国内外缺陷汽车产品召回制度比较与研究

美国是世界上第一个建立召回制度的国家,自20世纪60年代《国家效能和机动车安全法》实施以来,已经实施了九千多项安全召回,涉及到几百万辆的机动车和车辆零部件。除美国之外,目前实行召回制度的国家有日本、韩国、英国、法国、加拿大、澳大利亚等。目前,我国《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》实施已近3年。     

保障公众健康安全 维护国家经济利益 缺陷产品召回制度——产品安全的守护神

2004年,国家质量监督检验检疫总局、国家发展和改革委员会、商务部和海关总署等四部委联合签署了《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》,标志着我国开始了以缺陷汽车产品为试点的产品召回制度的探索和实践。《规定》实施四年来,已实施召回155次,召回车辆184万辆。这项制度的实施,对于保护消费者合法权益,维护公共安全,     

汽车召回制度的有效性及模式探讨——我国缺陷汽车产品召回管理制度有效性浅析

我国实施缺陷汽车产品召回制度近三年了,在这年三年时间里,我国在《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》配套办法的制定、汽车缺陷信息收集、信息系统建设、缺陷的调查、取证、认定、管理机构、专家队伍建设等各方面取得了初步成效,为了更有效的推进我国缺陷汽车产品召回制度的发展,我们有必要对其有效性进行分析。本文在总结我国缺陷汽车产品召回实施情况基础上,借助经济学相关理论,系统分析了我国实施缺陷汽车产品召回制度三年以来取得成效和不足,通过相关计算验证了该项制度有效性,文章最后提出改进和完善我国缺陷汽车产品召开制度的建议。     

浅谈中国缺陷汽车产品召回制度

本刊上一期探讨了在汽车召回制度发展中,我国缺陷汽车召回管理制度的有效性、汽车召回的模式等问题。本期,我们就汽车召回制度的实施现状及管理现状,汽车召回中的零部件供应,汽车缺陷产品召回制度对社会信任度及企业的诚信度所产生的影响等等问题,作进一步的深入探讨。     

汽车召回制度实施3周年——汽车召回制度实施3周年工作报告

11月22日，汽车召回制度实施三周年总结暨产品召回制度研讨会在京召开。会议总结了《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》实施3年来的经验，并就如何建立、完善我国缺陷产品召回制度进行了研讨。国家质检总局副局长蒲长城出席会议并讲话。     

缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定

《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》3月15日正式发布,2004年10月1日起开始实施。这是我国以缺陷汽车产品为试点首次实施召回制度。《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》由国家质量监督检验检疫总局、国家发展和改革委员会、商务部、海关总署联合制定发布。以下是《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》全文:     

我国正推进完善缺陷汽车产品召回制度

在日前举行的第十五届汽车安全技术学术会议上,专家们表示,近年来,我国正积极推进完善缺陷汽车产品召回制度,相关规定对保护消费者利益、促进相关车企履行社会责任发挥了积极作用,也有助于规范汽车产业发展,提高汽车产品质量安全。     

汽车召回制度的发展状况探讨——我国汽车召回制度发展现状、问题及建议

近年来,因汽车缺陷产品进入市场而引发的公共安全问题已经成为社会普遍关注的热点。建立缺陷产品管理制度已成为我国经济发展和法制建设的必然选择。2004年10月1日,《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》正式实施。三年过去,汽车召回制度的发展现状如何？还存在哪些问题？怎样进一步完善相应的标准法规？本期继续对汽车召回的各种问题进行探讨。     

汽车召回制度 实施三周年总结暨产品召回制度 研讨会在京召开 蒲长城出席并讲话——总结召回经验 完善召回制度

11月22日，由国家质检总局质量管理司、法规司、中国标准化研究院联合举办的“汽车召回制度实施三周年总结暨产品召回制度研讨会”在京召开，会议总结了《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》实施三年来的经验，     

缺陷汽车产品召回的批次性质量追溯方法

《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》的实施对汽车生产厂商的召回可追溯性提出了要求。本文定义了可追溯性的特点、范围、功能，提出建立以批次管理为核心的质量追溯方法，实现贯穿召回前及召回中的全过程追溯管理，为汽车厂商提供指导意见。     

“质量和安全年”系列报道之一 开拓创新 引领未来 全面支撑 中国标准化研究院高新所努力践行“质量和安全年”工作

温家宝总理在今年政府工作报告中指出:"全面提高产品质量和安全生产水平。今年要在全国开展整顿和规范市场秩序专项行动以及‘质量和安全年'活动,各行各业都要加强全员、全过程、全方位质量和安全管理。进一步强化重点行业安全生产监管,坚决遏制重特大安全事故发生。深入开展食品药品安全专项整治,健全并严格执行产品质量安全标准。实行严格的市场准入制度和产品质量追溯制度、召回制度。要让人民群众买得放心、吃得安心、用得舒心。"这一论述深刻揭示了质量和安全与标准的关系,以及"在全国开展整顿和规范市场秩序专项行动以及‘质量和安全年'活动"的重要意义。     

Developing a systemwide approach to patient safety: the first year

BACKGROUND: Health care organizations face an imperative to ensure that care is provided to patients in the safest manner possible. In 2000 INTEGRIS Health, an Oklahoma City-based health system including ten acute care organizations, developed a patient safety framework that was built on the foundation of a culture of patient safety and began implementation in January 2001. IMPORTANCE OF LEADERSHIP IN PATIENT SAFETY: The first step in establishing a culture of safety was to ensure that leadership and the entire organization understand the rationale for a focus on patient safety. The traditional blaming approach will not prevent human error; staff need to speak freely, to talk about errors that happen and those that almost happen, and to identify where mistakes are likely and where systems allow mistakes to get through. Systems and processes should make it difficult for staff to make mistakes and easy for them to do things correctly. EXPERIENCE TO DATE: Since our efforts began, staff have helped identify multiple accidents waiting to happen. For example, an anesthesiologist, the service chief at one of our large hospitals, prepared a list of safety issues immediately after hearing a presentation to the Medical Executive Committee. Many system flaws have been identified as a result of our discussions; some of the solutions are easy and some much more complex. CHALLENGES: Challenges include keeping patient safety highly visible and demonstrating progress in our implementation, developing effective mechanisms for communicating safety solutions and ensuring that they are implemented in all the facilities, and figuring out how to measure success in a meaningful way.     

Quality of traffic flow on urban arterial streets and its relationship with safety

The two-fluid model for vehicular traffic flow explains the traffic on arterials as a mix of stopped and running vehicles. It describes the relationship between the vehicles’ running speed and the fraction of running vehicles. The two parameters of the model essentially represent ‘free flow’ travel time and level of interaction among vehicles, and may be used to evaluate urban roadway networks and urban corridors with partially limited access. These parameters are influenced by not only the roadway characteristics but also by behavioral aspects of driver population, e.g., aggressiveness. Two-fluid models are estimated for eight arterial corridors in Orlando, FL for this study. The parameters of the two-fluid model were used to evaluate corridor level operations and the correlations of these parameters’ with rates of crashes having different types/severity. Significant correlations were found between two-fluid parameters and rear-end and angle crash rates. Rate of severe crashes was also found to be significantly correlated with the model parameter signifying inter-vehicle interactions. While there is need for further analysis, the findings suggest that the two-fluid model parameters may have potential as surrogate measures for traffic safety on urban arterial streets.     

Relationship of safety culture and process safety

Throughout history, humans have gathered in groups for social, religious, and industrial purposes. As the conglomeration of people interact, a set of underlying values, beliefs, and principles begins to develop that serve to guide behavior within the group. These "guidelines" are commonly referred to as the group culture. Modern-day organizations, including corporations, have developed their own unique cultures derived from the diversity of the organizational interests and the background of the employees. Safety culture, a sub-set of organizational culture, has been a major focus in recent years. This is especially true in the chemical industry due to the series of preventable, safety-related disasters that occurred in the late seventies and eighties. Some of the most notable disasters, during this time period, occurred at Bhopal, Flixborough, and Seveso. However, current events, like the September 11th terrorist attacks and the disintegration of the Columbia shuttle, have caused an assessment of safety culture in a variety of other organizations.     

工作回顾和新年展望

本文重点概述了2004年全国计量工作按照“改革、发展、服务”的思路，在完善计量法规，优化量传溯源体系，整顿规范市场经济秩序，强化企业计量管理等各方面所做的工作和成效，并对新一年全国计量工作的发展思路、目标任务及工作重点做了具体部署和展望。     

Quality, safety and sustainability in food distribution: a review of quantitative operations management approaches and challenges

The management of food distribution networks is receiving more and more attention, both in practice and in the scientific literature. In this paper, we review quantitative operations management approaches to food distribution management, and relate this to challenges faced by the industry. Here, our main focus is on three aspects: food quality, food safety, and sustainability. We discuss the literature on three decision levels: strategic network design, tactical network planning, and operational transportation planning. For each of these, we survey the research contributions, discuss the state of the art, and identify challenges for future research.     

Labor unions and safety climate: Perceived union safety values and retail employee safety outcomes

Although trade unions have long been recognized as a critical advocate for employee safety and health, safety climate research has not paid much attention to the role unions play in workplace safety. We proposed a multiple constituency model of workplace safety which focused on three central safety stakeholders: top management, ones’ immediate supervisor, and the labor union. Safety climate research focuses on management and supervisors as key stakeholders, but has not considered whether employee perceptions about the priority their union places on safety contributes contribute to safety outcomes. We addressed this gap in the literature by investigating unionized retail employee (N = 535) perceptions about the extent to which their top management, immediate supervisors, and union valued safety. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that perceived union safety values could be distinguished from measures of safety training, workplace hazards, top management safety values, and supervisor values. Structural equation analyses indicated that union safety values influenced safety outcomes through its association with higher safety motivation, showing a similar effect as that of supervisor safety values. These findings highlight the need for further attention to union-focused measures related to workplace safety as well as further study of retail employees in general. We discuss the practical implications of our findings and identify several directions for future safety research.     

Support for safety cases and safety arguments using SAM

It is becoming increasingly common for the developers of safety critical systems to have to produce formal evidence that a system is safe so that the system can be certified prior to deployment. In practice a safety case will contain (but not be limited to) a set of arguments, each of which is intended to show that some particular safety goal has been satisfied. Our aim in this paper is threefold: to indicate the problems of developing safety cases and to indicate scenarios in which a safety case management tool might be useful; to outline the concepts of a tool known as SAM which is being developed to support the development and management of safety cases; to indicate the utility of these concepts by showing a fragment of the (top levels of) a safety case for a large commercial aircraft. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the difficulties of producing and managing such safety cases.