Technology 1992-transportation

Milestones in transportation during 1991 are summarized. High-speed and light rail expanded worldwide. Maglev is showing promise for US applications. The English Channel tunnel ran into some problems. Electric cars got a needed financial push     

Technology 1993-telecommunications

Significant events during 1992 are highlighted. Communication technologies began merging, with cable TV offering telephone service and telecommunication companies offering TV. Wireless personal communication systems (PCSs) got the green light when the 1992 World Administrative Radio Conference designed frequency bands for future mobile communications services, with provisions for such services to be handled via low-Earth-orbiting satellites, and the US Federal Communication Commission allocated frequencies in the 2 GHz band to the deployment of several emerging technologies, including PCSs. Multimedia communication took off with the introduction of new services. In optical communication, erbium-doped fiber amplifiers were installed in the world's longest repeaterless undersea link. Strained-layer multi-quantum-well lasers received increasing attention, due to the improved system and device properties they offer. Research on cheap optical interconnects and packages gained momentum     

Technology 1993-software

Significant developments during 1992, including the end of an era of prosperity for software and computer companies, are examined. The battle for dominance among operating systems, specifically Windows, OS2, and Unix-based systems, is discussed. The growth in popularity of the function points metric, a new system of notation, activity in object-oriented programming, and integration of electronic design automation applications in heterogeneous environments are addressed     

Technology 1993-consumer electronics

The adoption of a US ghost-canceling reference signal by the Advanced Television Systems Committee was one of the significant events during 1992. Other noteworthy developments were the adoption of a broad regulatory framework for introducing HDTV by the US Federal Communications Commission and the preparation worldwide for digital audio broadcasting (DAB). Home theater began to make inroads with consumers, the competition for recordable digital audio heated up, a bill to regulate cable television prices was passed by the US Congress, and video telephone was introduced     

Technology 1993-large computers

Changes in the large computer market during 1992 are discussed. Competition for supercomputers from workstation networks is noted. New machines that debuted, despite the continuing mainframe decline, are described. Also examined are the push by massively parallel processors for larger market share, Cray's announced three-year collaboration with the US Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the Los Alamos National Laboratory, the conclusion of Japan's Fifth Generation Computer Systems Project, popularly branded a spectacular failure, and Japan's first massively parallel processor     

Technology 1993-medical electronics

Developments during 1992 are reviewed. Much progress was made in developing a variety of innovative devices that diagnose and treat health problems or aid basic biomedical research, but unprecedented delays were experienced in approving medical devices in the US. A particularly active area of medical electronics has been implantable defibrillators. Another promising area is the development of ophthalmic lasers that correct vision by reshaping the eye. Commercial products based on biosensors are emerging, owing to advances in a number of areas and the demand that products using biosensors be more efficient and cost less than current approaches     

Technology 1993-data communications

Trends and events during 1992 are reviewed. The pace quickened for standardization activities regarding ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) switching, the prime candidate for future networks. Tied in with the ATM activities, gigabit-per-second testbeds are sprouting in data communications research facilities. Internet continued to grow, with about 10000 networks and more than a million computers now connected and the computer population doubling every seven months. A competing technology, services based on low-orbiting satellites, gained a following     

Technology 1993-solid state

Notable developments during 1992 are discussed. Overall conductor growth rates moved down with the general market, but individual markets varied. US sales rose 15%, European sales were flat, and Japanese sales dropped approximately 10%. Striking advances were made in high-speed devices, while the trickle of low-voltage devices seen last year turned into a torrent, driven by the notebook/palmtop computer. IC packaging also responded to the push from the notebook and palmtop computer markets, and memory designers strove to meet the requirements for high-speed and/or low-voltage applications. In the analog and mixed-signal field, the big news was the movement of multimedia into the consumer market, with products reflecting a greater emphasis on video/audio decoders. A number of high-speed processors were introduced     

Technology 1993-industrial electronics

Notable advances during 1992 are reviewed. They include improved precision in computerized numerical control (CNC) for machine tools; easier, high-level programming for programmable logic controllers; faster and more efficient machine vision; reduced false accept and reject ratios in X-ray laminography for the examination of solder joints, particularly in surface-mounted boards; and high-wattage power electronic devices. The latter offer lower voltage drop when turned on, plus the ability to control motors and other manufacturing equipment with a virtually unity power factor on utility lines     

Technology 1993-PCs and workstations

An overview is given of 1992s notable developments and trends. The changing business environment for computer companies, with focused competition, reduced margins, and slower growth, is noted. The battle for leadership in workstations and PCs is discussed. Growing interest in portable computers and the multimedia market is examined     

Technology 1993-aerospace and military

Significant developments during 1992 are discussed. The winding down of the cold war continued to batter the defence industry. The Third World emerged as a nuclear threat, spurring the Pentagon to rearrange its missile defense programs to provide more advanced short and medium-range missiles to cope with conflicts like the Persian Gulf War. Lack of a monolithic enemy cast doubt on the future of the European Fighter Aircraft just as the first prototypes were being readied for test flights in 1993. With air travel cut by the recession and revenues sliced even more by fare wars, the airlines idled about 10% of their fleets. Political and economic changes also portended large shifts in the world's space programs, possibly toward a single international program. NASA scored with several resoundingly successful space shuttle missions. These and other space missions during the year are briefly discussed     

Technology 1993-new technology directions

Among noteworthy developments last year, the IEEE New Technology Directions Committee (NTDC) identified seven goals for electrotechnology in communications, transportation, and energy. Some emerging technologies crucial to meeting these goals are highlighted. The NTDC is working with the New Opportunities in Standards Committee of the IEEE Standards Board on a series of documents intended to help fill the void between technical papers and standards. NTDC is also identifying areas of technology not addressed by IEEE entities to facilitate the formation of intersociety committees in such areas     

Technology 1993-test and measurement

Significant developments during 1992 are reviewed. Software-controlled, card-modular test and measuring instruments really took hold and seem likely to remain important for the rest of the 1990s. The number and variety of available instrument cards that fit into the VXIbus, plus the software to control them, reached a level of development during 1992 that enables test-system designers to assemble and program test setups for almost any imaginable application. The personal computer, now powerful enough, familiar, available, low in cost, and industrially hardened, has become the obvious platform for the new instrumentation. VXIbus began to attract non-US firms. Another package in the LabVIEW software family, which supports PC-controlled testing, became available. This one is LabVIEW for Windows, Version 2.5 for IBM-PC and compatibles outfitted with Microsoft's Windows     

Technology 1993-power and energy

Important development during 1992 are examined. The first steps toward widespread, institutionalized energy efficiency and the passage of comprehensive energy legislation in the US are discussed. Asian growth and its implications for the environment are addressed and major projects planned or underway are discussed. Developments in nuclear power generation are reviewed. They include the growing use of nuclear power in Asia, decommissioning of reactors in the US, and continued nuclear safety problems in the former USSR. Wind power is briefly considered     

Technology 1993-the specialties [multimedia, magnetic storage,education]

Changes in multimedia, magnetic materials and technologies, and engineering education during 1992 are examined. While entertainment is the main objective of much of today's multimedia, the technology is also affecting the marketing and training disciplines, but data storage and retrieval remains a bottleneck. However, recent developments in magnetism could be revolutionary for multimedia and other storage devices, particularly magnetic media that store more to the millimeter. On the educational front, demand grew for major changes in undergraduate engineering education     

Transportation?1993

The Director of M.I.T.'s Project Transport takes us to the year 1993 to see what is expected to happen in the field of transportation in the next 25 years. From our vantage point in the future, we observe that the individual vehicle is still the most important mode of transport, although it is quite different from the automobile of 1968. For mass transportation there has been an attempt to upgrade conventional rail service but it has met with only moderate success, whereas the growth of the airlines has been phenomenal, as have been their problems.     

南京电子器件研究所1993年度科研成果介绍

南京电子器件研究所１９９３年度科研成果介绍ＮＥＤＩ＇ｓＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＦｒｕｉｔｓｉｎ１９９３南京电子器件研究所于１９９４年ｌ月８日至１０日在南京召开第４１次科研成果鉴定会。对１９９３年度完成的８７项科研成果进行专家评议、鉴定，并分别通过了设计定型和...