氢氧化镁热分解法制备活性氧化镁(英文)

以氢氧化镁为原料通过热分解法制备了活性氧化镁粉体。利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、压汞仪和热分析仪对粉体进行了表征。结果表明:氢氧化镁通过一步分解生成氧化镁,质量损失率为30.8%,与理论计算质量损失率相吻合。当煅烧温度从400℃增加到600℃,颗粒状氢氧化镁分解生成片状氧化镁。当煅烧温度为550℃,保温10min后,氢氧化镁完全分解,吸碘值达到最大值,为83.6mg/g。     

工艺因素对轻烧白云石活性度的影响

为考察白云石轻烧工艺对轻烧白云石活性的影响,为实际白云石轻烧生产提供最佳轻烧条件,以河南卫辉白云石为主要原料,研究了其粒度(分别为5±2、10±2、20±2、50±5和(100±5)mm)、轻烧温度(分别为1 100、1 200、1 250℃)和保温时间(分别为1、2、3 h)对白云石轻烧料活性度的影响。研究结果表明,白云石的粒度、轻烧温度和保温时间对轻烧白云石的活性度有较大影响,其最佳工艺条件为:粒度(20±2)mm,轻烧温度1 200℃,保温时间2 h。     

菱镁石轻烧水化法制备高密度烧结镁砂

首先将菱镁石在850℃下煅烧2h获得轻烧氧化镁,并将其水化成氢氧化镁;然后以这种氢氧化镁(烘干后)为原料,分别按细磨-轻烧、细磨-轻烧-细磨、轻烧-细磨3种细磨工艺制备轻烧氧化镁(分别在500~900℃保温1h的条件下轻烧);再将轻烧氧化镁粉末成型、干燥后,在电炉中于1600℃煅烧3h得到烧结镁砂,考察了细磨工艺对烧结镁砂体积密度的影响。结果表明(1)将氢氧化镁按细磨-轻烧-细磨-成型-烧结的工艺可以制得高密度的烧结镁砂。这是由于两道细磨工序严重破坏了氧化镁晶体的假晶结构及其之间的团聚现象,减少了二次气孔的存在,提高了素坯体积密度,从而提高了烧结镁砂的体积密度。(2)通过对烧结镁砂的显微组织结构分析,确定该工艺的最佳轻烧温度为850℃,此时可以制得体积密度达到3.46g·cm-3,晶粒较大且均匀的烧结镁砂。     

不同气氛下流化床菱镁矿轻烧产物特性研究

利用实验室小型流化床装置,通过改变CO₂、H₂O浓度得到不同品位菱镁矿的轻烧产物,通过分解率、吸碘值、XRD、BET、SEM对轻烧产物的理化性质进行表征,研究了轻烧气氛中CO₂、H₂O含量对产物活性的影响。结果表明,在原料分解完全时,产物的活性由微观结构决定;增大CO₂浓度,轻烧产物的吸碘值逐渐降低,晶粒尺寸由小逐渐变大,表面结构由多孔变为少孔,说明CO₂的存在降低了产物活性;增大H₂O浓度,轻烧产物的吸碘值会逐渐降低,比表面积由大变小,表面结构由疏松多孔变得致密光滑,H₂O通过促进氧化镁的烧结来抑制产物的活性;相同工况下,高品位的菱镁矿轻烧产物活性高于低品位。     

岩峰白云石二步煅烧制备镁钙砂

以湖北岩峰地区的天然白云石为原料,在实验室内采用二步煅烧法制备了镁钙砂,研究了轻烧温度(分别为750、800、850、900、950、1000℃)和轻烧保温时间(分别为1、1.5、2、2.5、3、3.5h)对轻烧白云石的活性度,镁钙砂的体积密度、显气孔率和抗水化性的影响,以及煅烧温度(分别为1550、1600、1650、1700℃)对镁钙砂的体积密度、显气孔率和抗水化性的影响,确定了实验室制备镁钙砂的最佳工艺为:轻烧温度850℃,轻烧保温时间3h,烧结温度1650℃.     

熔盐法制备氧化镁粉体的研究

以氯化镁、碳酸钙、氯化锂为原料,采用熔盐法制备了氧化镁粉体。通过热重-差示扫描量热仪(TG-DSC)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等手段对反应过程及产物进行了分析和表征,同时采用水解动力学分析法研究了煅烧温度和煅烧时间对氧化镁粉体活性的影响。TG-DSC分析表明:在650℃时碳酸钙可完全反应。XRD分析表明:在430℃保温3 h条件下进行热处理,产物中有氧化镁生成;在650℃保温3 h条件下进行热处理,产物经无水乙醇洗涤后,全部为氧化镁晶体,经SEM分析表明,所制备的氧化镁形貌为颗粒状,形状不规整,大小介于50~250 nm。水解动力学分析表明:当温度大于500℃、保温时间超过3 h后,随着热处理温度的升高和时间的延长,氧化镁粉体的活性下降。     

不同气氛下流化床菱镁矿轻烧产物特性研究

利用实验室小型流化床装置,通过改变CO₂、H₂O浓度得到不同品位菱镁矿的轻烧产物,通过分解率、吸碘值、XRD、BET、SEM对轻烧产物的理化性质进行表征,研究了轻烧气氛中CO₂、H₂O含量对产物活性的影响。结果表明,在原料分解完全时,产物的活性由微观结构决定;增大CO₂浓度,轻烧产物的吸碘值逐渐降低,晶粒尺寸由小逐渐变大,表面结构由多孔变为少孔,说明CO₂的存在降低了产物活性;增大H₂O浓度,轻烧产物的吸碘值会逐渐降低,比表面积由大变小,表面结构由疏松多孔变得致密光滑,H₂O通过促进氧化镁的烧结来抑制产物的活性;相同工况下,高品位的菱镁矿轻烧产物活性高于低品位。     

水菱镁石制备轻烧MgO粉的煅烧工艺研究

以粒度3～5 mm的水菱镁石为原料,研究了煅烧温度(600、700、800、900和1 000℃)和保温时间(2、3、4和5 h)对轻烧MgO粉活性和热选(分别过孔径0.425、0.150和0.074 mm筛)降CaO率的影响。结果表明:1)轻烧MgO粉的活性随煅烧温度的升高及保温时间的延长均呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,拐点分别为800℃和3 h。2)热选降CaO率随煅烧温度的升高呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,拐点为800℃;随保温时间的延长呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,拐点为3 h;筛孔孔径越大,热选降CaO率越高。3)水菱镁石制备轻烧MgO粉的最佳工艺参数是900℃保温3 h煅烧,然后过0.425 mm筛热选。     

Ca(OH)_2-菱镁矿混合粉体轻烧热分解进程及其对合成镁钙砂烧结性能的影响

为了在不降低镁钙高温性能的同时改善合成镁钙砂的烧结性能,以辽宁大石桥菱镁矿细粉(≤0.075 mm)、化学纯Ca O为原料,经湿磨消化、轻烧(分别于650和900℃保温40 min)、成型、不同温度煅烧(1 400、1 500、1 600和1 650℃保温3 h),研究了Ca(OH)_2-菱镁矿混合粉体的轻烧热分解进程及其对合成镁钙砂烧结性能的影响。结果表明,Ca(OH)_2的"分解-碳酸化-再分解"反应对混合粉体的热分解进程、轻烧粉体的结构及烧结性能有重要影响;Ca(OH)_2的引入可明显降低菱镁矿分解温度,防止轻烧粉体中"母盐假象"的形成,提高轻烧粉的均匀性,明显改善镁钙砂的烧结性能,促进合成镁钙砂的烧结致密化;Ca O含量(w)为20%的试样,经消化、900℃保温40 min轻烧、1 650℃保温3 h烧后,体积密度达3.34 g·cm~(- 3),显气孔率为2.2%。     

煅烧和消化工艺对白云石活性的影响

以白云石为原料,采用柠檬酸测定法,通过控制煅烧温度、保温时间、消化温度和消化时间等因素,研究了煅烧和消化工艺对白云石活性的影响及最佳的煅烧和消化条件.结果表明:煅烧温度为950℃,保温时间为1.5 h时,煅烧产物中的氧化镁活性最好;以最佳煅烧条件下得到的白云灰粉进行消化反应,消化温度为80 ℃、消化时间为30 min时,得到的消化产物活性最高.工艺简单、操作方便,对进一步利用白云石制备氢氧化镁和氧化镁产品具有重要的参考价值.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.