Band-Stop Filters For High-Power Applications

There are several advantages to the use of band-stop filters, rather than band-pass filters, in many systems. This is shown to be particularly true when signals at high-power levels must be transmitted or rejected. A formula has been derived which expresses the external Q of each resonator in a band-stop filter in terms of the element values of the normalized low-pass prototype and the parameters of the frequency transformation. The peak power capacity of iris-coupled waveguide cavity filters and TEM filters using capacitively coupled inductive stubs is then determined in terms of the external Q of the first resonator and the dimensions of the resonator. Experimental results given for a waveguide band-stop filter show good agreement with theory.     

Magnetically Tunable Band-Stop Filters

Techniques for the design of magnetically tunable band-stop filters using ferrimagnetic garnet resonators (such as yttrium-iron-garnet spheres) are presented. Design for prescribed response, starting from a low-pass lumped-element prototype filter is outlined. The filter structure consists of a strip line or waveguide with garnet spheres mounted at intervals of approximately a one-quarter-wavelength or three-quarters-wavelength, at the center of the tuning range. Tuning is achieved by varying a biasing magnetic field. Techniques for enhancing the coupling to the garnet-sphere resonators are discussed, and the results of four trial designs which verify the theory are presented. The band-stop filter techniques are shown to also provide a very simple means for measuring the ferrimagnetic resonance linewidth /spl Delta/H of garnet spheres.     

Novel Multifold Finite-Ground-Width CPW Quarter-Wavelength Filters With Attenuation Poles

This paper proposes a novel multifold finite-ground-width coplanar waveguide (CPW) lambda/4 resonator filter that has the capability of realizing attenuation poles by cross coupling of nonadjacent resonators. The newly proposed multifold structures not only greatly shrink the length of a resonator, but also provide a convenient way to implement cross coupling in a filter. The proposed multifold finite-ground-width CPW resonators can have much stronger coupling than that of spiraling and meandering layouts, and any number of folds is possible. Two combline filters are designed and measured with twofold and threefold lambda/4 finite-ground-width CPW resonators. A trisection and a quadruplet generalized Chebyshev filter formed by cross couplings between nonadjacent resonators have been implemented by modifying the layout of the resonator. These filters are smaller in size and have the capability of controlling attenuation poles     

一种新型介质谐振器带通滤波器

本文阐述一种能与微波集成电路结合使用的新型介质谐振器带通滤波器。这种滤波器是目前能用于微波集成电路的性能最佳的一种窄带滤波器。本文对这种滤波器作了理论分析;并导出了有关滤波器设计的主要公式;给出了一至四谐振器带通滤波器的实测性能。例如:一个相对带宽为 0.2％的 5cm三谐振器滤波器,其带内插损为 0.8dB左右,带外衰减大于50dB,30dB与 3dB的带宽比约为 3.3。     

SIR结构ACPW滤波器研究

文章提出将SIR谐振器结构应用于非对称共面波导传输线中,设计了一种新型SIR结构非对称共面波导带阻滤波器。通过四个SIR谐振单元在非对称共面波导传输线中级联,有效地改善了滤波器的插损和带宽。结果显示,本滤波器中心频率为1．8GHz,最小插损为0．4dB,相对带宽为33．3％,最大带外抑制为-60dB。具有小体积、低插损、高抑制、宽阻带、易于加工等优点。     

A Frequency-Stabilized Microwave Band-Rejection Filter Using High Dielectric Constant Resonators

The high permittivity dielectric resonator is a low loss microwave filter element whose size is substantiality less than metal waveguide cavities. Temperature stabilizing their resonant frequency increases the applicability of such elements. A temperature compensated 3-section band-rejection filter using dielectric resonators has been fabricated and tested. The measured electrical performance was comparable to metal waveguide filters and the frequency stability for temperature variations was comparable to brass waveguide cavity filters which are not temperature compensated.     

New Design Equations for a Class of Microwave Filters (Correspondence)

New approximate design equations for a class of microwave bandpass filters are presented. The filters are 1) dual forms of half-wave parallel-coupled resonator filters, 2) one form of interdigital filter, and 3) dual forms of direct-coupled stub filters. The advantages derived from using the new equations are 1) exact realization of the specified design bandwidth and 2) improved pass-band voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) response in the vicinity of band edge. Experiments data are presented for a trial filter design having 7 resonators, 40-percent bandwidth, and passband VSWR of 1.2.     

Synthesis of Filter-Limiters Using Ferrimagnetic Resonators

A synthesis procedure is developed for microwave band-pass filters with the Chebyshev response using orthogonal circuit resonators coupled by a ferrimagnetic resonator. A stripline ferrimagnetic resonator filter is analyzed in detail. Equations and graphs are given which allow the selection of ferrimagnetic material and size of the ferrimagnetic sample necessary to achieve a desired bandwidth and insertion loss for a given pass-band response. The theoretical behavior of these circuits as microwave power limiters is discussed and it is shown that the ratio of the limiting threshold to the filter bandwidth is a constant depending only on the pass band response shape. Experimental confirmation of the design information discussed as well as some practical methods of varying the limiting threshold.     

Generalized dual-plane multicoupled line filters

The authors describe the general realization of elliptic function narrow-bandpass filters constructed from two adjacent planes of microstrip quasi-TEM line resonators. This dual-plane configuration allows nonadjacent coupling to be realized through small slots between the planes. Alternate sign coupling is realized by the appropriate positioning of the slot along the resonator length. A model developed from H. Bethe's small-hole coupling theory (1944) is used to predict these couplings. Adjacent resonator couplings are modeled using a coupled-line analysis modified to characterize the coupling of an inhomogeneous medium. The filter synthesis technique previously developed for waveguide cavity filters can be directly applied in designing a dual-plane filter     

一种共面波导结构双模方形贴片带通滤波器

提出一种新型共面波导(CPW)结构双模方形贴片带通滤波器。该滤波器采用方形贴片作为谐振器,在方形贴片的两个对称的角上开两个相同的方形切角作为微扰使其简并模式分离并产生耦合,贴片与输入/输出CPW分别设计在介质基板的两个不同的面上。文中给出了该滤波器的结构以及通过仿真和实验获得的性能参数,结果表明该滤波器的通带带宽可在4.9%到7.4%的范围内调节,通带内的最小插入损耗为1.85dB。     

Bandpass filters using dual-mode and quad-mode Mobius resonators

Compact bandpass filters are being developed using Mobius wire-loaded cavity resonators. Initial results on tuned filters indicate that excellent filter characteristics can be attained in devices that are significantly smaller than traditional wire-loaded cavity technologies. A novel quad-mode Mobius resonator is presented which occupies the same volume as a dual-mode Mobius resonator. A four-pole bandpass filter is demonstrated using a single quad-mode Mobius resonator. Precisely controlled dielectric loading of dual-mode Mobius wire resonators has been implemented to realize bandpass filters. Two-pole and four-pole bandpass filters are demonstrated using one and two dual-mode dielectric-loaded Mobius resonators, respectively     

一种双模波导滤波器及应用

基于波导谐振器模式分析理论,文中介绍了一种TM 双模波导谐振器,并采用该谐振器仿真设计了微波滤波器。该滤波器具有体积小、Q 值高、便于调试安装等特点。 滤波器谐振器采用了 TM120 及 TM210 双模设计,谐振器尺寸可以灵活设计,适用于多种需求。 文中采用电磁仿真软件进行了滤波器的设计及优化,并分析了多种物理结构,包括同轴结构输入输出滤波器、高阶滤波器及腔体谐振器平面排列结构的滤波器。 生产加工了一台 Ku 频段的滤波器,测试性能优良,测试数据和仿真数据一致性好。     

A class of novel uniplanar series resonators and theirimplementation in original applications

A class of novel millimetric uniplanar series resonators are presented, which can be used in monolithic and hybrid uniplanar microwave integrated circuits (MIC's). The proposed structures are able to demonstrate low radiation and compactness characteristics, which are attractive for passive and active monolithic and hybrid integrated circuits. A principle of achieving these high-quality circuits is described and also confirmed by experimental and theoretical results, which are in good agreement up to 50 GHz. To illustrate the features of the proposed series resonators and demonstrate their effectiveness, two classes of miniature coplanar waveguide (CPW) filters (namely, low-pass and bandpass) are designed using these resonators. The developed low-pass filter has some important advantages such as low insertion loss in passband, very wide stopband, high cutoff rates, small size, low number of elements, and an effective control of spurious signals. On the other hand, the newly developed bandpass filter provides an alternative, yet compact, structure to classical filters. Obviously, many other classes of filters or passive components can also be designed     

Stopband performance improvement of rectangular waveguide filtersusing stepped-impedance resonators

Rectangular waveguide stepped-impedance resonators (SIRs) are analyzed and employed in the design of an X-band filter with center frequency f₀ = 10 GHz and a bandwidth of 100 MHz. An attenuation of 80 dB is held up to 23.1 GHz and, compared to standard uniform-impedance-resonator filters, a reduction in length of 55 % is achieved at the expense of an increased insertion loss from 0.6 to 1.5 dB. The second resonance of the fundamental TE₁₀ mode can be controlled by adjusting the length and impedance ratio of each resonator. A design procedure that takes into account step discontinuities is described and applied to the design of a number of SIR filters. Finally, the presented theory is supported with experimental results     

Transmission, group delay, and dispersion in single-ring optical resonators and add/drop filters-a tutorial overview

This tutorial describes the transmission, group delay time and quadratic dispersion properties of the four basic building blocs of optical filters built using ring resonators. These building blocs are single-ring resonators in either two-port (all-pass) or four-port (add/drop filter) configuration. The effect of waveguide and coupler loss is included throughout. Explicit expressions to compute the complex amplitude of the circulating wave in the ring, the Q factor, the finesse and the insertion loss are also given. Attention is drawn to the similarities between the ring resonator the Fabry-Pe/spl acute/rot resonator and the Gires-Tournois interferometer. Material properties and fabrication technology are not reviewed.     

Coplanar stripline resonators modeling and applications to filters

This paper presents coplanar stripline (CPS) resonators and their practical implementations to filters. Five types of CPS resonator are built using open and short-ended strips. Lumped-element equivalent circuits are presented for each resonator. Their performances are investigated and compared in terms of Q factor or bandwidth. Two types of bandpass filter are developed with the resonators. The bandpass filters have low-passband insertion losses and wide-stopband suppression bandwidths. Lumped-element equivalent circuits are presented for the bandpass filters. A wide-band CPS-to-microstrip transition is developed for the measurements. The back-to-back transition has an insertion loss of less than 3 dB and a return loss of better than 10 dB for the frequency range from 1.3 to 13.3 GHz (1:10.2)     

Unloaded Q of Single Crystal Yttrium-Iron-Garnet Resonator as a Function of Frequency (Correspondence)

The practical feasibility of constructing magnetically tunable broad-tuning range microwave filters using single crystal yttriumiron-garnet resonators was demonstrated in a recent paper. Experimental results were presented on one- and two- resonator filters which can be tuned by varying a dc magnetic field bias over a full waveguide bandwidth and greater, at the same time maintaining an insertion loss performance which is comparable to mechanically-tuned cavity filters. The crucial parameter of the resonant elements in a band-pass filter is the unloaded Q, Q/sub u/. With a spherical single crystal of yttrium-iron-garnet the Q/sub u/ decreases with frequency below X-band frequencies reaching very low values at frequencies around 2000 Mc.     

Direct-coupled microwave filters with single and dual stopbands

This paper presents new ideas for the design and implementation of microwave filters with single and dual stopbands. They can be realized with waveguide, coaxial, dielectric resonators, or in a planar technology. The new methods represent an advance over present methods in that the resonators are direct coupled, thus avoiding the need for transmission line phase lengths between resonator stubs that tend to degrade performance due to their dispersion and are difficult to adjust during tuning. Three bandstop (BS) configurations are presented. The first will accommodate even or odd characteristics and also asymmetric responses, although some negative or diagonal cross-couplings will be needed. The second resembles the cul-de-sac configuration for bandpass filters and needs no diagonal or negative couplings even for asymmetric characteristics. The third is an application of the cul-de-sac synthesis technique to dual-band bandstop (DBBS) filters. All these BS designs are very similar to regular bandpass filters in their design and realization. The design of a DBBS filter is presented and compared with an equivalent bandpass filter to demonstrate its advantages. Finally, the simulated and measured results of a fourth-degree BS filter design in the novel cul-de-sac configuration are presented.     

Novel half-mode substrate integrated waveguide bandpass filters using semi-hexagonal resonators

In this paper, a novel bandpass filter is presented, designed, and implemented by using a triple mode semi-hexagonal Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide (HMSIW) cavity, which has the advantages of compact size, low insertion loss, and high selectivity in upper and lower passband. To realize a triple mode filter, the first resonant mode is shifted to near the next two modes using a via hole perturbation. Two microstrip open stubs connected to open edge of HMSIW resonator are introduced to generate two transmission zeros in the lower passband. The position of transmission zeros could be controlled by adjusting the coupling gap between the microstrip open stub resonators. By etching an E-shape slot on the top plate of HMSIW resonator, two other transmission zeros are produced in the upper passband. A wide-band planar six-pole bandpass filter, which has the advantages of wide bandwidth and small size, is also proposed and fabricated by cascading two triple mode resonators. Measured results indicate that 29% and 47% fractional bandwidth, as well as approximately 1 dB and 1.1 dB insertion loss, are achieved for the proposed filters. Measured results of all those filters agree well with the simulated results.     

A Rectangular-Waveguide Filter Using Trapped-Mode Resonators

A two-resonator, narrow-band waveguide filter with a very wide stop band is described. Each resonator cavity has one side wall which is entirely open except for a bifurcating E-plane septum. Energy in most modes tends to radiate freely out of the open end of each resonator to absorbing material; however, energy in the fundamental TE/sub 101/-mode is trapped in the resonator structures to give high-Q resonances such as are typical of conventional solid-wall resonators. Thus, a primary pass band is obtained similar to that of filters using conventional cavity resonators, but the many higher-order pass bands usually found in cavity-resonator filters are largely eliminated because the higher-order-mode cavity resonances are damped out. This type of filter attenuates unwanted signals mainly by reflection. For applications where a low-input VSWR is desired in the pass band, a bifurcated section of guide backed by absorbing material is also used in the input waveguide so as to tend to absorb the input energy at frequencies above that of the pass band.