浅谈低枯水位对鄱阳湖湿地和候鸟的影响

近年来,鄱阳湖连续多年低枯水位并呈常态化趋势已经影响了湿地植被与越冬候鸟,进而影响了鄱阳湖的湿地生态系统。本文从水资源、植被状况、越冬候鸟三个方面分析鄱阳湖的生态环境受到的影响,提出通过开展宣传教育、完善政策法规、加强基础设施建设是解决鄱阳湖生态环境问题的有效途径。     

改善鄱阳湖湿地生态系统管理的对策刍议

简要分析了鄱阳湖湿地生态系统管理的现状和存在的问题，提出了改善鄱阳湖湿地生态系统管理的对策与措施。     

鄱阳湖湿地1954～2016年水位变化分析

湖泊水位是影响其生态系统功能的关键因素.基于1954～2016年鄱阳湖湿地日均水位数据,选择年极端水位、年区间水位持续时间、年涨水和退水持续时间等指标,分析了63年间鄱阳湖湿地的水情特征.结果表明,鄱阳湖湿地年最高水位呈下降趋势,最低水位和水位极差变化不明显;年水位大于16.00 m的天数呈现递减趋势,存在连续性低、高水位现象,而水位低于8.00 m、10.00 m、12.00 m的天数呈现递增趋势,并且出现连续性的低水位现象;年涨水天数延长,退水天数下降,退水至10.00 m的天数呈现明显下降趋势,特别是2000年以来,退水时间明显加快.总体上,鄱阳湖湿地水位变化比较明显,特别是2000年以来,鄱阳湖湿地水位变化更加剧烈,人类有必要对当前鄱阳湖湿地水位变化引起高度重视.以上研究结果,可为鄱阳湖湿地生态系统的深入研究提供参考.     

基于DPSIR 模型的鄱阳湖湿地生态系统健康评价研究

本研究运用DPSIR（驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应）模型构建指标体系,并通过对比分析2010 年至2021 年的数据,对鄱阳湖湿地生态系统的健康状况进行评估。结果表明：鄱阳湖湿地生态系统的综合健康值波动于4.720 至6.556 之间,其中2012 年和2016 年湿地处于健康状态,而其他年份则表现为亚健康状态。2018 年综合健康值最低,主要由于驱动力和状态要素的健康值较低。驱动力要素中,2012 年健康值最高,2018 年最低;压力要素健康值总体下降,主要由于污水排放量和最低生态水位的增加;状态要素在2016 年健康值最高,2018 年最低;影响要素在2020 年和2021 年健康值最高,2010 年最低;响应要素健康值趋势变好,特别是2021 年达到最高值。总体而言,鄱阳湖湿地生态系统的健康状况总体呈现稳定状态,但在驱动力、压力、状态、影响和响应各要素层面仍存在一些问题和挑战,今后的湿地管理策略应着重于提高湿地生态系统的恢复力和适应性,平衡人类活动与湿地保护之间的关系,加强污水治理和生态水位管理。     

鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地生态水文过程模拟初探

系统研究鄱阳湖洲滩湿地大气-植被-土壤-地下水系统生态水文过程对于鄱阳湖湿地植被生态系统的保护具有重要意义。以修水和蚌湖之间的洲滩为研究对象,通过耦合降水截留、蒸散发、植被根系吸水、土壤水运动和地下水运动模块,构建了鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地生态水文模型,并对蒸散发、土壤湿度和地下水位变化过程进行模拟。研究结果表明,模拟结果能较好地反映鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地的生态水文特征,研究成果能够为鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地生态水文模型研究提供理论参考。     

鄱阳湖湿地面临的主要问题及原因分析

根据长系列监测数据和现有研究成果,总结梳理了鄱阳湖湿地生态系统在水文节律、水环境和水生态方面面临的主要问题,并分析了引发这些问题的主要驱动因素。研究结果表明,鄱阳湖水文节律在过去十几年发生了重大变化,特别是秋季退水期(10-11月)的变化最为明显;江湖关系的变化是导致鄱阳湖秋季水位快速变化的主要原因,鄱阳湖地形结构的变化加剧了鄱阳湖的枯水情势;鄱阳湖水文节律的变化直接影响了湿地植被的分布、生长和演替;受湖泊水文特征变化和入湖污染物负荷的影响,鄱阳湖水环境质量在局部出现了恶化的趋势。研究成果对于系统认识鄱阳湖湿地面临的主要生态环境问题,更好地制定相应的修复措施提供一定的参考意义。     

基于问卷调查的鄱阳湖生态系统服务功能公众满意度分析

通过发放问卷,采用层次分析法(AHP),调查分析鄱阳湖生态系统服务功能公众满意度.结果表明,鄱阳湖生态系统服务功能公众满意度处于一般水平,比例为51.8%,其中不满意主要表现在对鄱阳湖采砂量、防洪能力、水质、江豚和白鹤数量、湿地面积以及生物栖息地功能的感知,因此,控制湖区采砂量,打击非法采砂、提高鄱阳湖防洪能力、改善湖区水质、加强鄱阳湖珍稀物种和栖息地保护、退耕还湖等对提高鄱阳湖生态系统服务功能意义重大.     

水利工程对鄱阳湖湿地生物资源的影响

文中叙述了鄱阳湖湿地生物资源的特征,分析预测了三峡等水利工程对鄱阳湖湿地水生植被、鱼类、越冬珍稀水鸟等生物资源的影响。     

鄱阳湖水文情势过程对典型湿地景观动态变化的影响

以鄱阳湖赣江主支口三角洲湿地1973年~2009年16景遥感影像为基础,利用决策树分类分析近40年来赣江主支口三角洲不同湿地景观类型的组成结构及其演变趋势;并结合遥感影像对应的当天水位,探明水情变化与赣江主支口三角洲湿地景观类型面积之间的动态响应关系。结果表明,近40年来鄱阳湖水位变化以及4种特征水位的淹没天数都是呈现下降的趋势;植被面积呈增长趋势,而水体和裸露洲滩的面积均呈现减少趋势,且裸露洲滩的面积下降速率大于水体面积;水位变化与水体面积拟合关系最优,植被次之,与裸露洲滩拟合最差。研究结果能够进一步阐明鄱阳湖水情变化对典型湿地景观类型空间格局的影响,有助于维持鄱阳湖湿地生态系统结构与功能的稳定。     

鄱阳湖湿地整理与可持续管理探讨

鄱阳湖湿地是国际重要湿地之一,具有重要的生态、经济和社会效益,对涵养水源、调节气候、调蓄长江洪水、降解污染物和保护生物多样性具有重要意义.对鄱阳湖湿地变化进行了简单的描述,对鄱阳湖湿地资源特征进行了现状分析,探讨了以湿地生态修复、生态功能区划分、自然保护区建设、明确湿地权属和规范管理等为主要内容的湿地整理,并结合鄱阳湖湿地资源保护利用和可持续发展,生态保护和新农村建设,对鄱阳湖湿地可持续管理进行了论述.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。