Microstructure and properties of joint for stirring brazing of dissimilar Al/Mg alloy during heating processes

In this paper, 2024 Al alloy and AZ31 B Mg alloy were brazed with aid of stirring without flux in air.The effects of the brazing temperature on microstructure and shear strength of the joint were investigated. The diffusion zone is found at joint interface near Al base metal,which consists of Al–Zn–Sn solid solution. At the same time, continuous intermetallic compounds(IMCs) phase and broken ones are found at joint interface near Mg base metal, which mainly consists of the Mg2 Sn phase. With the increase of the brazing temperature, the shear strength at the joint interface near Al base metal rises gradually. On the contrary, that of the joint interface near Mg base metal obviously decreases.     

Effect of Ultrasound on Heterogeneous Nucleation in TIG Welding of Al–Li Alloy

The effect of ultrasound on heterogeneous nucleation in a tungsten inert gas(TIG) weld pool of 2195 Al–Li alloy has been investigated by a series of experiments. An ultrasonic vibration was imposed on the surface of base material before turning off the welding arc during the TIG welding implemented at a fixed point. The results suggest that ultrasound could promote heterogeneous nucleation in the TIG weld pool of 2195 Al–Li alloy. The grain around the fusion zone is changed from a column grain to an equiaxed grain after applying the ultrasonic treatment. To study the influencing mechanism of ultrasound on heterogeneous nucleation, further investigations were implemented where the welding arc was turned off after turning off the ultrasonic power. The results show that the equiaxed grain around the fusion zone disappeared gradually with an increase in heat input after turning off the ultrasonic power. It suggests that ultrasound could promote the heterogeneous nucleation particle to nucleate in advance before turning off the welding arc and the crystal nucleus could again be melted with an increase in heat input after turning off the ultrasonic power. Moreover, the effects of the welding current and ultrasonic amplitude on heterogeneous nucleation in the weld pool of 2195 Al–Li alloy were also investigated. Possible influencing mechanism of the welding current and ultrasonic amplitude on heterogeneous nucleation was discussed.     

Interfacial reaction behavior and mechanical properties of 5A06 Al alloy soldered with Sn-1Ti-xGa solders at a low temperature

Active soldering of 5A06 Al alloy was performed at 300℃ by using Sn-1Ti and Sn-1Ti-0.3Ga active solders, respectively. The effects of soldering time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints were investigated. The results showed that the Sn-1Ti solder broke the oxide film on the surface of the Al substrate and induced intergranular diffusion in the Al substrate. When Ga was added to the solder, severe dissolution pits appeared in the Al substrate due to the action of Sn-1Ti-0...     

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the Sip/Zn-Al composite joints by ultrasonic-assisted soldering in air

Hypereutectic Al-27 Si alloys were joined without flux by ultrasonic-assisted soldering at 420 ℃ in air using Zn-5 Al the filler alloys,and Si particulate-reinforced Zn-Al based composites filler joints were obtained. The ultrasonic vibration introduced into soldering could influence the migration of Si particles and the microstructure of solidified Zn-Al based alloys. Both the distribution of Si particles and microstructure of the solidified Zn-Al based alloys affected the shear strength of joints. The shear strength increased with the ultrasonic vibration time. The highest average shear strength of joints reached to ～ 68. 5 MPa. Transcrystalline rupture mode was observed on the fracture surface.     

Effect of Ultrasonic Impact on the Microstructure of Welded Joint of 2195 Al–Li Alloy

It is known that an ultrasonic impact during tungsten inert gas welding can refine the grains and improve the mechanical properties of the welded joints of aluminum alloys. However, the influence mechanism of the ultrasonic impact on the microstructures is still unclear. In this research, the effects of the mechanical and ultrasonic impact on the microstructures of the welded joint of 2195 Al–Li alloy are analyzed. It is found that the mechanical impact could not refine the grains, but the ultrasonic impact could refine the grains. The grains become smaller in the weld center with an increase in the ultrasonic amplitude. Possible mechanisms for the grain refinement are discussed. The results show that the small temperature gradient promotes formation of the equiaxed grain and the cavitation promotes heterogeneous nucleation.     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Mg–xAl–1Sn–0.3Mn( x = 1, 3, 5) Alloy Sheets

The influence of Al alloying on the microstructures and the mechanical properties of Mg–x Al–1 Sn–0.3 Mn alloy sheets was investigated. The microstructure of Mg– x Al–1 Sn–0.3 Mn consisted of α-Mg and Mg 17 Al 12 precipitates. Alloying with Al increased the amount of Mg_(17)Al_(12) and the average grain size. Uniaxial tensile tests were carried out along the extrusion direction(ED), the transverse direction(TD) and 45° toward the ED. Mg–5 Al–1 Sn–0.3 Mn alloy sheet exhibited the best combination of mechanical properties along the ED: a yield strength of 142 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 282 MPa and an elongation of 23%. The good performance of Mg–5 Al–1 Sn–0.3 Mn sheet was mainly attributed to the large quantity of Mg_(17)Al_(12) precipitates and a weak basal texture. Annealing caused static dynamic recrystallization, refined the grain size and enhanced the mechanical properties: yield strength of 186 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 304 MPa, elongation of 21% along ED. Both strength and ductility were enhanced by Al alloying.     

Effects of Joining Conditions on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of C_f/Al Composites and TiAl Alloy Combustion Synthesis Joints

Cf/Al composites and TiAl alloy were joined by combustion synthesis in different joining conditions.Effects of additive Cu,joining temperature and holding time on joint microstructure and shear strength were characterized by employing DTA,SEM,EDS,XRD and shear test.Results show that the additive Cu in the Ti–Al–C interlayer could significantly decrease the reaction temperature owing to the emergence of Al–Cu eutectic liquid.Reaction degree of the interlayer was influenced by joining temperature and holding time.Due to the barrier action of formed TiAl3 layer,reaction rate of Ti and Al was determined by the atoms diffusion.The reaction between Ti and Al was more sensitive to the joining temperature rather the holding time.The joints shear strength was influenced by joining condition directly.The maximum shear strength of CS joints was 25.89 MPa at 600 °C for 30 min under 5 MPa.Interface evolution mechanism of the CS joint was analyzed based on the experimental results and phase diagram.     

A High-Ductility Mg–Zn–Ca Magnesium Alloy

A new kind of Mg–2 Zn–0.6 Ca(wt%) alloy was fabricated by casting and hot extrusion as a high-ductility structural material. The extruded alloy exhibits a superior elongation of ～30%, yield strength of 130 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 280 MPa along the extrusion direction at room temperature. Microstructure, texture and tensile properties of the extruded alloy were investigated in details. The remarkable improvement of ductility is ascribed to the weakened basal texture, refined grains and a small number of second phase in the alloy.     

Modification of Sn–1.0Ag–0.5Cu solder using nickel and boron

Effects of Ni and B additions on the microstructure and growth behavior of the intermetallic compound(IMC) of Sn–1.0Ag–0.5Cu alloys(SAC105) were investigated in this study. Results show that microadditions of Ni and B result in volume fraction of primary Sn increasing and the grain size decreasing observably. It is found that a large number of fine reinforcement particles with network-like shape are found in the solder, and the thickness of interfacial IMC layer in the solder joint is grew less than that of SAC105 with longer aging time. Shear test results reveal that as-soldered solder joints of microalloyed SAC105 have better shear strength than that of SAC105 solder alloy.     

Improving Joint Morphologies and Tensile Strength of Al/Mg Dissimilar Alloys Friction Stir Lap Welding by Changing Zn Interlayer Thickness

The pure Zn foils with different thicknesses(0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mm) were selected as interlayers to improve the quality of friction stir lap welding joint of 7075-T6 Al and AZ31 B Mg dissimilar alloys. The effects of the interlayer thickness on joint formation, microstructure and tensile strength were analyzed. The results displayed that the maximum length of the boundary between stir zone(SZ) and thermo-mechanically affected zone in lower plate was obtained by the addition of the Zn interlayer with 0.05 mm thickness. The Mg–Zn intermetallic compounds(IMCs) were discontinuously distributed in the SZ, replacing the continuous Al–Mg IMCs. The size of Mg–Zn IMCs increased with the increase in the thickness of the Zn interlayer. The maximum tensile shear strength of 276 N mm-1 was obtained by the addition of 0.05 mm Zn foil, which increased by 45.6% of that of the joint without the Zn foil addition.     

Joint strength of aluminum ultrasonic soldered under liquidus temperature of Sn–Zn hypereutectic solder

In order to obtain high-strength aluminum joints, ultrasonic soldering of 1070 aluminum was conducted under liquidus temperature of Sn–Zn hypereutectic solder. A device for ultrasonic soldering was assembled, which propagated ultrasonic vibrations in a direction perpendicular to joining surfaces. This device joined 1070-Al using quasi-melting Sn–Zn hypereutectic solder without using any artificial spacers. The strength of the solder joints was evaluated by tensile tests. The optimum joining conditions were determined, and the effects of solder compositions and soldering temperature on the joint strength and the solder layer thickness were examined. In this ultrasonic soldering process, the highest tensile strength was obtained for the solder joints fabricated at 220 °C for the Sn–23Zn and Sn–40Zn solder compositions. The joint strength was equivalent to that of 1070-Al heat treated at 220 °C. The sound joints were obtained at 300 °C using Sn–82Zn solder, the liquid phase volume fraction of which was theoretically only 0.24. The present work also revealed that the thickness of retained solder layer in the joint after ultrasonic soldering could be estimated. Accordingly, ultrasonic soldering under the liquidus temperature of Sn–Zn hypereutectic solder could be a spacer-free soldering method to obtain high-strength aluminum joints.     

Residual stresses in welded joints in 1460 aluminium alloy

In order to obtain high-strength aluminium butt joints with corrosion resistance, ultrasonic soldering of A1070 rods was conducted using quasi-melting Sn–xZn (x = 23, 40, 82 mass%) hypereutectic alloy. Ultrasonic vibrations were applied at soldering temperatures ranging 220–300°C through A1070 rods without a solder bath.

The tensile strength of the solder joints with Sn–23Zn or 40Zn alloy were higher than that of the joint soldered with Sn–9Zn eutectic alloy. The joints soldered with Sn–23Zn or 40Zn alloy showed the same strength as A1070 rods which employed the same heat treatment as the ultrasonic soldering process. The thickness of the hypereutectic solder layer in the joints was thicker than that of the Sn–9Zn solder layer because unmelted α-Zn solid solution should have prevented the solder from being pressed out of the joint gap by the applied pressure during soldering. Tensile tests of the joints after immersion in NaCl aqueous solution revealed that the corrosion resistance of the joints soldered with hypereutectic alloy was higher than that of the joint soldered with Sn–9Zn alloy. It is considered that the improvement was achieved by the thick hypereutectic solder layer which should have reduced the notch effect in the joints.     

超声波辅助钎焊镁铝异种金属接头微观组织研究

铝合金和镁合金都具有密度小,比强度高等优点,在航天、航空等行业得到了广泛的应用。但这两种金属焊接时极易生成脆性的金属间化合物,使其很难获得性能优良的接头。在钎焊时,如何选择钎料避免有害金属间化合物的生成,是获得铝/镁异种金属优质接头的关键。为此本文选用了Sn基和Zn基两种钎料,在大气下采用超声波辅助钎焊技术进行了6063铝合金/AZ31B镁合金的焊接,通过OM、SEM以及EDS能谱对比分析了两种钎料钎焊接头组织。实验结果表明,采用Sn基钎料,钎焊接头不会生成Mg-Al脆性金属间化合物,钎缝中会溶解Al元素,Al元素以Al基固溶体相和Ag（Al）相形式存在于钎焊接头中,并且在超声波作用时间达到4.5s时,Al元素均匀分布在整个钎缝中。采用Zn基钎料,钎焊接头中有大量脆性Mg/Al金属间化合物生成,同时在钎缝组织晶界处有第二相低熔点Sn颗粒的弥散分布。     

Corrosion resistance of ultrasonic soldered aluminium joint using Zn-based solder alloy

In order to obtain high strength aluminium butt joints with high corrosion resistance, ultrasonic soldering of 1070 and 5056 rods was conducted using quasi-melting Zn–18Sn (mass%) alloy and Zn–38A1 alloy. Ultrasonic vibrations were applied at soldering temperature ranging 533–723 K through aluminium rods without using of a solder bath. To evaluate the corrosion resistance of solder joints, tensile tests were conducted after immersion in a 5% NaCl aqueous solution. Though joint strength decreased with an increase in immersion time in the NaCl aqueous solution because of corrosion in the joints, corrosion resistance of 5056 joints with Zn–38A1 alloy was higher than that of joints with Zn–18Sn alloy irrespective of aluminium base material. The strength of joints with Zn–18Sn alloy rapidly decreased by immersion in the NaCl aqueous solution. In these joints, corrosion occurred locally in the soldered interface. Corrosion potential of these joints was unusually lower than that of the solder alloy. In contrast, corrosion occurred slowly in the solder layer in 5056 joints with Zn–38A1 alloy. Corrosion potential of the joints was equivalent to that of the solder alloy.     

Development of a Binary Zn-Based Solder Alloy for Joining Wrought Magnesium Alloy AZ31B

In the present article, the wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B sheets were soldered by means of high-frequency induction heating device using a novel binary Zn-based solder alloy in argon gas shield condition. The interfacial microstructure, phase constitution, and fracture morphology of the soldered joint were studied. The microhardness and shear strength of the soldered joint were tested. The experimental results exhibit that α-Mg solid solution and γ-MgZn phase were formed in soldering region. Moreover, the β-Mg₇Zn₃ phase in the original Zn-based solder alloy disappeared completely after the soldering process due to the fierce alloying between the molten binary Zn-based solder alloy and the base metal AZ31B during soldering. Test results show that the shear strength of the soldered joint is 28 MPa. The fracture morphology of the soldered joint displays an intergranular fracture mode, and the crack originates from α-Mg + γ-MgZn eutectoid structure. The interaction between the molten Zn-based solder alloy and the base metal AZ31B leads the Zn-based solder alloy to be transformed into Mg-based soldering metal during soldering.     

Ultrasonic-assisted fluxless reactive bonding of Mg/Al dissimilar alloy using Zn–Al solder in air

An ultrasonic-assisted reactive brazing method, without flux and conducted in air, was developed to braze Mg/Al dissimilar alloys. By using pre-coated Zn–Al solders on the Al sheet and a short-time ultrasonic (3?s) assistance, the Mg/Al dissimilar sheets were successfully brazed at a low temperature (340°C). The effect of Al content of the solder on the shear strength was investigated based on the analysis of the microstructure and the fracture behaviour of the brazed joint. The results indicated that the microstructure and the shear strength of the ultrasonic-assisted brazed joint were significantly affected by Al content in Zn–Al solders. Increasing Al content in Zn–Al solder prevented the joint from forming the continuous brittle MgZn₂ layer. The maximum shear strength of 110.5?MPa was obtained when Zn–15Al solder was used, because the joint possessed the optimum microstructure of the soft (Al, Zn) eutectoid matrix with the MgZn₂ dispersed particles.     

磁控溅射Cu-Cr合金薄膜与Sn-Ag-Cu焊料在时效处理时的界面反应

采用磁控溅射的方式沉积不同Cr含量的Cu-Cr合金薄膜,通过与Sn-Ag-Cu(SAC)焊料在240 ℃下回焊形成焊点结构,然后将试样置于180 ℃下进行真空时效处理。研究Cu-Cr合金作为凸点下金属化(UBM)层时与SAC形成焊点的焊接可靠性。使用配备能量色散X射线光谱仪的场发射扫描电镜和多功能推力测试仪等分析界面金属间化合物(IMC)的形貌及焊点的剪切强度。结果表明,SAC/Cu-Cr焊点结构在回焊后形成了不同于传统的SAC/Cu焊点扇贝状IMC的针状IMC。在时效处理后,Cr在晶界处的偏析形成了富铬层,其作为扩散阻挡层阻碍Cu扩散到IMC中,使得Cu₃Sn和柯肯达尔空洞的生长受到抑制。剪切强度测试结果表明,回焊后SAC/Cu-Cr试样比SAC/Cu试样具有更高的剪切强度。Cr靶电流为1.5 A的Cu-Cr合金UBM层形成的焊点结构具有较小的IMC厚度,且拥有最高的焊点剪切强度。证实了Cu-Cr 合金UBM层有利于提高焊接可靠性。     

铝合金表面电弧喷涂Ag基涂层及其低温钎焊行为

在波导器件中,铝合金壳体较差的润湿性制约了其与微带电路板之间大面积、可靠低温钎焊连接. 通过电弧喷涂技术在5A06铝合金表面制备了厚度约为80 μm的Ag-15%Ni(质量分数)单一涂层和Ni-5%Al/Ag-15%Ni(质量分数)复合涂层,以提升Sn-Pb钎料在其表面的润湿性. 对比研究了两种涂层的显微结构、涂层界面结合性能、低温钎焊行为及钎焊接头剪切失效机制. 结果表明,涂层与铝合金基板间形成了良好的界面结合,并且两种涂层均具有较好的低温焊接性. 其中,Ag-15%Ni单一涂层与铝合金基板的结合强度为40 MPa,喷涂后铝合金基板与T2紫铜形成的钎焊接头抗剪强度为26 MPa. 相较而言,Ni-5%Al /Ag-15%Ni复合涂层展现出更佳的涂层结合强度(42 MPa)和钎焊接头抗剪强度(31 MPa).     

Ni/Al纳米金属箔自蔓延焊接钛/铜异种材料

以Ni/Al纳米多层自蔓延金属箔代替传统加热设备作为热源对钛和铜进行了钎焊,评价了焊接组件的平面度、焊接结合率、钎缝抗剪强度以及Ni/Al多层自蔓延金属箔与焊料的结合情况.结果表明,采用Ni/Al多层自蔓延金属箔作为热源,焊接组件在焊接前后温度变化较小,焊后平面度可控制在0.1 mm以内,焊接结合率达到98.3%,钎缝强度达到40.791 MPa.采用带EDX功能的扫描电镜对钎缝微观组织进行了分析,焊料与Ni/Al金属箔之间结合紧密,Ni/Al金属箔在应力作用下发生碎裂,降低了钎缝中残留的焊接应力,金属箔两侧焊料在压力作用下流过裂纹融为一体.     

锌对共晶锡铋合金的电迁移可靠性的影响

本文选取了应用最为广泛的无铅钎料之一的共晶锡铋合金进行研究,对其进行锌的掺杂,以期透彻的了解锌对无铅钎料在电迁移作用下的行为。研究结果显示,在钎焊结束之后,电流加载之前,掺入的锌会通过促进合金晶粒粗化在一定程度上降低焊点的抗拉强度。但是对焊点进行电流密度为104 A/cm2的电流加载100h后,锌的掺入可以避免锡铋合金中锡相与铋相晶粒之间形成缝隙,从而对焊点的可靠性有显著的提升。