Enhanced Electromagnetic Interference Shielding of Mg–Zn–Zr Alloy by Ce Addition

The effects of Ce addition on microstructure and electromagnetic interference(EMI) shielding response of Mg–6Zn–0.5Zr(ZK60) alloy have been investigated.Ce addition resulted in grain refinement and higher density of Mg–Zn–Ce and Mg Zn2 intermetallic particles in the alloy.In particular,this was substantially remarkable as the addition of Ce was up to 1.0 wt%.It is interesting to note that as-extruded ZK60 alloy with 1.0 wt% Ce addition exhibited an EMI shielding effectiveness(SE) exceeding 70 d B at the frequency range of 30–1,500 MHz,which was significantly higher than that of ZK60 alloy without Ce addition and reached the requirement of high protection.The superior SE was probably related to the increased reflection and multiple reflection of electromagnetic radiation induced by Ce addition.Direct artificial aging at 150 °C for 25 or 50 h led to a further increase of 7–10 d B in the SE of the alloy with 1.0 wt% Ce addition.The advantages of excellent shielding capacity and favorable mechanical strength make the Mg–Zn–Zr–Ce alloy an attractive shielding candidate material for a variety of technological applications.     

Obtaining Ultra-High Strength and Ductility in a Mg–Gd–Er–Zn–Zr Alloy via Extrusion,Pre-deformation and Two-Stage Aging

The Mg–12Gd–1Er–1Zn–0.9 Zr(wt%) alloy with ultra-high strength and ductility was developed via hot extrusion combined with pre-deformation and two-stage aging treatment.The age-hardening behavior and microstructure evolution were investigated.Pre-deformation introduced a large number of dislocations,resulting in strain hardening and higher precipitation strengthening in the subsequent two-stage aging.As a result,the alloy showed a superior strength–ductility balance with a yield strength of 506 MPa,an ultimate tensile strength of 549 MPa and an elongation of 8.2% at room temperature.The finer and denser β' precipitates significantly enhanced the strength,and the bimodal structure,small β-Mg_5RE phase as well as dense γ' precipitates ensured the good ductility of the alloy.It is suggested that the combination of pre-deformation and two-stage aging treatment is an eff ective method to further improve the mechanical properties of wrought Mg alloys.     

Controlling Corrosion Resistance of a Biodegradable Mg–Y–Zn Alloy with LPSO Phases via Multi-pass ECAP Process

Mg-RE(rear earth) alloys with long period stacking(LPSO) structures have great potential in biomedical applications. The present work focused on the microstructure and corrosion behaviors of Mg 98.5 Y_1 Zn_(0.5) alloys with 18 R LPSO structure after equal channel angular pressing(ECAP). The results showed that the ECAP process changed the grain size and the distribution of LPSO particles thus controlled the total corrosion rates of Mg 98.5 Y_1 Zn_(0.5) alloys. During the ECAP process from 0 p to 12 p, the grain size reduced from 160–180 μm(as-cast) to 6–8 μm(12 p). The LPSO structures became kinked(4 p), then started to be broken into smaller pieces(8 p), and at last comminuted to fine particles and redistributed uniformly inside the matrix(12 p). The improvement in the corrosion resistance for ECAP samples was obtained from 0 p to 8 p, with the corrosion rate reduced from 3.24 mm/year(0 p) to 2.35 mm/year(8 p) in simulated body fluid, and the 12 p ECAP alloy exhibited the highest corrosion rate of 4.54 mm/year.     

Precipitation behavior of 14H-LPSO structure in Mg–12Gd–2Er–1Zn–0.6Zr Alloy

The microstructures of as-cast and as-solution Mg–12Gd–2Er–1Zn–0.6Zr alloys were investigated by optical microscopy(OM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), highresolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM)X-ray diffraction(XRD) and selected-area electron diffraction(SAED) in the present investigation. The results show that the primary eutectic phase Mg_5(Gd, Er, Zn) and some flocculent features are found in the as-cast alloy; the SAED pattern indicates that these flocculent features are the dense areas of stacking faults. The 14H-LPSO structure precipitates in the temperature range of 673–793 K, and the volume fraction of 14H-LPSO structure increases with the extension of heating time; however, there is no precipitation of 14H-LPSO structure when the temperature reaches up to 803 K. In addition, the Mg_5(Gd, Er, Zn) phase dissolves gradually along with the precipitation of 14H-LPSO structure.     

Evolution of Microstructure,Residual Stress,and Tensile Properties of Mg–Zn–Y–La–Zr Magnesium Alloy Processed by Extrusion

The microstructure, texture, residual stress, and tensile properties of Mg–6 Zn–2 Y–1 La–0.5 Zr(wt%) magnesium alloy were investigated before and after extrusion process, which performed at 300 °C and 400 °C. The microstructural characterizations indicated that the as-cast alloy was comprised of α-Mg, Mg–Zn, Mg–Zn–La, and Mg–Zn–Y phases. During homogenization at 400 °C for 24 h, most of the secondary phases exhibited partial dissolution. Extrusion process led to a remarkable grain refi nement due to dynamic recrystallization(DRX). The degree of DRX and the DRXed grain size increased with increasing extrusion temperature. The homogenized alloy did not show a preferential crystallographic orientation, whereas the extruded alloys showed strong basal texture. The extrusion process led to a signifi cant improvement on the compressive residual stress and mechanical properties. The alloy extruded at 300 °C exhibited the highest basal texture intensity, the compressive residual stress and hardness, and yield and tensile strengths among the studied alloys.     

Effect of Solution Treatment on Microstructure and Corrosion Properties of Mg–4Gd–1Y–1Zn–0.5Ca–1Zr Alloy

The as-cast multi-element Mg–4Gd–1Y–1Zn–0.5Ca–1Zr alloy with low rare earth additions was prepared, and the solution treatment was applied at different temperatures. The microstructural evolution of the alloy was characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and corrosion properties of the alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution were evaluated by immersion and electrochemical tests. The results indicate that the as-cast alloy is composed of the a-Mg matrix,lamellar long-period stacking-ordered(LPSO) structure and eutectic phase. The LPSO structure exists with more volume fraction in the alloy solution-treated at 440 °C, but disappears with the increase in the solution temperature. For all the solution-treated alloys, the precipitated phases are detected. The corrosion rates of the alloys decrease first and then increase slightly with the increase in the solution temperature, and the corrosion resistance of the solution-treated alloys is more than four times as good as that of the as-cast alloy. In addition, the alloy solution-treated at 480 °C for 6 h shows the best corrosion property.     

Effects of ECAP Extrusion on the Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability of Mg–2Zn–xGd–0.5Zr Alloys

Effects of equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) extrusion on the microstructure, mechanical properties and biodegradability of Mg–2Zn– xGd–0.5Zr( x=0,0.5,1,2 wt%) alloys were studied in this work. Microstructure analysis, tensile test at ambient temperature, immersion test and electrochemical test in Hank's solution were carried out. The results showed that Gd could further enhance the grain refinement during the ECAP extrusion. Both Gd addition and ECAP extrusion could improve the mechanical properties of the alloys, and the extrusion played the dominant role. Minor addition of Gd(0.5–1 wt%) could obviously enhance the corrosion resistance of the alloys. To some extent, ECAP extrusion improved the corrosion resistance of the alloys due to the change of second phases distribution and the refinement of grains. Further increase in extrusion pass was detrimental to the improvement of the corrosion resistance as a result of increment of the grain boundaries.     

Nature of High-Temperature Strength of Deformed Magnesium Alloy of the Mg – Zn – Zr – REE System

Metal Science and Heat Treatment - Results of a study of the structure, phase composition, and main parameters of high-temperature strength of forgings from deformed magnesium alloy VMD16 of the Mg...     

Corrosion decomposition and mechanical behaviors of As-cast Mg–xZn–Zr alloys

Developing new-type alloy materials with excellent decomposition properties and mechanical behaviors is a thorny issue for preparing fracturing balls in oil exploitation. As-cast Mg–xZn–Zr alloys designed by regulating Zn contents have been fabricated in this study. Compressive strength and immersion corrosion test have been investigated to assess their feasibility as decomposition materials. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffract meter have also been used to characterize surface morphologies and phase structures for determining their decomposition mechanism. Results show that matrix phases and secondary phases with discontinuous reticular features form on the alloys. They also achieve excellent mechanical properties to ensure stability and pressure-maintaining capacity in the decomposition process in chloride environment. Meanwhile, with Zn content and immersion time increasing, galvanic corrosion effect strengthens leading to accelerated specific mass loss rates of the alloys. Rapid corrosion decomposition of the alloys mainly attributes to anodic dissolution of matrix phases, exfoliation of microparticles, and poor resistance of corrosion products to the decomposition process. This study provides positive insight into the preparation of new-type Mg alloys for guaranteeing fast decomposition of fracturing balls and also ensuring their compressive strength stability.     

Effect of Extrusion Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg–5Al–2Ca Alloy

In this work, the Mg–5Al–2Ca alloy was extruded at 573, 623 and 673 K, with a ratio of 16:1 and a constant speed of 3 mm/s. Results demonstrate that the Al2Ca particle is formed in Mg–5Al–2Ca alloy. The size, amount and distribution of Al2Ca particles are influenced evidently by extrusion temperature. Unlike previous reports, the intensity of basal texture increases with increasing extrusion temperature, and the reasons are analyzed and given. Even though the average grain size increases as the extrusion temperature increased from 573 to 623 K, the YS, UTS and elongation of asextruded Mg–5Al–2Ca alloy are almost kept the same at 573 and 623 K. The reason is speculated as the balance of grain size, Al2Ca phase and texture at the two temperatures. The work hardening rate depends on extrusion temperature, and the largest θ value of Mg–5Al–2Ca alloy is obtained when the extrusion was performed at 623 K.     

冷却速度对Mg-5Zn-1Y-0.6Zr合金组织和性能的影响

采用快速凝固技术制备Mg-5Zn-1Y-0.6Zr合金,用XRD、SEM、HRTEM、显微硬度测量等分析方法研究其凝固组织和性能.结果表明,合金由α-Mg固溶体、晶界处不连续分布的I(Mg3Zn6Y)准晶相和非晶相组成.根据热传导理论,采用一维傅立叶热传导方程计算了合金的冷却速度.冷却速度的提高使得晶粒细化、成分均匀、非晶相含量增多.硬度(HV)随冷速的提高显著增大,最大值为167.23,是普通凝固合金的2.2倍.     

Mg-2.6Sm-1.3Gd-0.6Zn-0.5Zr镁合金显微组织和力学性能研究

研究了不同固溶处理工艺对Mg-2.6Sm-1.3Gd-0.6Zn-0.5Zr合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。合金的铸态显微组织主要由α-Mg和(Mg,Zn)3(Sm,Gd)1共晶相组成。510℃,4 h为最佳固溶处理条件,晶界附近的共晶相几乎全部溶于镁基体中,合金固溶态的室温抗拉强度为246 MPa,延伸率为11.3%。合金200℃时效析出序列为Mgssss→β’’(D019)→β’(bct)→β(fcc),峰时效态合金的屈服强度和抗拉强度达到185 MPa和282 MPa,延伸率为6.1%。     

热处理对Mg-9Gd-2Y-0.6Zr合金显微组织和耐蚀性的影响

采用失重法、扫描电子显微镜、光学显微镜研究了热处理对Mg-9Gd-2Y-0.6Zr合金显微组织和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:合金铸态组织由α-Mg基体和粗大的枝晶β相组成,热处理后,合金中的β相经过溶解再析出的过程,β相由断续网状转变为方块颗粒状;热处理工艺显著提高了合金在Hanks模型中的耐蚀性,且腐蚀产物以Mg(OH)2为主。     

稀土Y掺杂对Mg-3.0Zn-0.6Zr合金热压缩变形性能的影响

研究了质量分数为1%稀土Y掺杂对Mg-3.0Zn-0.6Zr合金在变形温度为523~723 K、应变速率为0.001~1 s-1范围内的热压缩变形性能的影响。基于动态材料模型建立的加工图,借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪等设备,结合流变特征、微观组织结构演变,分析了Y添加对合金热变形机制及工艺参数的影响。结果表明,流变应力受变形条件影响较大,随变形温度的降低或应变速率的升高而增大;Y掺杂对流变曲线变化趋势影响较小,而对应力水平影响较大,各变形条件下均有不同程度提高,最大增幅约40%。另外,Y添加扩大了功率耗散区域,功率峰值约增大22%并转移至673~723 K、0.1~1 s-1附近,失稳缩至523~723 K、0.001~0.01 s-1的马鞍形区域,加工图给出的最优加工参数由高温低应变速率转移至523~723 K、0.1~1 s-1附近。     

热处理对Mg-6Zn-3Cu-0.6Zr合金阻尼性能的影响

采用扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱仪(EDS)、动态机械分析仪(DMA)研究了热处理温度和热处理时间对Mg-6Zn-3Cu-0.6Zr合金显微组织和阻尼性能的影响。结果表明:随着热处理温度升高,合金晶粒长大,晶界共晶体减少,合金阻尼性能提高;300℃热处理时,保温时间越长,晶界共晶体越少,晶内微小点状析出物越多,合金阻尼性能越好;当热处理工艺为400℃保温2 h时,合金阻尼性能最好,与铸态相比,其阻尼性能的提高超过一倍。不同热处理工艺对合金阻尼性能的影响规律可用G-L理论来解释。     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-10Gd-6Y-2Zn-0.6Zr(wt.%) alloy

Microstructures and tensile mechanical properties of Mg-10Gd-6Y-2Zn-0.6Zr alloy were systematically studied. Four phases were found in the as-cast specimen: α-Mg, Mg₃(GdYZn), Mg₁₂(GdY)Zn and Mg₂₄(GdYZn)₅. The long-period stacking order (LPSO) structure is found, which is the phase of Mg₁₂(GdY)Zn. The LPSO structure has two existing forms: lamellar structure in the inner grains and block-like structure at grain boundaries. 6H-type LPSO structure with a stacking sequence of ABCBCB′ is defined in homogenized specimen, where A and B′ layers are significantly enriched by Gd, Y and Zn. The ageing hardening behavior of as-extruded specimens at 200 °C has been investigated. The ultimate tensile strengths of the as-extruded and peak-aged alloys are 360 MPa and 432 MPa, and the elongations are 18% and 5% respectively. The effective strengthening models have been considered to predict the strength. The results suggested that the sub-micron metastable β′ phase was the main strengthening factor of the peak-aged alloy.     

Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of the As-Extruded Mg-4Zn-2Gd-0.5Ca Alloy

In order to study the corrosion resistance of extruded magnesium alloys,the Mg-4 Zn-2 Gd-0.5 Ca alloy was extruded at the speed of 0.01-0.1 mm/s with the temperature of 280-360℃in present study.Hot extrusion results show that the volume fraction of precipitates(V_(pre)),V_(DRX)(the dynamic recrystallization rate) and the average size of DRXed grain(d_(DRX)) decrease with the decrease in extrusion speed,and the corrosion rate of the alloy also shows a downward trend.On the contrary,the values of V_(pre),V_(DRX) and d_(DRX) increase with the increase in extrusion temperature,and the corrosion resistance of Mg-4 Zn-2 Gd-0.5 Ca alloy decreases.When the extrusion speed is 0.01 mm/s and the extrusion temperature is 280℃,the alloy has the best corrosion resistance.The corrosion of extruded Mg-4 Zn-2 Gd-0.5 Ca alloy occurs preferentially on the magnesium matrix around W and I phases in the DRXed zone.With the further corrosion,the corrosion continues to spread along the phase,and the corrosion area gradually increases.Galvanic corrosion plays a leading role in the corrosion process.Moreover,there are a large number of basal plane textures in the unDRXed region,which is conducive to improving the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys.In addition,the decrease in grain size also makes the corrosion of magnesium alloy more uniform.     

热处理对Mg-8Gd-3Y-1.5Zn-0.6Zr合金组织与力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪和万能力学试验机等研究了固溶和时效处理对Mg-8Gd-3Y-1.5Zn-0.6Zr合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,Mg-8Gd-3Y-1.5Zn-0.6Zr合金铸态、固溶态和时效态的显微组织均由α-Mg基体、Mg₅(Gd, Y, Zn)相和LPSO结构组成;合金经固溶和时效处理后的最大抗拉强度由铸态的187.96 MPa提高到241.93 MPa,提高了28.71%,伸长率由铸态的8.48%提高到13.91%,提高了64.03%;不同热处理状态下合金的拉伸断口形貌主要以脆性断裂为主。     

Mg-9Gd-3.5Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金材料喷丸强化工艺及摩擦磨损性能研究

目的 提高Mg-9Gd-3.5Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金的耐磨性能。方法 通过喷丸强化工艺对Mg-9Gd-3.5Y-2Zn- 0.5Zr合金表面进行处理,在合金表面制备出纳米强化层,随后进行干滑动摩擦磨损试验,探究其喷丸强化后耐磨性能的改变。利用OM、SEM研究合金表层至内部晶粒尺寸及组织特征的变化。利用电子天平秤测量摩擦磨损试验前后质量的损失量。利用维氏显微硬度计测量合金强化层深度方向的硬度分布。利用SEM研究了合金摩擦磨损后的形貌特征,探究其磨损机制。结果 对Mg-9Gd-3.5Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金进行表面喷丸处理后,表面分别出现了200~370 μm厚的晶粒细化层,其中喷丸气压为0.4 MPa、时间为40 s的试样的细晶强化层厚约为250 μm,硬度约为155HV,较原始试样提高了50%左右。结论 经喷丸强化后,镁合金表面发生塑性变形,获得纳米晶。晶粒尺寸从表层到内部逐渐变大,呈现梯度变化,喷丸处理后试样磨损质量普遍降低,耐磨性能得到提高,其中气压为0.4 MPa、喷丸时间为40 s的试样的耐磨性最好。铸态试样的摩擦磨损中,磨粒磨损和黏着磨损发挥主要作用,喷丸强化工艺后,磨损机制发生改变,喷丸时间为60 s时,氧化磨损起主导作用。另外,随着喷丸气压的增大,疲劳磨损由辅助作用逐渐变为主导作用。     

Mg-2.54Nd-0.26Zn-0.32Zr合金组织分析

采用XRD、DTA、OM和TEM研究Mg-2.54Nd-0.26Zn-0.32Zr合金铸态和热处理后的相组成、相变温度、微观组织.研究表明:Mg-2.54Nd-0.26Zn-0.32Zr合金铸态组织析出相主要是分布在晶界的块状Mg_(12)Nd稀土化合物,只有少量的片状和粒状Mg_(12)Nd相分布在晶界和晶内;T6处理后Mg_(12)Nd以相互交叉的片状形式团簇状分布在基体中,形成方式为点状析出相聚集而成.