一种保持视觉特征的三维几何模型简化算法

针对三维模型简化中保留细节特征的要求,提出了一种基于视觉特征保持的三维几何模型简化算法.采用半边折叠操作,综合考虑了网格模型中半边的几何重要性和变化误差,并将其作为各半边的折叠代价来确定模型中边的折叠顺序,在模型简化后又利用顶点"微调"法对简化模型进行了局部视觉效果修正.实验研究结果表明:本文提出的三维几何模型简化算法能有效地保留模型的细节特征,并能显著改善模型因简化产生的形变,是一种简单、有效的模型简化算法.     

法矢量法实现网格模型简化

提出一种基于顶点法矢量和面片法矢量的网格简化算法,能在大幅度简化的情况下,简化模型依然能保持良好的视觉效果.算法采用边折叠实现网格模型的简化,首先,建立网格模型上每个顶点的不平度,以此来衡量顶点局部对视觉效果的贡献程度;其次,度量三角形在边折叠后的变形误差,用于衡量边折叠对视觉效果所造成的畸变程度;最后,综合顶点不平度和三角形的变形误差,建立边折叠代价函数,并以此指导网格的简化.此外,在此简化算法的基础上,还提出一个递进网格传输的框架,并实现了一个基于浏览器的可视化原型系统.     

基于二次误差测度的车身网格简化算法研究

在车身逆向设计中,点云数据预处理后形成的拓扑网格数据庞大,导入三维软件中进行处理时,对计算机显示、分析、存储、传输等造成很大负担。该文研究了车身曲面重构过程中基于二次误差测度的边折叠网格简化算法。该算法将点到相关平面距离的平方和作为误差测度,进行多次选择性边折叠,实现网格有效简化。采用VC＋＋6.0编程实现了该算法,实验表明,算法稳定可靠,效率较高,简化效果好。     

基于边曲率的网格模型简化算法

网格模型简化在计算机图形学与虚拟现实和生产制造领域有重要的研究意义.针对目前网格简化算法在大规模简化时丢失模型几何特征的问题,提出一种改进的半边折叠网格简化算法.引入边曲率近似度量的概念,同时将边曲率加入到误差测度中,从而改变了网格的半边折叠顺序,使网格模型简化后的细节能够准确地保留.实验结果表明,改进后的算法在同等简化率下能更好地保留原模型的细节特征,并且网格分配合理,执行速度快,误差小.     

基于内角加权及二次误差度量的三角形折叠算法

给出了一种基于三角形内角加权和二次误差度量的三角形折叠算法来简化三角网格模型。该算法以三角形的三个内角余弦和来控制三角形网格形状,以三角形折叠后新点到相关三角形平面距离的平方和控制简化模型误差,建立一种新的三角形折叠的误差标准,使形状狭长且折叠引起误差最小的三角形优先进行折叠。文中给出的实例表明,该算法既能很好的保留模型特征,又能有效地控制三角网格的形状。     

视点相关的复杂模型的简化算法

为克服Hoppe边折叠算法存在计算量很大,运行速度很慢的缺点,在Garland边折叠算法基础上,将边折叠算法与视点相关因子相结合,对复杂模型进行了简化,并使用改进的多边形模型的数据结构,实时动态地生成了多层次的LOD模型。实验结果表明,该算法能够在保留模型重要的几何特征的前提下,实现模型较大幅度的简化。     

基于边向量斜率比较的简单多边形顶点凸凹性快速判别算法

对于给定的平面简单多边形顶点序列,判别多边形方向和顶点凸凹性的传统方法为:先计算多边形相邻边向量的叉积或相邻3个顶点所确定三角形的有向面积,再由叉积或有向面积的符号来确定顶点的凸凹性,使得处理一个顶点需要2次以上的乘法运算。笔者通过边向量斜率的计算和比较,将多边形顶点的凸凹性与边向量的斜率联系起来,并采用“假设-检验”方法,提出了一种快速判别简单多边形方向与顶点凸凹性的新算法,其时间复杂度为)(nO,判别多边形任一顶点凸凹性所需的乘法运算平均不超过1次。该算法原理直观简单,实现容易。实际运行结果表明,该算法速度快捷、运行稳定。     

三重三角网格细分算法研究

标准的二值细分操作会在那些特殊顶点相关联处产生极大的曲率,这个缺陷可以通过对细分操作的特征值施加一个限定的曲率频谱来消除,但会扩大对那些超出了二价的顶点的支持.三重细分方案将网格的边一分为三,上述情况不会发生.该文中,作者推广了二阶连续的四次样条的三重细分到任意的三角形.该细分算法具有有界的曲率,并且被设计成能够维持凸包的属性.     

基于向量夹角的三角网格模型简化算法

提出以顶点向量夹角为剔除准则,运用顶点去除方法进行网格简化的算法。该算法首先计算每个网格顶点与其周围相邻顶点所形成的方向向量,然后根据方向向量的平均夹角来识别和简化网格中的平面区域,之后再以该顶点所处区域是否比较平坦为顶点去除限制条件,判断该顶点是否符合安全去除原则,这样可以保留特征顶点,进而保持物体的视觉特征。在顶点去除后,还需要对因此而形成的多边形进行三角形网格重建,以填补空洞。该算法在简化质量和简化速率方面取得了较好的平衡。     

向量线性相关的三角网格自适应Loop细分方法

根据过同一起点,且线性相关的三个向量在同一平面上的原理提出了一种新的三维表面自适应Loop细分算法,即对网格模型过同一顶点1邻域上的所有三个紧邻边组成的三个向量判断其是否线性相关来断定该顶点的1邻域是否平坦,从而进一步判断该顶点是否参与细分.但是三角网格模型上的三条边不可能都严格地在同一个平面上,当这些向量组成的行列式值趋于零时,便认为它们在同一平面上.实验表明,该方法减少了细分的数据量和处理速度.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...