Microstructure and shear strength of Mo-Cu/Cr18-Ni8 brazing joint in vacuum

High density Mo-Cu composite and Cr18-Ni8 stainless steel were brazed with Ag-Cu filler metal in vacuum of 10⁻⁵ Pa. The microstructure characteristics of Mo-Cu/Cr18-Ni8 brazed joint were investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and shear strength was measured by shearing test. The results indicated that a Mo-Cu/Cr18-Ni8 joint with shear strength of 125 MPa was obtained at 940 °C for 20 min. There were Ag-Cu eutectic and Cu-rich phase without brittle intermetallic compounds formed in the joint. The shear fracture exhibited plastic feature with shear dimple and fracture located at the interface between braze seam and Cr18-Ni8 stainless steel.     

Element distribution and phase constitution of Al2O3-TiC/W18Cr4V vacuum diffusion bonded joint

Vacuum diffusion bonding between Al₂O₃-TiC ceramic composites and W18Cr4V tungsten-based tool alloy has been carried out by using Ti/Cu/Ti multi-interlayer. Element distribution near the Al₂O₃-TiC/W18Cr4V interface was discussed and fracture morphology was analyzed using electron probe microanalysis. Additionally, phase constitutions of the Al₂O₃-TiC/W18Cr4V joint were determined by X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that Ti-rich layers are formed near both Al₂O₃-TiC and W18Cr4V. The Ti-rich layer near Al₂O₃-TiC helps to wet the Al₂O₃-TiC surface. The Ti-rich layer near W18Cr4V can restrain the formation of Fe-Ti intermetallic compounds in the diffusion transition zone. Residual Cu in the diffusion transition zone can act as a stress releasing zone. The structures of interfacial phases are identified as follows: Al₂O₃-TiC/TiO + Ti₃Al/Cu + CuTi/TiC layer/mixed layer of Fe₃W₃C, Cr₂₃C₆ and α-Fe/W18Cr4V. The fracture morphology of Al₂O₃-TiC/W18Cr4V joint appears brittle features and the failure occurs within the Al₂O₃-TiC ceramic.     

Diffusion bonding of Al2O3-TiC composite ceramic and W18Cr4V high speed steel in vacuum

Al₂O₃-TiC composite ceramic and W18Cr4V high speed steel were joined by diffusion bonding with a Ti-Cu-Ti multi-interlayer in a vacuum of 10⁻⁴-10⁻⁵ Pa. The interfacial microstructures of the Al₂O₃-TiC/W18Cr4V joint were investigated with optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy. The elemental concentration near the diffusion interface was evaluated by electron probe microanalysis. The results indicate that an obvious transition zone was formed between Al₂O₃-TiC and W18Cr4V during the vacuum diffusion bonding. The elements in the transition zone are mainly Ti and Cu with a small amount of Fe. Element Ti concentrates near the two interfaces of the Al₂O₃-TiC/transition zone/W18Cr4V. The microhardness of the transition zone is lower than that of Al₂O₃-TiC and higher than that of W18Cr4V. The formation process of the transition zone consists of five stages: (i) Formation of Cu-Ti liquid phase; (ii) Full melt of Cu; (iii) Full melt of Ti; (iv) Formation of reaction layer; (v) Formation of Cu-Ti solid solution and increment of reaction layer.     

Effect of Cr and Ni on diffusion bonding of Fe3Al with steel

Microstructure at the diffusion bonding interface between Fe₃Al and steel including Q235 low carbon steel and Cr18-Ni8 stainless steel was analysed and compared by means of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of Cr and Ni on microstructure at the Fe₃Al/steel diffusion bonding interface was discussed. The experimental results indicate that it is favourable for the diffusion of Cr and Ni at the interface to accelerate combination of Fe₃Al and steel during bonding. Therefore, the width of Fe₃Al/Cr18-Ni8 interface transition zone is more than that of Fe₃Al/Q235. And Fe₃Al dislocation couples with different distances, even dislocation net occurs at the Fe₃Al/Cr18-Ni8 interface because of the dispersive distribution of Cr and Ni in Fe₃Al phase.     

In-situ Synthesis of Ti3AlC2/TiC-Al2O3 Composite from TiO2-Al-C System

Ti3AlC2/TiC-Al2O3 composite was synthesized by a combustion reaction in TiO2-Al-C system. The effect of the compositions in raw materials on the products was investigated. Ti3AlC2/TiC-Al2O3 composite was obtained at the molar ratio of TiO2:Al:C=3.0:5.0～5.1:1.8～2.0. The reaction path for the 3TiO2-5Al-2C system was proposed. Al3Ti, Ti2O3, TiO, and δ-Al2O3 are found to be transitional phases. Finally,Ti3AlC2/TiC-Al2O3 composite forms at ～900℃ of furnace temperature. The measured Vickers hardness,fracture toughness, and flexural strength of the nearly dense sample from 3TiO2-5Al-2C are 13.3±1.1 GPa,5.8±0.3 MPa.m1/2, and 466±39 MPa, respectively.     

Interfacial microstructure and strength of diffusion brazed joint between Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-TiC and 9Cr1MoV steel

Joining of composite, Al₂O₃-TiC, with heat-resistant 9Cr1MoV steel, was carried out by diffusion brazing technology, using a combination of Ti, Cu and Ti as multi-interlayer. The interfacial strength was measured by shear testing and the result was explained by the fracture morphology. Microstructural characterization of the Al₂O₃-TiC/9Cr1MoV joint was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersion spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicate that a Al₂O₃-TiC/9Cr1MoV joint with a shear strength of 122 MPa can be obtained by controlling heating temperature at 1130°C for 60 min with a pressure of 12 MPa. Multi-interlayer Ti/Cu/Ti was fused fully and diffusion occurred to produce interfacial layer between Al₂O₃-TiC and 9Cr1MoV steel. The total thickness of the interfacial layer is about 100 μm and Ti₃AlC₂, TiC, Cu and Fe₂Ti are found to occur in the interface layer.     

Stress analysis of a Fe3Al/Q235 diffusion bonded joint using finite element analysis

Fe₃Al intermetallics and Q235 steel are bonded using vacuum diffusion bonding technology. The interfacial shear strength was measured and the stress of Fe₃Al/Q235 diffusion bonded joint was analyzed using finite element analysis (FEA). The results indicate that interfacial shear strength increases from 39.9 to 112.3 MPa with the enhancement of heating temperature from 1000 to 1060°C. Also, shear fracture has more characteristics of cleavage fracture. The farther from the central axis of the interface, the larger the stress is, and the maximum stress appears on the surface of the joint. The maximum stress increases with the heating enhancement and increase of material thickness. When the thickness reaches a critical value (6 mm) and then increases, the stress increases slightly and even to a stable value.     

Preparation and characterization of Ti/SnO(2)-Sb(2)O(3)-Nb(2)O(5)/PbO(2) thin film as electrode material for the degradation of phenol

In this work, a novel electrode of titanium substrate coated with mixed metal oxides of SnO(2), Sb(2)O(3), Nb(2)O(5) and PbO(2) was successfully prepared using thermal decomposition and electrodeposition. The surface morphology and the structure of the prepared thin film were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Experimental results showed that the structure of the prepared electrode might be described as a Ti/SnO(2)-Sb(2)O(3)-Nb(2)O(5)/PbO(2) thin film and its surface was mainly comprised pyramidal-shape beta-PbO(2) crystals. The modified electrode had higher oxygen evolution potential than that of other PbO(2) modified electrodes. Electrocatalytic oxidation of phenol in aqueous solution was studied to evaluate the potential applications of this electrode in environmental science. The phenol removal efficiency in an artificial wastewater containing 0.50g/L phenol could reach 78.6% at 20 degrees C and pH 7.0 with an applied electricity density of 20mA/cm(2) and treatment time of 120min. When 21.3g/L chloride was added to this wastewater, the removal efficiency could reach to 97.2%.     

Synthesis and characterization of β type solid solution in the binary system of Bi2O3-Eu2O3

We have investigated Bi₂O₃-Eu₂O₃ binary system by doping with Eu₂O₃ in the composition range from 1 to 10 mole% via solid state reactions and succeeded to stabilize β-Bi₂O₃ phase which is metastable when pure. Stability of β-Bi₂O₃ polymorph was influenced by heat treatment temperature. Tetragonal type solid solution was obtained in 3–6 mole% addition range when annealed at 750°C and the range was 2–7 mole% when annealed at 800°C. We have also carried out investigations on lattice parameters, microstructural properties and elemental compositions of this β type solid solution for each doping ratio. Lattice parameters increased with amount of Eu₂O₃ addition. Our experimental observations strongly suggested that oxygen deficiency type non-stoichiometry is present in doped β type solid solutions.     

Fine structure at the diffusion welded interface of Fe3Al/Q235 dissimilar materials

The interface of Fe ₃ Al/Q235 dissimilar materials joint, which was made by vacuum diffusion welding, combines excellently. There are Fe ₃ Al, FeAl phases and α-Fe (Al) solid solution at the interface of Fe ₃ Al/Q235. Aluminum content decreases from 28% to 1.5% and corresponding phase changes from Fe ₃ Al with DO ₃ type body centred cubic bcc structure to α-Fe (Al) solid solution with B2 type bcc structure. All phases are present in sub-grain structure level and there is no obvious brittle phases or micro-defects such as pores and cracks at the interface of Fe ₃ Al/Q235 diffusion joint.     

Preparation and Properties of Al2O3-doping LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Cathode Materials

LiNi_1/3Co_1/3-xMn_1/3O₂ doped with Al₂O₃ (x = 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%) was synthesized by co-precipitation of Ni, Co, and Mn acetates. The influence of Al₂O₃ doping on structure and electrochemical performances of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy, charge/discharge tester, and electrochemical workstation. It was found that the materials achieved the best electrochemical properties when x was 5%. The first discharge capacity was 156.3 mAh · g^?1(0.1 C, 2.0–4.8 V), which was close to the un-doped sample (156.8 mAh · g^?1). After 20 cycles, the capacity retention ratios at the C-ratios of 0.1C, 0.2C, and 0.5 C were 96.1%, 94.9%, and 89.4%, respectively, while the capacity retention ratios of the un-doped samples were only 92.6% (0.1 C), 91.8% (0.2 C), and 88.7% (0.5C). The alternating current impedance shows that the charge transfer in the electrode interface was the easiest when x was 5%.     

Analysis of the microstructure and phase constitution of the Fe3Al/18-8 diffusion interface after re-heating

The existence of coarse precipitation blocked the diffusion of the atoms and caused the uneven distribution of elements at the Fe₃Al/18-8 interface zone. Especially, the brittle precipitation could induce welding cracks directly. Consequently, it was one of the main factors that caused the failure of the joint. The Fe₃Al/18-8 diffusion-bonded joint was re-heated and the precipitation and phase constitution of the interface were analysed by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that the precipitation became tiny and regular and distributed evenly due to re-heating. The brittle precipitation zone was liquified to become a smooth and homogeneous diffusion zone. There were no high-microhardness brittle phases such as FeAl₂ and Fe₂Al₅ near the Fe₃Al/18-8 diffusion interface after re-heating.     

Preparation and electrochemical properties of Cr doped LiV3O8 cathode for lithium ion batteries

Chromium was incorporated into lithium trivanadate by an aqueous reaction followed by heating at 100 °C. This Cr doped LiV₃O₈ as a cathode for lithium ion batteries exhibits 269.9 mAh g^− 1 at first discharge cycle and remains 254.8 mAh g^− 1 at cycle 100, with a charge-discharge current density of 150 mA g^− 1 in the voltage range of 1.8-4.0 V. The Cr-LiV₃O₈ cathode show excellent discharge capacity, with the retention of 94.4% after 100 cycles. These result values are higher than previous reports indicating that Cr-LiV₃O₈ prepared by our low temperature synthesis method is a promising cathode material for rechargeable lithium ion batteries. The enhanced discharge capacity and cycle stability of Cr-LiV₃O₈ cathode indicate that chromium atoms promote lithium transfer or intercalation/deintercalation during the electrochemical cycles and improve the electrochemical performances of LiV₃O₈ cathode.     

Acoustic investigations on PbO-Al2O3-B2O3 glasses doped with certain rare earth ions

Elastic moduli (Y, η), Poisson’s ratio (σ), microhardness (H) and some thermodynamical parameters such as Debye temperature (θ_D), diffusion constant (D _i),latent heat of melting (ΔH _m) etc of PbO-Al₂O₃-B₂O₃ glasses doped with rare earth ions viz. Pr³⁺, Nd³⁺, Sm³⁺, Eu³⁺, Tb³⁺, Dy³⁺, Ho³⁺, Er³⁺ and Yb³⁺, are studied as functions of temperatures (in the temperature range 30–200°C) by ultrasonic techniques. All these parameters are found to increase with increasing atomic numberZ of the rare earth ions and found to decrease with increasing temperature of measurement. From these results (together with IR spectra of these glasses), an attempt is made to throw some light on the mechanical strength of these glasses.     

SHS/PHIP制备TiC-Al2O3/Fe复合材料的性能

对SHS/PHIP技术制备出的TiC-Al₂O₃/Fe复合材料的性能进行了测试和分析。结果表明,TiC-Al₂O₃/Fe复合材料具有良好的综合力学性能。材料具有很高的比刚度。金属Fe相的加入,较大地提高了材料的抗弯强度和断裂韧性。TiC-Al₂O₃复相陶瓷为典型的脆性断裂;随着Fe含量的增加,材料具有明显韧性断裂的特征。      

Incommensurate fluctuations in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8

A special neutron scattering technique has been used to discover an incommensurate fluctuation in Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O₈ that appears below T_c. The fluctuation is identified as a dynamic charge density wave since its scattering intensity appears to increase with increasing momentum transfer. The fluctuation is found at a wavevector near 2k_F and could be associated with a dynamic stripe phase.     

Some thermodynamic aspects of the high-temperature transition in doped V2O3

Measurements of the entropy change are reported for the high-temperature metal-insulator (MI) transitions in the (V_1–xCr_x)₂O₃ and (V_1–xAl_x)₂O₃ systems. It is emphasized that the entropy of the I phase exceeds that of the M phase. Evidence is presented to show that the M and I phases coexist over a narrow temperature range. The transformation is attended by enormous hysteresis effects; these indicate that the lattice plays an important role in the transition. The probable role of Cr³⁺ and Al³⁺ as a dopant in the V₂O₃ lattice is briefly discussed. A phase diagram for the dilute V₂O₃-Al₂O₃ alloy system is presented.     

Uses of α-Fe2O3 and fly ash as solid adsorbents

Solid adsorbents have shown great promise for control of particulate and non-particulate matter and as gas sensing devices in recent times. In the present study, adsorption of environmental toxic pollutant such as lead ions on solid adsorbents viz. α-Fe₂O₃ and fly ash, are reported. Considerable adsorption was observed on fly ash when compared to α-Fe₂O₃ surface. These studies are characterized by employing solid state and solution studies.     

Microstructural study of YBa2Cu3O7/SrTiO3/YBa2Cu3O7 heteroepitaxial trilayer films grown on (100) SrTiO3 substrates

Detailed transmission electron microscopic study has been carried out on heteroepitaxial YBa₂Cu₃O₇/SrTiO₃/YBa₂Cu₃O₇ trilayer thin films grown on (100)SrTiO₃ substrates prepared by DC and RF magnetron sputtering. The microstructural results showed the existence of somea-axis-oriented YBCO grains 20–90 nm wide in thec-axis-oriented YBCO matrix. Some of thea-axis grains in the lower YBCO thin film layer have protruded into the above SrTiO₃ layer, which may cause short circuit between the two YBCO superconducting layers. This is unsuitable for the application of trilayer thin films for microelectronic devices. The defects on the surface of the substrates would also influence the growth quality of the YBCO thin films.     

Superconductivity and Magnetism in RuSr2GdCu2O8

The ruthenocuprate RuSr₂GdCu₂O₈ orders magnetically at 135 K and then becomes superconducting at 45 K. These transitions have been observed by several groups, but the intrinsically complex nature of the compound, as well as the unexpected coexistence of magnetism with high-temperature superconductivity, makes it uncertain what the magnetic, electronic, and structural character of its ground state is. We find that density functional-based evaluations give a magnetic and structural character that is consistent with the latest data: the RuO₆ octahedra rotate (by 7° around the c^ axis) causing a doubling of the cell, and an antiferromagnetic structure that has this same cell doubling is favored over a ferromagnetic alignment of Ru spins. The minority Ru d _xy states are partially occupied, leaving a metallic RuO₂ layer that dopes the CuO₂ bilayer and may lead to canting of the Ru spins.