糙度等方面,研究不同加工方式制备的缸套表面纹理微结构的摩擦性能。结果表明：机械加工表面磨损随载荷的增加呈现逐渐上升的趋势,而化学刻蚀加工表面磨损则呈现先增后减的趋势;在低载荷时,机械加工的缸套表面摩擦学性能优于化学刻蚀加工,高载荷时化学刻蚀加工的缸套表面摩擦学性能优于机械加工的缸套表面。     

表面纹理加工方式对缸套-活塞环摩擦特性的影响

为实现柴油机缸套-活塞环系统的润滑、减磨以及降耗,为柴油机缸套表面纹理加工方式的选取提供依据,以船舶柴油机的缸套-活塞环摩擦副为研究对象,从摩擦因数、接触电阻及表面粗糙度等方面,研究不同加工方式制备的缸套表面纹理微结构的摩擦性能。结果表明:机械加工表面磨损随载荷的增加呈现逐渐上升的趋势,而化学刻蚀加工表面磨损则呈现先增后减的趋势;在低载荷时,机械加工的缸套表面摩擦学性能优于化学刻蚀加工,高载荷时化学刻蚀加工的缸套表面摩擦学性能优于机械加工的缸套表面。     

轴颈表面粗糙度对橡胶材料干摩擦特性的影响

当船舶艉轴承供水系统出现故障或轴承过载时,金属轴颈与橡胶轴承之间会发生局部接触而处于干摩擦状态下。为研究金属轴颈表面粗糙度对水润滑橡胶轴承干摩擦特性的影响,采用TIME3230表面粗糙度测量仪对金属轴颈表面微凸体进行测量,得到金属轴颈表面微凸体的位置参数分布曲线,并对其进行去噪处理;利用傅立叶变换重新构造去噪后的金属轴颈表面粗糙度分布,并依据理论计算金属轴颈-橡胶轴承摩擦副的摩擦因数。金属轴颈-橡胶轴承摩擦副的摩擦因数计算结果与实际情况吻合,说明建立的轴颈表面粗糙度分布模型合理。分析结果表明:在干摩擦状态下,金属轴颈-橡胶轴承摩擦副的摩擦因数随着表面粗糙度函数波幅的增大呈线性增大趋势,随着粗糙度分布函数的特征波长系数的增大呈非线性增大;润滑流动方向顺着加工纹理方向时,摩擦因数比垂直加工纹理方向和与加工纹理呈45°时的摩擦因数都小。因此,选择合理的轴承表面粗糙度的幅值和波长可以提高金属轴颈-橡胶轴承摩擦副的摩擦润滑性能;沿加工纹理加工、装配金属轴颈-橡胶轴承摩擦副,可降低摩擦因数。     

改性纳米h-BN润滑油添加剂对缸套-活塞环摩擦学性能的影响

在缸套-活塞环摩擦副中,当活塞在上、下止点处为零速,难以形成油膜,且在气缸的高温工况下,其他部位的油膜也会被破坏,从而造成缸套-活塞环的摩擦功耗增加和磨损加剧。采用优质润滑油是提高缸套-活塞环润滑与摩擦特性的重要手段。制备改性纳米六方氮化硼(h-BN)颗粒并将其按不同质量分数分散至聚α-烯烃（PAO10）基础油中,使用R-tec摩擦磨损试验机开展不同载荷下的往复摩擦试验,通过观测摩擦因数、磨损体积和缸套磨损表面、磨损元素及三维形貌参数,研究改性纳米h-BN添加剂对缸套材料摩擦学性能的影响以及减摩抗磨润滑机制。结果表明：加入改性纳米h-BN添加剂可以显著降低缸套-活塞环摩擦副的摩擦因数,减少磨损量,加入质量分数0.25%的添加剂在50 N、3 Hz工况下可使摩擦因数降低33.87%,磨损体积降低23.32%;在载荷及摩擦热作用下纳米h-BN添加剂可以在磨损表面形成摩擦保护膜,可以改善缸套的表面粗糙度,创造优良的润滑环境,提升其摩擦学性能。     

表面粗糙度对橡塑O形圈往复密封性能的影响

建立三维确定性混合润滑数值仿真模型,该模型采用统一Reynolds方程系统法,耦合了固体力学分析、流体力学分析和接触力学分析;生成非高斯粗糙表面,基于混合润滑模型研究表面粗糙度、自相关长度比值和纹理方向对橡塑O形圈往复密封摩擦力、泄漏率、平均膜厚和接触面积比等密封性能的影响规律。研究表明：低速时随着表面粗糙度的增大,润滑区接触面积比增大,引起摩擦因数增大,平均膜厚先增大后减小,临界接触面积比约为40%;在混合润滑状态时,对于横向纹理粗糙表面,存在合适的自相关长度比值使得密封的摩擦因数和接触面积比最低;当纹理方向θ=π/10时,摩擦因数最小。     

柴油机活塞环表面类金刚石薄膜在模拟工况下摩擦学性能

大缸径、长冲程的大功率柴油机的活塞环-缸套摩擦副易发生异常磨损,使柴油机动力性能丧失,甚至发生拉缸等重大事故,通过先进的表面处理技术可显著改善活塞环-缸套摩擦副的润滑条件,提高活塞环-缸套摩擦副的摩擦学性能。采用阴极电弧离子镀技术在铬-陶瓷复合镀(CKS)活塞环表面制备厚度为7 μm的DLC薄膜,研究CKS活塞环表面的DLC薄膜在柴油机模拟工况下的摩擦学性能。结果表明：在干摩擦、室温贫油和高温贫油的工况下,CKS活塞环表面的DLC薄膜可以显著减小活塞环-缸套摩擦副对摩的摩擦因数,降低缸套的磨损;摩擦过程中DLC薄膜与润滑油的协同润滑作用以及DLC薄膜的石墨化是改善活塞环-缸套摩擦副摩擦学性能的主要原因。     

考虑固壁导热的活塞环-气缸套润滑摩擦特性的影响因素研究

在考虑活塞组-气缸套固体部件间瞬态导热的基础上,把柴油机缸内燃气、活塞、活塞环、润滑油膜、气缸套和冷却介质作为一个耦合体,将三维瞬态热传导模型和润滑油膜传热模型引入流体动压润滑分析理论,建立了活塞环-气缸套的三维非稳态热混合润滑摩擦模型.利用该模型对一6110型柴油机的活塞环-气缸套进行了深入研究,探讨了表面粗糙度、活塞环平均基准压力对该摩擦副润滑摩擦性能的影响.研究表明,活塞组-气缸套间的固壁导热直接影响活塞环-气缸套的温度场,进而影响到该摩擦副的润滑摩擦状况;随活塞环平均基准压力的增大,膜厚变薄,油膜温度增加,粘度减小,油膜摩擦热除上死点附近有所增加外,其余部分基本上没有变化,说明对活塞环-气缸套系统进行三维润滑摩擦分析是非常必要的;当表面粗糙度增加后,油膜厚度、摩擦热、温度都有所增加,油膜粘度相应减小.     

仿生织构形态对缸套-活塞环摩擦学性能的影响

为了提高缸套-活塞环的摩擦学性能,设计了一种仿生排布的菱形凹坑织构,并通过激光刻蚀技术在缸套表面进行加工;在同一转速和不同载荷下,在MWF-10往复式摩擦磨损试验机上进行试验,以探究仿生排布的菱形织构对缸套-活塞环摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响,并与使用阵列排布的纹理的缸套以及未经处理的原始缸套进行比较。结果表明:织构的排布形式对油膜厚度的影响较大,尤其在重载荷工况下,合理地优化排布形式能够实现较好的动压润滑效果;仿生排布的菱形织构实现了往复运动方向上纹理特征的全覆盖,能够极大程度上限制磨屑的移动并对磨屑进行收集,有效降低磨损后的表面粗糙度,从而减少磨粒磨损;仿生排布的菱形织构在各试验工况下能够有效提高油膜厚度,提升表面承载能力,实现最佳的润滑效果。     

方向性微孔对润滑状态转化的影响

基于平均流量模型和微凸体接触模型,研究混合润滑状态下织构表面的摩擦特性,通过数值求解得到Stribeck曲线,分析法向载荷、润滑油黏度、表面粗糙度、方向因子和倾斜角对摩擦因数及名义摩擦副间隙等摩擦性能参数的影响规律。结果表明：混合润滑条件下,随着载荷的减小或润滑油黏度的增大,摩擦因数减小,名义摩擦副间隙增大,混合润滑转变为流体润滑时的临界转速降低;随着表面粗糙度的增大,摩擦因数和名义摩擦副间隙均增大,临界转速升高;随着倾斜角的减小或方向因子的增大,摩擦因数减小,名义摩擦副间隙增大,并且倾斜角越小,临界转速越低。     

缸套表面微凹坑对Ｃｕ－Ｓｎ/Ｃｒ多镀层活塞环摩擦性能的影响

选用表面没有微凹坑的铸铁缸套和表面加工有微凹坑的铸铁缸套,分别与Cu-Sn/Cr多镀层活塞环配对,采用往复式摩擦磨损试验机进行摩擦磨损试验,通过测量配对副的摩擦因数和磨损量和分析试样磨损前后表面形貌和成分,探讨高强化工况下铸铁缸套表面微凹坑对Cu-Sn/Cr多镀层活塞环摩擦性能影响。结果表明:表面有微凹坑的缸套与Cu-Sn/Cr多镀层活塞环配对时的摩擦因数、缸套磨损量、活塞环磨损量比表面没有微凹坑缸套的配对副分别低4.05%、52.25%、8.50%;缸套表面的微凹坑能够为从活塞环表面脱落的Cu-Sn镀层提供镶嵌点,使Cu-Sn镀层起到二次润滑的作用,延长了其作用寿命,减小了配对副的摩擦因数和磨损量。     

A Model for Wear and Friction in Cylinder Liners and Piston Rings

Abstract

A one-dimensional elstohydrodynamic mixed lubrication wear and friction model is developed. The model can predict the effects of surface roughness, asperity contact, temperature-pressure-viscosity on wear, lubrication, and friction of the piston rings and cylinder liner. Wear is predicted based on the surface asperity contact pressure. The cylinder bore wear and the ring pack friction during an engine break-in are simulated and compared with the experimental results. The influence of cylinder wall temperature and surface roughness on friction and wear is investigated. The ring pack friction due to oil viscous shearing and asperity contact is found to reach its minimum at a certain oil temperature.     

缸套表面织构润滑性能理论及试验研究

通过将激光表面织构技术应用于发动机缸套表面,建立缸套-活塞环摩擦副混合润滑理论模型,并以桶面环为例,计算缸套表面织构对摩擦副润滑摩擦性能的影响规律。计算结果表明：缸套通过激光表面织构后,其润滑摩擦性能得到改善,凹腔织构效果要优于沟槽织构效果,在各行程中部油膜厚度最大增加了29%左右,而摩擦力峰值下降30%左右。通过发动机对比台架试验发现：相对于原机,配套表面织构缸套后发动机燃油消耗率呈现出下降趋势,在低转速下改善效果最为显著,燃油消耗率最大降低了9.8 g/(kW•h),降幅为4.62%,证实了表面织构技术对于降低发动机摩擦损失是有效的;同时发动机的其他性能指标也有不同程度改善,漏气量、烟度、全损耗系统用油消耗率等参数都有所下降,烟度下降明显,漏气量最大降幅为34.6%,全损耗系统用油消耗率降低了33.8%。     

表面粗糙度和润滑油黏度对活塞裙-缸套摩擦副润滑性能的影响

以一多缸内燃机为对象,研究表面粗糙度和润滑油黏度对活塞裙-缸套摩擦副润滑性能的影响。建立活塞二阶运动方程与平均Reynolds方程相结合的活塞裙-缸套摩擦副润滑分析模型。活塞二阶运动方程采用Broyden方法求解,应用有限差分法进行活塞裙-缸套摩擦副的润滑分析。结果表明,表面粗糙度对活塞裙-缸套摩擦副润滑性能影响不明显,而随润滑油黏度增加,活塞裙-缸套摩擦副的最小油膜厚度、摩擦力和摩擦功率增加,最大油膜压力在进气和排气行程随润滑油黏度变化比较明显,在其他行程变化较小。     

Effect of laser textured dimples on the lubrication performance of cylinder liner in diesel engine

Laser surface texturing (LST) technique was utilised on a cylinder liner in a diesel engine. In order to analyse the effect of LST micro‐dimples on the lubrication and friction properties of cylinder liner–piston ring (CL–PR), we developed a new mixed lubrication model on the basis of the average Reynolds equation and asperity contacts equation. The model can consider the coupling effects between the surface roughness of non‐texturing regions and micro‐dimples and the synergistic effects of multi‐micro‐dimples. The results show that cylinder liner surface by LST can form effective hydrodynamic lubrication effect in most regions of the strokes, only near the dead points, the friction pair is in mixed lubrication state, asperity contact plays a major role in balancing the external load and the asperity friction force is obvious. The micro‐dimple parameters were optimised to obtain a better lubrication effect with the following optimised results: r_p = 30–60 µm, S_p = 0.2–0.4 and e = 0.03–0.1. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of surface roughness on the lubrication properties of the piston ring and cylinder of an engine,and calculation of lubrication and power loss analysis of piston-ring pack of a S195 diesel engine

The effect of surface roughness on lubrication of piston ring and cylinder is examined. In particular, the temperature effect is considered, and a model proposed to overcome shortcomings in the previous mathematical model. Further, film thickness was measured by transducer capacitance method in a S195 diesel engine. The results found are consistent with theoretical results. In addition, the authors show quantitatively the value of friction power losses of the ring package of a S195 diesel engine.     

3D heat transfer,lubrication and friction coupled study for piston ring-liner on diesel engines

The piston ring and liner of internal combustion engines are generally used under increasingly harsh conditions. To investigate the mechanisms affecting the work ineffective, the coupled heat transfer, lubrication and friction model between the piston ring and liner is proposed by coupling the gas, piston set-liner, lubrication film and coolant. In this model, the temperature variation of lubricant, the gas blowby, the surface roughness, the rupture position and the non-axial symmetry of oil film are considered. The coupled heat transfer, lubrication and friction simulation is carried out for 6110 diesel engine, and the temperature fields of piston set-liner along with the corresponding lubrication and friction curves are obtained. The simulated results are verified by comparing with the temperature experiment of piston.

     

Effect of Bio-Lubricant and Biodiesel-Contaminated Lubricant on Tribological Behavior of Cylinder Liner–Piston Ring Combination

This article addresses the issue of friction and wear characteristics of diesel engine cylinder liner–piston ring combinations under different lubricating conditions using a pin-on-disc wear tribometer. The discs were made out of actual engine cylinder liner material using a casting process. Pins were made out of top compression ring material. The tests were conducted on a pin-on-disc tribometer for wear and friction characteristics of the cylinder liner and piston ring combination with diesel-contaminated rapeseed oil–based bio-lubricant, diesel-contaminated commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40), biodiesel-contaminated commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40), and used (150 h) commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40). Experimental results demonstrated that the rapeseed oil–based bio-lubricant and biodiesel-contaminated synthetic lubricant exhibited better performance in terms of wear, friction, and frictional force under similar operating conditions. Thus, usage of newly formulated bio-lubricant and biodiesel in the long run may have a positive impact on engine life.     

Study on Influence of Cylinder Liner Surface Texture on Lubrication Performance for Cylinder Liner–Piston Ring Components

A marine diesel engine, where the cylinder liner–piston ring (CLPR) pair is one of the most important rubbing pairs, is the heart of a marine system. Studying the lubrication characteristics of the CLPR will provide a guide for rational design of the CLPR to reduce wear and prolong its service life. The surface texture features have a significant impact on the lubricating performance of the CLPR. In this study, the tribological system of the CLPR was investigated. Different surface textures (such as different sizes of surface concaves and grooves, etc.) were designed and produced on the cylinder liners using surface treatment. A series of experimental tests were then carried out in a specially designed diesel engine tester to investigate the tribological characteristics of the treated CLPR pairs. The comparison analyses of the worn surface texture features, element content of the lubrication oil, and abrasive particle characteristics were conducted under different wear surface texture features and cylinder liner speeds. The analysis results showed that there were significant differences in the tribological and lubrication properties of the rubbing pairs in different wear surface texture features. The wear performance of the CLPR pair with a regular concave texture was superior to that of the concave and groove, and regular groove textures. In addition, the regular concave with a depth-diameter ratio of 0.1 was the most effective surface texture to improve the lubrication and wear properties of the CLPR pairs. It is believed that the knowledge obtained in this study provides the real practical basis for tribological design and manufacturing of CLPR pair in marine diesel engines.     

激光淬火在高压空气压缩机气缸套中的应用

通过对高压空气压缩机气缸套内表面激光淬火与传统热处理对比, 结果表明经过激光淬火大大提高了缸套的耐磨性、抗疲劳、耐腐蚀、抗氧化等性能,且改善了摩擦副间的润滑状况,从而很好地延长了气缸套和活塞环的使用寿命.     

Temperature—friction characteristics of cylinder lubrication in large,slow, cross‐head marine diesel engines under boundary lubrication conditions

In large, slow, cross‐head marine diesel engines research has increasingly shown that the lubrication regime between piston rings and cylinder liner at top dead centre is of the boundary lubrication type due to the high gas pressure, low sliding speed, and high temperature. This means that the tribological properties of piston ring, cylinder liner, and cylinder lubricant in these types of engine under boundary lubrication conditions should be considered simultaneously when friction and wear between the piston ring and cylinder liner are studied. Until now there has been no standard method to evaluate boundary lubrication performance. There are a few traditional methods used in lubricant research, but their results are not correlated with service conditions. It is important to find a suitable method to evaluate the boundary lubrication performance of lubricants at the laboratory testing stage or before the engine testing stage. The important parameters, such as sliding speed, normal load, materials of the contacting pairs, and lubricant, need all to be controlled. In this paper a systematic experimental procedure, the ‘five times heating and cooling test’, is introduced to assess lubricant properties under boundary lubrication conditions. Most of the parameters mentioned above are controlled. The model contact, of pin‐on‐plate form, is made from the actual piston and liner materials used in a large‐bore, slow, cross‐head marine diesel engine. The temperature characteristics of different blends of lubricants are investigated under boundary lubrication conditions using a pin‐on‐plate reciprocating test rig. These blends of lubricants have the same additives but different base fluids; they nevertheless fulfil the physical and chemical requirements of a real marine diesel engine. The test temperature range is from room temperature to the working temperature of the top piston ring. The experiments show that there are different temperature—friction characteristics for lubricants with different bases and the same additive package and there are also different temperature—friction characteristics during heating up and cooling down for each blend. Single‐base lubricants have more promising temperature—friction characteristics than those of a blend of a high‐viscosity base and a low‐viscosity base at high temperature.