Rheological behavior of Sn-15 pct Pb in the crystallization range

Rheological behavior of Sn-15 pct Pb alloy in the solidification range has been investigated using a Couette type viscometer. In samples partially solidified before shearing, deformation is localized and primarily intergranular. Samples containing more than about 0.15 fraction solid exhibit an “apparent yield point” which is on the order of 10⁶ dyne per sq cm and increases with increasing fraction solid. When shearing is conducted continuously while the alloy is cooled from above the liquidus to the desired final fraction solid, shear stresses required for flow are reduced by about three orders of magnitude. The solid-liquid mixture now behaves as a fluid slurry. Structural examination shows that shear takes place throughout the cross section of the specimen and that the solid is present as a fine grained particulate suspension. Flow behavior can be described by a viscosity which depends on fraction solid, decreases with increasing shear rate and exhibits hysteresis when shear rate is changed. For shear rates of 200 sec⁻¹, at 0.40 fraction solid, viscosity is about 5 poise which is equivalent to that of heavy machine oil at room temperature. The fact that the slurry is highly fluid at large fractions solid suggests potential applications in new and existing metal casting processes. Formerly Research Assistant, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, M.I.T., Cambridge, Mass.     

连续冷却过程中铁素体相变温度的模拟

以传统的形核理论为基础,考虑了变形的影响,研究了奥氏体-铁素体相变的等温相变孕育期,采用Scheil的可加性法则计算了SS400钢在变形和未变形条件下的铁素体相变实际转变温度（Ar3）,并与实测值进行了对比,结果表明：计算的Ar3与实测的Ar3吻合良好,从而进一步表明该相变孕育期模型的准确性．     

Calculation of the isothermal transformation diagram from measurements with continuous cooling

For the general calculation of the transformation of steels the transformation diagram for isothermal transformation must be known. It is described, how from dilatometric measurements with continuous cooling the transformation at a constant temperature can be calculated. To do this, the simplex method must be used as iteration process to achieve sufficient precision. Even when measuring data are scattered around an ideal value by ±5% the transformation diagram for isothermal transformation can be calculated with considerable accuracy.     

Influence of stresses on the kinetics of pearlitic transformation during continuous cooling

The effect of stress/strain on the kinetics of pearlitic transformation is reviewed. Our results on the pearlitic transformation of an eutectoïd carbon steel under applied uniaxial tensile stresses are analyzed. From these results, we have modelized the effect of the internal stresses, generated during cooling in a solid specimen, on the transformation kinetics. This model is based on a shifting in time of the IT curves of the steel as a function of the internal stress condition (deviatoric part of the stress tensor). A coupled thermal, phase transformation, stress calculation, which includes this model, is applied to the cooling of an eutectoïd carbon steel cylinder. The calculated results show that the internal stresses have an important effect on the kinetics of transforamtion and on the temperature evolutions. The calculated cooling laws are compared with those obtained by experiment and the validity of the model is discussed.     

Continuous cooling transformation diagrams applicable to the heat-affected zone of HSLA-80 and HSLA-100 steels

Continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams for HSLA-80 and HSLA-100 steels pertaining to fusion welding with heat inputs of 10 to 40 kJ/cm, and peak temperatures of 1000 °C to 1400 °C have been developed. The corresponding nonlinear cooling profiles and related γ → α phase transformation start and finish temperatures for various peak temperature conditions have been taken into account. The martensite start (M _s ) temperature for each of the grades and ambient temperature microstructures were considered for mapping the CCT diagrams. The austenite condition and cooling rate are found to influence the phase transformation temperatures, transformation kinetics, and morphology of the transformed products. In the fine-grain heat-affected zone (FGHAZ) of HSLA-80 steel, the transformation during cooling begins at temperatures of 550 °C to 560 °C, and in the HSLA-100 steel at 470 °C to 490 °C. In comparison, the transformation temperature is lower by 120 °C and 30 °C in the coarse-grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of HSLA-80 steel and HSLA-100 steel, respectively. At these temperatures, acicular ferrite (AF) and lath martensite (LM) phases are formed. While the FGHAZ contains a greater proportion of acicular ferrite, the CGHAZ has a higher volume fraction of LM. Cooling profiles from the same peak temperature influence the transformation kinetics with slower cooling rates producing a higher volume fraction of acicular ferrite at the expense of LM. The CCT diagrams produced can predict the microstructure of the entire HAZ and have overcome the limitations of the conventional CCT diagrams, primarily with respect to the CGHAZ.     

Influence of cooling rate on phase transformation and precipitation behavior of Ti-bearing steel in continuous cooling process

The influence of cooling rate on microstructural evolution and precipitation behavior in Ti,Ti-Nb and Ti-Mo low-carbon steels during the continuous cooling proc...     

含铌低碳钢的连续冷却转变

用Gleeble-1500热力模拟实验机研究了含铌低碳钢和普通低碳钢经不同变形条件下连续冷却过程的相变规律,利用热膨胀法结合金相法得到了连续冷却转变曲线,分析比较了它们的组织演变规律,测定了含铌低碳钢在不同温度和不同变形量下硬度的变化.研究结果表明,铌的加入使铁素体转变开始温度降低,使贝氏体转变温度降低,铌对贝氏体的转变产生了抑制作用.同时铌的加入扩大了产生贝氏体的冷速范围,含铌低碳钢中贝氏体的量显著增多.含铌钢在950℃变形时贝氏体板条长度和宽度比850℃变形时大.对含铌低碳钢,在冷却速度低于1℃/s时,由于生成大量的铁素体,导致了硬度降低;而冷却速度大于1℃/s时,基体中出现了贝氏体使硬度突然增加.     

The microstructural details of β-Sn precipitation in a 5Sn-95Pb solder alloy

Solders of Pb-rich compositions, such as 5Sn-95Pb, are commonly used in electronic packaging applications, and this demanding use necessitates that the microstructure-property-processing relationships of the solder be understood fully. In this study, the microstructure of 5Sn-95Pb solder was characterized using a variety of metallographic techniques. The effect of cooling rate on the precipitation of β-Sn from supersaturated α-Pb was determined. On slow cooling, β-Sn precipitates discontinuously with resultant β-Sn lamella alternating with the α-Pb. Upon rapid cooling, the β-Sn precipitates with a nominally homogeneous distribution. These discrete precipitates were found to have a platelike shape with a (111)_Pb habit plane and an orientation relationship of (111)_Pb‖(010)_Sn and [011]_Pb‖ [001]_Sn. Regions of the β-Sn precipitates that curved away from this habit plane formed ledges. Upon heating, the precipitates were found to dissolvevia a ledge mechanism. Prolonged aging of both the fast and slow cooled 5Sn-95Pb resulted in a coarsening of the β-Sn precipitates with a resultant decrease in strength. Furthermore, the strength of the aged alloy was observed to be independent of cooling rate. D.R. FREAR, formerly Graduate Research Assistant, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory     

An improved method for determining the continuous cooling transformation diagram of C‐Mn steels

Dilatometry is often used to study the decomposition of austenite in steels, but the analysis of dilatometric data is often limited to the determination of transformation temperatures. The well‐known lever rule is not applicable when more than one phase transformation occurs. A model accounting for the carbon partitioning effects was developed to extract the phase transformation kinetics of a C‐Mn steel cooled using a wide range of cooling rates. The model is shown to be suitable to analyze the phase transformations in C‐Mn steels and it can be used to obtain a detailed CCT diagram for those steels.     

形变对共析钢连续冷却过程中珠光体相变的影响

摘要：为掌握形变对共析钢连续冷却过程中珠光体相变的影响,研究了共析钢在720～920℃温度范围内进行形变后,在连续冷却过程中奥氏体向珠光体相变的规律,建立了相变时的过冷度和珠光体片层间距的相互关系,并预测了试验钢的力学性能。结果表明：形变储存能促进共析钢在50℃/s高冷速下发生珠光体相变,形成片层间距为129～187 nm的超细片层珠光体,抗拉强度达到近1000MPa,且随着形变温度提高,形变储存能减小,珠光体相变温度降低,珠光体片层间距减小,屈服强度和抗拉强度提高。     

Al对稀土处理C-Mn钢连续冷却组织转变的影响

研究Al预脱氧对Ce处理钢夹杂物和显微组织的影响,利用热力学计算、带能谱的扫描电镜和DIL805A热膨胀仪检测进行了对比研究。得到如下结论:Ce处理后钢中的主要夹杂物从MnS转变为Ce2O2S+MnS,Al脱氧能使Ce处理钢中夹杂物转变为CeAlO3+Ce2S3+MnS。Ce处理C-Mn钢连续冷却过程有利于获得晶内铁素体的冷速为2~8℃/s。Al脱氧能改变诱导晶内铁素体形核的核心夹杂物种类,诱导铁素体形核的能力降低,且Al能够使Ce处理钢连续冷却组织转变(CCT)曲线向左上方移动,促进铁素体在晶界形核,不利于Ce处理后晶内铁素体的形成。Al脱氧Ce处理C-Mn钢在冷速为2~5℃/s时,由于夹杂物核心成分的改变与Al合金化作用导致晶内铁素体含量较未用Al脱氧Ce处理钢少。     

The effect of dopants on the heterogeneous nucleation of solidification of Cd and Pb particles embedded in an Al Matrix

The effect of dopant ternary additions of Zn, Ga, Ge, Cu, Mg and Si on the heterogenous nucleation of solidification of Cd and Pb particles embedded in an Al matrix has been investigated in rapidly solidified Al-Cd-X and Al-Pb-X alloys using a combination of differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy. Except for Si, the dopant additions have no effect on the alloy microstructures and remain in solution in the Al matrix and the Cd or Pb particles after rapid solidification and during heat treatment in the calorimeter. In general, the catalytic efficiency of Al as a heterogeneous nucleant for Cd and Pb solidification does not change inversely with changes in lattice disregistry across the nucleating interface in disagreement with Turnbull and Vonnegut's prediction. These results demonstrate the importance of chemical factors in determining the catalytic efficiency of heterogeneous nucleants.     

加热温度对TRIP钢连续冷却转变曲线及室温组织的影响

采用膨胀法在DIL805热膨胀仪上测定了不同加热温度下实验钢的连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线,通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜分析不同加热温度对CCT曲线和冷却试样显微组织的影响.结果表明:当加热温度由完全奥氏体化温度降低到两相区内较高温度时,CCT曲线中铁素体转变区左移;当加热温度处在两相区范围内时,随着加热温度的降低,铁素体转变被推迟,使得CCT曲线右移;新生铁素体外延生长方式和奥氏体中碳富集程度的差异是导致上述变迁的主要因素.     

Combined effects of Pb and Sn additions on the corrosion of Zn-12 pct am pct Cu-0.02 pct Mg sand cast alloy in wet steam

The effects of varying the Sn content from 0 to 0.01 pct at 0.005 and 0.015 pct Pb on the corrosion of sand-cast Zn-12 pct Al-1 pct Cu-0.02 pct Mg alloy in saturated water vapour at 95°C were investigated. Within the relevant specification limits there was no interaction between Pb and Sn, the combined effect being equivalent to that of Sn alone. The tolerance of the alloy for Sn was so low that the maximum for this impurity was considered to be 0.001 pct. For Pb, 0.01 pct produced substantially the same corrosive attack as 0.001 pct and would be considered as the upper limit for this alloy.     

Calculation of the isothermal transformation into two different microstructures from measurements with continuous cooling

With the method described it is possible to use measurements of continuous cooling for the calculation of isothermal transformation diagrams. From the experimental point of view, this is in general easier than the immediate measurement of isothermal transformation. Additionally for steels with a fast transformation rate in the pearlite range it may be difficult or impossible to get a correct measurement of the transformation in the bainite range, due to a pre-transformation in the pearlite range. Using the method described, this difficulty can by avoided. On the other hand, only the knowledge of the isothermal transformation characteristic of a steel permits the calculation of transformation during any time-temperature sequence, for example with industrial equipment.     

含钼低碳微合金化钢连续冷却过程相变动力学研究

在热模拟试验机上采用膨胀法并结合金相组织观察，测定了含钼和不含钼的试验钢贝氏体转变CCT曲线。研究了超低碳微合金化钢中钼元素对形变奥氏体连续冷却转变过程相变动力学的影响，结果表明，钢中加入ω（Mo）0．4％后，明显降低贝氏体的析出温度，并得到更细小的贝氏体组织；同时在相同的冷速条件下形成的M（马氏体）岛状组织也更加细小弥散；形变奥氏体在连续冷却过程中即使在冷速较低情况下也能获得细小的贝氏体组织。     

B对高强钢连续冷却相变规律及性能的影响

利用热模拟试验、热轧试验、金相分析等方法,研究了不同B含量高强钢的连续冷却相变规律和性能变化情况.结果表明:B元素可显著提高钢的淬透性,阻止准多边形铁素体形成,促进针状铁素体、粒状贝氏体和贝氏体铁素体等低温相变组织的形成;在相同轧制条件下,不含B试验钢的组织为粒状贝氏体+少量针状铁素体,含B试验钢的组织为板条状贝氏体铁素体+少量粒状贝氏体;B可显著提高试验钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度,但对伸长率和冲击韧性的影响不大.     

Effect of Mo on the continuous cooling transformation behavior of Nb-Ti micro-alloyed low carbon steel

The effect of molybdenum on the continuous cooling transformation behavior of the micro-alloyed low carbon steel containing niobium and titanium was investigated by a Gleeble 3800 thermo-mechanical simulator.The phase transformation temperature of the steel at various cooling rates was detected.The microstructure was observed by optical microscope(OM) and scanning electronic microscope(SEM),and its Vickers hardness was tested.Based on these,its dynamic continuous cooling transformation(CCT) diagrams were determined.The results show that the transformation temperature from deformed austenite to acicular ferrite(AF) is decreased when Mo is added,and the formation of pro-eutectoid ferrite(F) and pearlite(P) is either inhabited or postponed.Mo can also enlarge the range of the cooling rate in forming AF,and refine the microstructure effectively.