应用于电力系统的碳捕集技术及其带来的变革

二氧化碳捕集和封存技术是当前最为关键的低碳技术之一,协调了化石燃料利用与碳减排之间的矛盾,从而具有广泛的应用前景。文中全面介绍了当前碳捕集技术在电力系统中的实施情况,描述了碳捕集电厂的发展前景,并结合电厂运行、电网运行、微观个体电厂投资与宏观整体电源规划中的实际需求,阐述了应用于电力系统的碳捕集技术将面临的主要挑战与亟待解决的问题,探讨了碳捕集电厂对于电力系统接纳大规模风电的促进作用,揭示了碳捕集技术的引入对于电力系统所带来的重大变革。     

Carbon capture: Prospects and policy agenda for CO2-neutral power generation

By mid-century, global mean temperature increase from pre-industrial levels must remain below 1.5 °C to resist the forces of climate chaos. Recent studies emphasize the central role that the electricity system must play in achieving 100 % carbon-free generation, particularly through greater reliance on zero-carbon, firm output. Major firm power options that emit little or no carbon include hydro, nuclear, geothermal, and carbon capture and storage (CCS). This article examines the status of CCS, now applied at coal-fired power plants and under consideration at natural gas plants in North America and certain European nations. We identify key developments: (i) CCS can eliminate and permanently store virtually all fossil-fired CO₂ emissions from power plants; (ii) following targeted policies, doing so would be cost-competitive with other strategies to generate zero-carbon, firm electricity; and (iii) combining aggressive upstream greenhouse gas emissions mitigation with near-100 % carbon capture at the power plant can create significant benefits on par with the lifecycle emissions of other renewable and clean generation resources. Finally, we examine the policy pathways, infrastructure, and jurisdictions central to CCS expansion—particularly in the U.S. and its subdivisions. Also discussed is the critical need to export CCS technology to all parts of the globe, especially areas like China and Southeast Asia that are likely to depend on fossil electricity for decades.     

碳排放及燃煤约束下的电源规划及其效益评价

优化电源规划是应对电力系统"碳锁定"效应,促进电力系统减少碳排放的重要举措。考虑到国内以煤炭为主的能源结构,有必要分析碳排放及燃煤约束对电源规划的影响。在分析碳捕集电厂运行特性的基础上,建立了考虑碳排放及燃煤约束的低碳电源规划模型,并在模型中采用典型日的运行校验系统是否具备足够的调峰能力。基于国内典型地区电力系统,对不同碳排放总量约束、不同可再生能源发展场景及不同煤炭资源供应约束下的常规火电及碳捕集电厂的扩展规划进行了优化分析,分析结论表明碳捕集电厂可以充分适应电力系统的碳减排目标,满足新能源大规模发展的调峰需求。     

The sweetest solution [biofuel vehicles]

This paper examines whether switching from fossil fuels to biofuels is the best solution to the burgeoning global transport carbon emissions problem. While advocates are able to address many of the concerns expressed by critics, biofuels remain a short-term option in the UK and its status beyond 2010 remains uncertain. Based on a recent Dutch study which concludes that the use of biomass for power generation is more cost-effective than biofuels in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, there are those who believe that UK biomass is a limited resource and should be best used in power generation.     

计及P2G和CCS的园区级电-热-气综合能源系统多目标优化

碳捕集和可再生能源利用已经成为减少碳排放的重要措施。但捕集到的二氧化碳利用方式不明确,弃风弃光现象频发,限制了上述2种措施的减排效果。文章通过耦合电转气(power to gas, P2G)技术和碳捕集系统(carbon capture system,CCS),将其扩展到园区级电-热-气综合能源系统中,建立了一种高比例可再生能源渗透水平下的经济低碳多目标优化模型,在多情景下模拟分析了该综合能源系统在某工业园区的运行效果。结果表明,该耦合能源系统排放的大部分CO₂可以被有效捕获并送往P2G装置用于合成燃气,为利用CO₂提供了新的思路,同时显著提高了系统对可再生能源的消纳能力。对P2G设备容量的敏感性分析表明,单纯增加P2G容量虽然能减少弃能率,但会增加碳排放,因此对P2G的容量规划应当综合考虑可再生能源可用量与碳排放之间的关系。     

Transforming our buildings for a low-carbon era: Five key strategies

Significantly reducing building sector greenhouse gas emissions is necessary to meet state and local climate stabilization goals. Initiatives to decarbonize home and building energy use are enabled by a new generation of advanced air source heat pumps (ASHPs) that provide efficient, comfortable heat even at low outdoor temperatures as well as highly efficient air conditioning in the summer. Coupled with thermal improvements to building envelopes and smart controls responsive to grid reliability needs, ASHPs are displacing the use of fossil fuels for comfort heating while providing a range of economic benefits. Investments to decarbonize buildings are most economical in natural market cycles of building construction, renovation and equipment replacement, and as part of community development initiatives to improve and preserve affordable housing. A growing number of state and local policies and programs are accelerating the rate of efficient electrification of home and building heating to replace fossil fuel heat with increasingly carbon-free renewable electricity.     

一种复合终端逆阻IGBT数值仿真分析

绝缘栅双极型晶体管（insulated gate bipolar transistor,IGBT）本身不具有反向阻断能力,因此在电路中通常与二极管组合使用。为降低使用成本,减小寄生电感,续流二极管与IGBT通过工艺集成在同一芯片上,由此提出了具有反向阻断能力的逆阻型IGBT。针对常规逆阻IGBT终端面积大的问题,提出了一种改进型复合终端结构,采用双掺杂场限环,在P型场限环旁边引入N型轻掺杂区。改进结构减小了耗尽区横向扩展速率,增强器件可靠性,节省终端面积占用并提高了终端效率。     

Using marginal emission rates to optimize investment in carbon dioxide displacement technologies

Reduction in CO₂ emissions from fossil fuel-based electric power generation is a primary focus of both the public and private sector. Over 1,500 corporations, representing $11.4 trillion in revenue and 6.5 gigatonnes of carbon emissions, have formally announced their objective of meeting net-zero emissions by 2030. In this paper, we focus specifically on CO₂ emissions from electricity consumption, and how corporations can reach net-zero goals with respect to these emissions. We focus on three points: (1) the mathematically and economically correct methodology (Marginal Emission Rate, or MER) for calculation of CO₂ footprint in the power sector, (2) a detailed comparative analysis and critique of the generally-referenced alternative methodologies, (3) a detailed analysis of the economic benefits of using MER versus other methodologies to private sector corporations focused on net-zero emissions. This paper presents a mathematical framework for organizations to account for and plan their carbon footprint accurately and efficiently whether it is ex post carbon accounting using RTO published real time nodal MER data, or planning for renewable investment using forecasted MER under various future scenarios.     

吸附烟气中NOx 的吸附剂研究进展

工业和交通部门燃烧化石燃料产生的NOx是大气中最普遍的有害气体。降低由化石燃料燃烧造成的NOx排放迫在眉睫。通过对比研究多孔碳材料吸附剂、沸石分子筛吸附剂、金属有机框架材料吸附剂与金属氧化物吸附剂的结构特点以及NO的吸附量与选择性、反应特性及吸附剂的吸附机理,提出了这几种吸附剂作为NOx吸附剂的可能性以及存在的不足,为研发可实现NOx脱除并回收利用的资源化吸附剂提供参考。     

考虑碳减排的发电商电量上网机制设计

现行的发电商上网电量基本上是按发电容量等比例确定,而上网电价则实行统一的“标杆电价”。基于碳排放约束下总上网电量发电成本最小原则,设计寡头发电商的上网电量分配机制与上网电价机制,并与现行的电量上网机制进行数值分析比较,分析结果表明：（1）新机制可诱导发电商真实地报告自己的成本类型、以保证碳排放约束下总发电成本最小目标的实施;（2）相对于现行的等比例电量上网机制,新机制有利于减排CO₂,且在相同排放水平下可节省总的发电成本;（3）新机制下低排放发电商电量优先上网,且可促使高排放机组逐步退出市场。     

Evaluation of a potential reintroduction of nuclear energy in Italy to accelerate the energy transition

Nuclear energy was adopted in Italy in the past to deal with the insufficient fossil fuels on the national territory. After a public vote subsequent to the Chernobyl accident, Italy abandoned the use of nuclear energy and nowadays adopts a mix of fossil fuels and renewable energy sources for electricity production. However, the urging environmental pollution and climate change issues are forcing Italy to realize a so-called “energy transition” towards a more sustainable energy production and consumption system. In this framework, following the examples of other countries, it could be re-evaluated the adoption of nuclear to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. In the present paper, it is presented an overview of the nuclear energy history in Italy and the current and projected electricity demand and supply. Then, with reference to the Italian framework and policies, the main advantages and disadvantages of a hypothetical reintroduction of nuclear energy are presented. The analysis shows that the adoption of nuclear energy would bring several advantages in terms of lower emissions, higher security of supply and enabling of possible other technologies; the main disadvantages are related to the opposing public opinion and the nuclear waste management.     

当前我国燃煤火电机组降低CO2排放的途径

从我国的能源结构和CO2排放及气候变化的现实出发,分析了我国燃煤火电技术的发展方向,即在不可能短期内改变我国能源和电源结构的情况下,我国火电应当怎样应对减排CO2的压力和挑战。虽然现在正在开发的碳捕获和封存技术（carbon capture and storage,CCS）有可能达到CO2接近零排放,但在CCS技术能够得到大规模推广应用之前的一个相当长的时期,目前最可行、经济、可靠的燃煤机组CO2减排的途径是坚持“上大压小”政策大力发展大容量高效率超临界/超超临界机组,通过技术创新提高现有火电厂效率,提高现有600 ℃超超临界机组的净效率,开发先进的37.5 MPa/700 ℃/720 ℃/720 ℃双再热机组,将1 000~1 500 MW超超临界机组净效率提高至53%以上。     

中国煤电生命周期二氧化碳和大气污染物排放相互影响建模分析

煤电在中国电力供应结构中占据主导地位,其环境影响是研究热点之一。建立中国煤电生命周期二氧化碳和大气污染物排放分析模型,基于文献调研构建参数数据库,测算中国煤电的单位发电量排放。结果表明,近年来中国煤电生命周期单位发电量的CO₂、SO₂、NO_x和PM_2.5排放分别为838.6 g/（kW·h）、0.34 g/（kW·h）、0.32 g/（kW·h）和0.08 g/（kW·h）。其中煤电单位发电量大气污染物排放,比实施超低排放改造前,下降幅度超过90%。研究发现,增大单机机组规模和进行超低排放改造能够有效降低煤电发电过程的大气污染物排放,采用煤电燃烧后碳捕集和存储(carbon capture and storage, CCS)处理技术能够使煤电CO₂排放下降到144 g/（kW·h）,助力碳中和目标实现。如果不采用更加严格的大气污染物排放标准和处理方式,CCS技术可能会使煤电大气污染物排放强度上升30%~40%,这与碳捕集过程使用的技术有关。     

基于复合实物期权的燃煤电厂碳捕获与储存投资决策研究

碳捕获与储存（CCS）作为国际社会应对气候挑战的重要选择具有多期性和不确定性。考虑CCS投资决策的阶段性特点,建立燃煤电厂CCS投资的两阶段复合实物期权决策框架。在分析CCS投资过程中示范和商业化运营2个阶段中期权选择的相互影响并考虑碳交易价格、燃料价格、投资成本等不确定因素的基础上,运用复合期权二叉树模型对考虑不确定性问题的项目投资价值进行了评估,并通过算例分析了该模型在CCS投资决策中的应用,得出了不同政策补贴条件下碳交易价格的投资临界值,为燃煤电厂CCS投资决策提供了理论依据。     

基于二级聚集式的端对端电力交易控制策略

为更好地实现端对端电力交易,提出了二级聚集式控制策略。该策略只需一个数据监测点和从监测点到产消者的单向通信就能够实现端对端电力交易。其中,第一级控制采用带约束的非线性优化,以最小化社区微电网电费为目标,第二级控制采用基于规则的实时控制策略。通过仿真算例验证了控制策略的有效性,并对比分析了在社区微电网中采用集中式和分布式蓄电池对电能损耗及电费的影响。     

Electrochemical power sources:key agents for energy sustainability(Ⅰ)

1 Society and energy in transitionThe mastery of energy has always been the key to a betterstandard-of-living·The concept of energy is,however,difficult tounderstand———it is an abstract quantity that manifests itself inmany forms,namely,chemical,elect…     

Progress of renewable electricity replacing fossil fuels

Dramatic fall in costs of renewable energy in the last 24 months has not only accelerated the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy in electricity generation. The low cost renewable electricity is now starting to replace fossil fuels in other sectors. One reason is that renewable electricity is now cheaper per unit energy than oil, about the same price as fossil methan but, still, more expensive than coal. Another reason is that electricity often offer other opportunities, such as cheaper transport, better control, higher energy efficiency in final production of energy services and lower local environmental costs.     

奥里油电厂燃烧产物及其环境影响预测分析

介绍了奥里油特性及其在火力发电厂燃用所引起的排放情况和其它环境问题,分析了相应的烟气净化、细微颗粒物、痕量元素处理方法。结果表明：气体排放取决于具体设计和操作参数,与其它矿物燃料燃烧的气体排放相似。主要区别体现在：高硫含量和钒元素存在而引起的SO3排放问题,较大的烟气排放体积速率会影响ESP工作性能,较低的飞灰密度可能引起潜在的污染处理问题。另外,储运过程中因奥里油泄漏而对海洋生物的影响不会比6号燃料油严重。     

Model evaluation of CO2 reduction technologies in the Asia-pacific region

Global warming is one of the most serious issues in today's world. Various innovative technologies have been proposed for the reduction of CO₂ emissions and the mitigation of global warming. They include (1) the WENET project, inaugurated in 1993 by the government of Japan, in which electricity produced by photovoltaic systems in vast areas such as the Sahara Desert, or by hydropower systems, is converted to hydrogen for transport to demand sites, and (2) Steinberg's Hydrocarb process, in which fossil fuels and biomass are coprocessed to produce carbon and methanol. While Japan is resource-poor, it is located relatively close to Southeast Asia and Australia, which are large regions with abundant solar energy. This paper describes an investigation of the prospects for the adoption of these innovative technologies by Japan and surrounding resource regions in the next 30 to 40 years. An optimizing energy model is developed for the purpose, and the simulation results provide several interesting suggestions regarding Japan's future strategy for combatting global warming.     

电力系统碳排放核算综述与展望

碳核算能量化分析碳排放数据,对实现“双碳”目标至关重要。从直接、间接两个角度出发,聚焦电力系统碳排放核算问题。直接碳排放主要源于源侧火电机组和电网侧SF₆气体泄露。首先对火电机组碳排放核算方法及研究概况进行综述,围绕特性、精度、适用范畴等,对排放因子法、物料平衡法、实测法进行分析对比,并简要说明了由SF₆气体泄露造成的等价碳排放核算方法。其次,基于发电负荷等于厂用电负荷、网损及综合用电负荷三者之和这一关系,提出间接碳排放的定义,厘清直接、间接碳排放关系,并比较平均碳排放因子法与基于碳排放流理论核算间接碳排放方法的优劣。最后,分析新型电力系统中直接、间接碳排放的影响因素,并展望未来考虑市场因素下的碳排放核算方法。