淀粉基生物可降解材料的研究进展

淀粉基生物可降解材料是一种可再生、可降解的高分子共混物质,它具有来源广、成本低、性能良好的特点,是一种理想的塑料替代品。主要详细阐述了热塑性淀粉(TPS)的性质,以及热塑性淀粉和不同的合成聚合物、天然高分子共混体系的研究现状,分析了淀粉基生物可降解材料目前存在的问题,并对其今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

植物基完全可降解生物塑料的现状及展望

当前环境中的塑料污染问题受到全世界关注。用于包装的塑料材料越来越多,产生大量无法降解的固体废物。生物降解塑料被认为是解决塑料废物问题的可能办法,完全可降解塑料可被微生物完全降解,起到很好的保护环境作用。植物在自然条件下可以产生淀粉、纤维素、半纤维素、储藏蛋白等聚合物,是天然的可降解高分子材料来源。以植物为基础,完全可生物降解聚合物具有完全的生物可降解性和可再生性,是替代石油基塑料的可行材料。介绍解决塑料污染问题的可能办法及主要几种植物基完全可生物降解塑料研究现状和发展前景。     

可降解淀粉塑料的研究现状

塑料造成的环境污染是困扰着全世界的难题,而生物可降解塑料是解决此问题的有效途径。主要阐述淀粉基生物可降解塑料的研究现况及应用发展趋势,并依照淀粉的化学特性介绍几种常见于淀粉的改性方法。从淀粉塑料的发展、降解机理、分类等方面阐述其发展趋势与应用前景,并提出未来可降解淀粉塑料的改进及研究方向。     

淀粉塑料发展及其前景展望

<正> 塑料是应用最广泛的材料,1998年世界塑料产量约1.5亿吨,仅中国近年来包装用塑料就已超过400万吨。按其中30％为难以收集的一次性塑料包装材料和制品计算,则废弃物产生量达120万吨,如此庞大难降解“白色污染”物严重污染环境。另外,石油资源日趋枯竭,因而寻找新的对环境友好塑料原料,发展非石油基聚合物迫在眉睫。现在,美国、日本、德国等国家正大力发展降解塑料这种新型环保材料。其中以淀粉为基础原料得到生物降解淀粉塑料因其可降解、原料来源广泛、价格低廉且可再生而得到迅速发展,目前其产量已占降解塑料产量70％以上,备受人们关注和欢迎。1 国内外淀粉塑料现状1.1 国外淀粉塑料现状 淀粉塑料可分为填充型淀粉塑料和全淀粉塑料。填充淀粉塑料(含淀粉量7％～30％)曾在80年代风行一时,但     

淀粉基生物降解塑料研究进展

随着人们对塑料消费的日趋增加 ,废塑料对环境的污染也日益严重。生存环境的压力和可持续发展的要求 ,迫使人们寻求使用可被生物降解的制品替代石油化学塑料的可能性。在生物可降解材料中 ,淀粉基生物降解塑料以其可完全降解性和可再生性爱到人们的青睐。本文按加工技术水平将淀粉生物降解塑料分为四类型 ,阐述了各类型降解机理、产品特性和存在问题 ,提出今后研究的重点 ,旨在促进淀粉基生物降解塑料的研究与发展。     

淀粉基生物可降解材料的研究进展

随着生物可降解材料的发展,优良的环境友好型材料已经成为目前材料行业发展的一大标杆。淀粉基材料由于其来源广泛、再生能力强等优点,受到广泛的应用。随着科学技术的发展,淀粉基材料也经过几代的演变。本文通过整理已有的资料,概述了淀粉基生物可降解材料的发展历程、种类、性能测试以及应用,并展望其未来的研究方向。     

可降解淀粉基包装材料研究进展

不可降解塑料软包装废弃物所造成的白色污染正在引起世界各国的重视,其中塑料软包装材料的后处理成为关注的焦点.本文着重介绍了目前国外淀粉基可降解包装材料的种类、性能特点、制备工艺,以及高聚物/淀粉复合包装材料的发展趋势.     

多糖基塑料研究进展

为解决不可降解塑料带来的环境污染问题,开发具有可降解特性的生物基塑料成为研究热点。天然多糖具有生物降解、生物相容和抗菌等特性,是制备可降解塑料的理想原料。但是由于天然高分子多糖具有较高的结晶度无法直接加工利用,且多羟基结构使多糖基材料在高湿环境下易吸湿导致性能下降。因此,制备高性能的多糖基塑料仍具有很大的挑战。本文综述了近年来采用纤维素、甲壳素和淀粉3种天然多糖为原料,通过分子工程和复合策略构建多糖基塑料的研究进展,为开发新型多糖基生物可降解塑料提供理论基础和研究思路。     

淀粉基发泡塑料的制备工艺研究及发展

从天然植物中提取淀粉作为主要原料,采用接枝共聚方法制备淀粉基发泡塑料,对其多项物理、化学性能进行多次测量并与其他传统塑料进行对比分析,发现可降解发泡塑料既有传统塑料的特性,又可以在完成使命后以无毒无害的形式重新进入生态环境中。具有良好环境相容性的可降解发泡塑料的研制与应用成为21世纪的必然趋势,不仅能缓解生化能源紧缺危机,还能制成阻燃性能良好、拉伸强度大、抗冲击性能良好、断裂伸长率良好且成本极低的缓冲材料。     

源于淀粉和纤维素替代材料的4类绿色环保餐具评价

为了比较源于淀粉和纤维素替代材料的环境绩效,以餐饮外卖领域推广使用的生物基餐具(复合淀粉基材料、覆膜纤维基材料)与可降解塑料餐具(全淀粉材料、全纤维材料)为研究对象,分析产品生命周期中的各种资源、能源消耗和环境排放并评价其环境影响。以1000个外卖食品餐盒为基准流,利用环境评估软件建立绿色环保餐具的生命周期评价LCA模型。结果表明,源于淀粉的绿色餐盒碳排放和能量消耗主要集中于原料获取和废弃物处理两个阶段,源于纤维的绿色餐盒碳排放和能量消耗则主要集中在制品生产阶段。全淀粉可降解餐具的各项环境影响指标最低,其中累计释放CO239.91kg,消耗电能332.04 MJ,较全纤维可降解餐盒碳排放降低69.5%,节约电能416.23 MJ。     

木薯淀粉基膜材料的研究进展

木薯淀粉具有较好的延展性、黏度、渗透力等优点，利用木薯淀粉的可降解性、成膜性等特点生产可降解的天然聚合物膜材料具有较好的可行性。目前，木薯淀粉基膜材料的相关研究主要集中在生物可降解膜、抗菌膜、pH值指示膜、缓释膜等领域。而木薯淀粉基膜材料的热稳定性与机械性能较传统热塑性材料差，所以探究强化改性及工艺技术将是研究重点。本文综述了木薯淀粉基膜材料的制备方法、强化改性及应用，并展望未来发展趋势。     

淀粉基抗菌食品包装膜的研究进展

随着全球环保意识的提升,以来源广、可再生、成本低的淀粉为原料制备的淀粉基抗菌包装膜取代传统石油基包装材料的研究受到了广泛的关注。淀粉基抗菌膜通常是以天然淀粉/改性淀粉为原料加入塑化剂和抑菌剂并经热加工制备,其中抑菌剂的性质是决定抗菌膜抑菌活性的关键因素。此外,淀粉基抗菌膜的制备方法和材料性能也受到抑菌剂的来源和性质的影响。本文综述了基于不同抑菌剂制备的淀粉基抗菌膜的材料性能和抑菌活性,并提出在未来仍需研究安全性高、材料性能好和抑菌能力强的淀粉基抗菌材料,以期为开发绿色环保、性能优异的淀粉聚合物基抗菌食品包装材料提供指导。     

淀粉基膜的制备及应用研究进展

淀粉是除纤维素外的第二大可再生原料,淀粉基膜绿色环保、安全无毒、可生物降解,缓解了合成材料的不可降解对生存环境的污染和原料日益枯竭的压力,实现资源的可持续发展,是当今最具有发展前景的新型材料之一。文章对淀粉基膜的制备方法进行了综述,介绍了湿法、干法制备淀粉基膜及其物理化学性质,阐述了淀粉基膜在食品保鲜、包装等领域的应用,并对淀粉基膜的应用前景进行展望。     

食品包装用生物塑料研究进展

在白色污染和石油危机日趋严重的今天,具有生态友好特征和可持续性的生物基质-生物分解塑料有望替代部分石油基塑料成为一种新型基础原材料,在农业、包装、生物医用等领域已开始显示出巨大的市场潜力。本文介绍了聚乳酸、淀粉基塑料、聚羟基烷酸酯等几类最有可能率先实现产业化并用于食品包装材料的生物基质-生物分解塑料,对其在食品包装材料应用方面所具有的优势和存在的问题进行了评价,并对目前国内外在这几类材料的生产和应用技术及产业化等方面的最新进展进行了归纳。     

Biodegradable starch/clay nanocomposite films for food packaging applications

Novel biodegradable starch/clay nanocomposite films, to be used as food packaging, were obtained by homogeneously dispersing montmorillonite nanoparticles in different starch-based materials via polymer melt processing techniques. Structural and mechanical characterizations on the nanocomposite films were performed. The results show, in the case of starch/clay material, a good intercalation of the polymeric phase into clay interlayer galleries, together with an increase of mechanical parameters, such as modulus and tensile strength.Finally the conformity of our samples with actual regulations and European directives on biodegradable materials was verified by migration tests and by putting the films into contact with vegetables and simulants.     

淀粉基食品薄膜在肉制品保鲜中的应用

肉制品作为具有高生物价值的蛋白质、矿物质、维生素和过量生物活性化合物等基本营养素的来源,被人们广泛接受和喜爱。但是肉质品在不当环境下储存极易腐败变质,因此亟需寻求绿色、高效的保鲜技术。近年来,淀粉作为一种可成膜多糖被广泛用于制备生物可降解薄膜以用于食品包装,通过作为抗氧化抗菌生物活性物质载体或隔绝氧气等来维持肉制品的新鲜度,目前基于淀粉与成膜材料联合制备的复合膜已成为肉制品防腐保鲜技术的研究热点。因此,本文通过综述淀粉的基本性质、基于淀粉制备的食品复合膜的结构及特性,以及重点阐述淀粉基食品薄膜与精油、天然提取物、纳米复合材料等联用在肉制品保鲜中的研究进展,以期为淀粉基食品薄膜在肉制品保鲜中的应用提供理论参考。     

Thermal Properties of Starch-Based Biodegradable Foams Produced Using Supercritical Fluid Extrusion (SCFX)

Starch-based extruded foams are in demand for many industrial applications because starch is biodegradable, inexpensive, and readily available in abundant quantity. In this study, the production of starch-based extruded foams using supercritical fluid extrusion (SCFX) having thermal properties such as heat capacity, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity comparable to commercial products have been reported. Pregelatinized corn starch was extruded with different concentrations of whey protein isolate (WPI) (0, 12, and 18 wt. %) with supercritical CO₂ (SC-CO₂) injection rates of 0.0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 wt%. It was possible to vary the expansion and the density of SCFX extrudates by manipulating WPI concentration and SC-CO₂ injection rate. It was observed that the heat capacity, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of starch-based SCFX extrudates were strong functions of their void fraction. The SCFX system is a useful tool for production of starch-based biodegradable foams, which do not require any organic solvents and are environmentally friendly and sustainable.     

Biopolymers as green-based food packaging materials: A focus on modified and unmodified starch-based films

The ideal food packaging materials are recyclable, biodegradable, and compostable. Starch from plant sources, such as tubers, legumes, cereals, and agro-industrial plant residues, is considered one of the most suitable biopolymers for producing biodegradable films due to its natural abundance and low cost. The chemical modification of starch makes it possible to produce films with better technological properties by changing the functional groups into starch. Using biopolymers extracted from agro-industrial waste can add value to a raw material that would otherwise be discarded. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has driven a rise in demand for single-use plastics, intensifying pressure on this already out-of-control issue. This review provides an overview of biopolymers, with a particular focus on starch, to develop sustainable materials for food packaging. This study summarizes the methods and provides a potential approach to starch modification for improving the mechanical and barrier properties of starch-based films. This review also updates some trends pointed out by the food packaging sector in the last years, considering the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Perspectives to achieve more sustainable food packaging toward a more circular economy are drawn.     

USDA Research on Starch-Based Biodegradable Plastics

Research on starch-based biodegradable plastics began in the 1970's and continues today at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR) in Peoria, IL. Technology has been developed for producing extrusion blown films and injection molded articles containing 50% and more of starch. Extrusion processing of compositions containing starch and other natural polymers to provide totally biodegradable plastics is being investigated. Starch grafted with thermoplastic side chains is under commercial development to provide injection molded items with a broad range of compositions and properties. The mechanism of biological degradation and the rate and extent of biodegradation of starch containing plastics in various environments is studied to enhance development and acceptance of biodegradable plastics.     

Application and characterisation of industrial brewing by-products in biodegradable starch-based expanded composites

Concern headed under waste management promotes the development and application of biodegradable materials. Naturally occurring lignocellulosic fibres, such as malt bagasse (MB), are often low-cost industrial by-products with attractive properties. This work focused on extruding starch-based expanded composites, containing two different brewing residues, Pilsen malt bagasse (PMB) and Weiss malt bagasse (WMB). Their mechanical, thermal and structural properties were evaluated. The expansion index was higher in the WMB10 extruded composite (25.73 ± 4.75), also evident in the SEM-FEG images which show more quantity and uniformity of pores. WMB5 and WMB10 resulted in a 50% decrease in composite water solubility relative to the Control. The hardness (N) of the samples was reduced by using MB fibres of both types, producing a less stiff and brittle material, which contributes to a potential application as alternative biodegradable packaging for non-biodegradable materials based on expanded polystyrene.