不同采收期对爱格丽葡萄酒及蒸馏酒香气成分的影响

目的：通过比较杨凌地区爱格丽葡萄不同采收期葡萄酒与蒸馏酒的香气成分,以期探索该地区爱格丽葡萄酿造蒸馏酒的最适采收期。方法：分别对8月18日、8月28日和9月5日采收的爱格丽葡萄进行酿酒、蒸馏实验,测定相关理化指标和香气成分。结果：8月28日采收的葡萄还原糖质量浓度最高,为（193.56±0.36）g/L,且葡萄酒中各多酚含量均最高;9月5日的葡萄酒中香气成分总量最高,且种类较丰富;8月18日的葡萄蒸馏酒中香气成分总量最高,种类较丰富。结论：3?个采收期中,9月5日的葡萄酒香气质量更优;而8月18日的蒸馏酒香气质量更优。     

酿酒葡萄增芳德在杨凌地区的适应性研究

以当地优质葡萄品种媚丽为对照,调查酿酒葡萄品种增芳德的物候期与抗病性,并在果实转色后进行成熟度监控,采收后测定基本理化指标。按照小容器酿造规范酿造增芳德干红葡萄酒,测定果皮及葡萄酒中的酚类物质,并对葡萄酒进行感官分析。结果表明,增芳德在杨凌地区的物候期比媚丽早一周左右,抗霜霉病和炭疽病能力弱于后者。理化指标结果表明,除总黄烷醇外,增芳德葡萄酒中各酚类含量均显著高于媚丽（P＜0.05）。感官评价结果表明,增芳德葡萄酒的口感和香气比媚丽葡萄酒更浓郁、复杂,且香气主要以红果和植物味为主。增芳德在杨凌地区的栽培适应性中等,且葡萄酒感官品质优于媚丽。     

‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒的工艺优化及整体质量评价

选取浸渍温度、酒精发酵温度以及是否进行苹果酸乳酸发酵(malolactic fermentation,MLF)3个因素,每个因素设计2水平,检测所酿成的‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒各项常规理化指标和生理活性指标,并对各酒样进行了感官评定。采用方差分析和主成分分析相结合的方法对‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒整体质量进行评估,确定‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒酿造的优化工艺参数。结果表明,各酒样的基本理化指标符合国家质量标准;酒样5的生理活性指标综合得分最高;酒样1和5的感官评定得分显著高于其他酒样(P0.05),前者感官得分最高,后者次之。‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒的整体质量受到工艺参数的影响较大,研究得到其工艺优化方案为:低温浸渍、常温酒精发酵且不进行乳酸发酵。     

搅拌棒萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法分析‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒中的香气成分

采用搅拌棒萃取法-气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒中的香气成分进行定量检测。结果表明:‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒中共检测到55种香气成分,包括26种酯类物质、4种酸类物质、9种醇类物质、6种萜烯类物质、3种C13-降异戊二烯等。通过计算香气活性值发现,其中12种香气成分对‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒的香气有重要贡献。这些物质是:乙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、异丁酸乙酯、异戊酸乙酯、异戊醇、2-苯乙醇、里哪醇、β-大马士酮和β-紫罗兰酮。感官分析结果表明:‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒具有玫瑰香、苹果、草莓、菠萝等香气。     

“放血”(saignée)发酵工艺中媚丽不同酒种质量变化

对葡萄醪液进行不同比例的放血处理,研究其对葡萄酒颜色、酚类物质、抗氧化性能和香气物质含量的影响,优化媚丽葡萄酒不同酒种的酿造方案。实验设置"放血"比例为0%、15%、30%,处理后葡萄醪采用干红葡萄酒酿造工艺,而自流汁采用桃红工艺进行酿造。结果表明,干红葡萄酒中随着"放血"比例的增加颜色加深呈宝石红;总酚和总类黄酮含量增加至830. 41、149. 46 mg/L;抗氧化性能提升至1. 53 mol/L Trolox(ABTS)、0. 64 mol/L Trolox(DPPH);一方面,香气中2-甲基-乙酸丁酯、壬酸乙酯含量增加,使葡萄酒中的玫瑰花香和果香突出。另一方面,桃红葡萄酒颜色亮度增加呈三文鱼色,苯乙醇、庚酸乙酯含量也明显增加,赋予桃红葡萄酒新鲜果香。"放血"工艺可以增加媚丽干红葡萄酒的颜色,提高香气浓郁度和抗氧化性能,增加桃红葡萄酒亮度和香气的清新度。     

贺兰山东麓产区不同地块对酿酒葡萄果实香气物质的影响

为明确宁夏贺兰山东麓产区小产区划分的意义,以该产区4 个葡萄园的2 个酿酒葡萄品种成熟期果实为材料,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对果实游离态和结合态香气物质进行测定,就地块差异对果实香气物质组成的影响进行分析。结果表明,4 个地块的土壤都属于砂壤土类型,高家闸地块的土壤质地含有更多的黏土,志辉地块的土壤更靠近砂土,华西地块和金山地块的土壤质地介于两者之间;在‘霞多丽’葡萄果实中,志辉地块的果实百粒质量、百粒体积和可滴定酸含量显著高于高家闸地块,在‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实中,不同地块果实百粒质量和百粒体积不存在显著差异,而金山地块的‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实中有更低含量的可溶性固形物和更高的可滴定酸;‘霞多丽’和‘赤霞珠’浆果中的香气物质种类和含量在不同地块中有显著差异,主要体现在C6/C9、酯类、降异戊二烯类和萜烯类化合物。志辉地块的‘霞多丽’果实香气差异化合物中的游离态(E)-2-己烯醛、β-大马士酮以及结合态辛酸乙酯的含量更高,结合相应的香气活性值（odor activity value,OAV）,志辉地块的‘霞多丽’葡萄果实中有更加浓郁的生青味、花香和果香;金山地块的‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实香气差异化合物中有更高含量的游离态(E)-2-己烯醛和(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇,结合相应的OAV,其果实香气中有更多的生青味。总之,基于不同地块葡萄果实香气的差异分析,具有明确不同地块葡萄果实品质和葡萄酒风格的潜在价值,为小产区的划分提供一定理论基础。     

酿酒葡萄爱格丽、媚丽在夏县地区的栽培适应性研究

为了探索酿酒葡萄爱格丽（Ecolly）、媚丽（Meili）在山西省夏县的栽培表现,选择霞多丽（Chardonnay）为对照品种,通过田间调查确定了3个品种在夏县地区的物候期,在果实转色后进行成熟度监控,采收后酿造单品种葡萄酒并测定果实和葡萄酒的基本理化指标和酚类物质含量,并在休眠期采集一年生枝测定其抗寒性。结果表明,爱格丽和媚丽萌芽晚于霞多丽3～5 d,休眠期间二者的枝条抗寒性均强于对照品种霞多丽,可以实现免埋栽培。对葡萄和葡萄酒品质的分析表明,爱格丽、媚丽的各项指标均符合酿造优质葡萄酒的标准,且成熟较早,在实际生产上要把握好采收时机;霞多丽果实的酚类物质含量显著高于其他两品种（P<0.05）,但小容器酿造葡萄酒的酚类物质含量大多以媚丽为最高。爱格丽、媚丽在山西夏县栽培适应性较强,抗寒性强,果实及酿造葡萄酒品质优良,可以推广栽培。     

不同工艺对‘关口’葡萄干白葡萄酒品质的影响

目的:采用不同酿造工艺技术对‘关口’葡萄进行干白葡萄酒的酿造,揭示不同果皮浸渍工艺对‘关口’葡萄干白葡萄酒的影响,以期最大程度地发挥‘关口’葡萄的深加工可能性。方法:分别对‘关口’葡萄进行发酵前的果皮浸渍(fermentation before skin contact,FbSC)、带皮发酵(fermentation on skins,FoS),以澄清汁发酵作对照处理,测定各处理所得葡萄酒的基本理化指标、酚类物质、香气成分,并进行感官评价。结果:与对照组相比,采用FbSC和FoS工艺所得葡萄酒的pH值均增加,可滴定酸质量浓度均降低;对于采用FoS工艺所得的葡萄酒,其总酚、总黄酮、总黄烷醇、单体酚的质量浓度显著高于采用FbSC工艺所得的葡萄酒和对照组的葡萄酒(P0.05),香气成分总质量浓度则显著低于FbSC组和对照组(P0.05);与对照组相比,采用FbSC和FoS工艺所得葡萄酒的香气成分中的酸类和酯类物质质量浓度显著降低(P0.05),醇类和萜烯类物质质量浓度显著增大(P0.05)。另外,经过FbSC与FoS处理后,‘关口’葡萄干白葡萄酒的香气由以果香等香气为主转化为以果干、蜂蜜及成熟水果类香气为主;并且在澄清度、颜色、香气质量、口感纯正度、口感浓度、口感持久性、口感质量、整体平衡性等方面也均优于对照组。结论:果皮浸渍处理一定程度上提高了‘关口’葡萄干白葡萄酒的品质。     

酿酒葡萄媚丽在不同气候区的适应性及果实品质研究

通过调查媚丽在暖热半湿润区（陕西杨凌地区、白鹿原地区和河南民权县）;暖温半干旱区（陕西合阳县和山西夏县）;中温干旱区（内蒙古乌海市）共6个地区的栽培特性及果实品质,评估其在这些地区的适应性。结果表明,采收时果实含糖量最高的为夏县媚丽（211.74 g/L）,最低的为杨凌媚丽（177.59 g/L）。乌海媚丽的果皮总花色苷含量和单宁含量均为最高,分别为15.29 mg/g和17.03 mg/g,民权媚丽的总花色苷含量最低,为2.10 mg/g,夏县媚丽的单宁含量最低,为6.86 mg/g。总花色苷/单宁比值最大的为乌海媚丽（0.56）,最低为民权媚丽（0.11）。以暖热半湿润区的杨凌地区作对照综合分析,媚丽在其他气候区的适应性最好的是乌海,最差的是民权。     

‘霞多丽’葡萄果粒大小对果实品质的影响

酿酒葡萄果实品质和葡萄酒质量与果粒大小密切相关。本实验以云南香格里拉、宁夏玉泉营、山东烟台和新疆五家渠4 个产区的酿酒葡萄‘霞多丽’（Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay）为试材,按粒径分为大果粒（粒径大于14 mm）、中果粒（粒径14～12 mm）和小果粒（粒径小于12 mm）3 个等级,分别测定各粒径范围果实分布比例、果皮鲜质量、果实鲜质量以及果实可滴定酸、还原糖质量浓度和总酚含量等主要品质指标,并对果实品质进行主成分分析。结果表明：‘霞多丽’在4 个产区中果实多为中、小果粒,单果粒种子数及单粒种子质量均随粒径的增大而增加;可滴定酸质量浓度均在大果粒中较高;总酚和单宁含量除新疆五家渠葡萄表现为大果粒较高外,其他3 个产区均为小果粒较高;黄酮醇类总量在宁夏玉泉营葡萄中表现为小果粒较高,其他产区则为中果粒较高;黄烷醇类总量在云南香格里拉和新疆五家渠葡萄中表现为小果粒较高,宁夏玉泉营葡萄为中果粒较高,山东烟台葡萄则为大果粒较高。结论：主成分分析得出宁夏玉泉营的小果粒‘霞多丽’葡萄综合品质得分最高,新疆五家渠的大果粒‘霞多丽’葡萄综合品质得分最低;除山东烟台产区表现为大果粒‘霞多丽’葡萄得分较高外,其他3 个产区的‘霞多丽’葡萄综合品质得分都表现为小果粒＞中果粒＞大果粒。     

低温浸渍发酵工艺对“媚丽”桃红葡萄酒品质的影响

为提高桃红葡萄酒的品质及其在储运期间的稳定性,以“媚丽”葡萄为原料,采用低温浸渍发酵工艺和“放血”法酿制桃红葡萄酒,通过对酒样进行理化指标分析和感官评价,探究浸渍发酵处理对桃红葡萄酒品质的影响。结果显示,随着浸渍发酵程度的加强,新酿酒样的色调降低,而色度、酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性显著升高;然而,当浸渍发酵到一定程度时,上述指标变化很小,表现在感官特性方面,酒样颜色由粉红色向浅宝石红色转变,品种香气浓度下降,酸涩感不断增强。酒窖中储存4个月,浸渍发酵168 h所得“媚丽”桃红葡萄酒最为稳定,且具有优良的感官品质：颜色呈深桃红色,香气以玫瑰花、柑橘、荔枝等花香果香为主,且酒体平衡。低温浸渍发酵工艺为酿制优质“媚丽”桃红葡萄酒提供了新途径。     

Influence of the heterogeneity of grape phenolic maturity on wine composition and quality

Nowadays, consumers demand red wines with deep colour, soft tannins and fruit scents, but these wines can only be obtained from grapes with complete phenolic maturity. Diverse methods have been proposed for measuring phenolic maturity. However, all these methods only provide the average value and do not consider any possible heterogeneity. Throughout ripening, grapes were separated according to their density, which revealed the existence of a large heterogeneity. Grapes at harvest were also separated by density in three groups. The higher the density of the grapes the higher ethanol content, pH, colour intensity, total phenolic index and anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin concentrations, and the lower the titratable acidity and bitterness of the wines. When the grapes were denser the wines were also better balanced in flavour and mouthfeel sensation. These results suggest that grape heterogeneity may influence the final wine composition and quality and therefore it should be considered at harvest.     

Use of unripe grapes harvested during cluster thinning as a method for reducing alcohol content and pH of wine

Background and Aims: Deep red full‐bodied wines can only be obtained from grapes with complete phenolic maturity, which frequently produce wines with high pH and alcohol content. The present study focuses on a new procedure for simultaneously reducing pH and ethanol content. Methods and Results: Grapes from cluster thinning were used to produce a very acidic low‐alcohol wine. The wine was treated with high doses of charcoal and bentonite. This odourless and colourless wine was used to reduce pH and ethanol content of wine produced from grapes, which had reached complete phenolic maturity. The anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin concentrations, the mean degree of polymerisation and the monomeric composition of proanthocyanidin of reduced‐alcohol wines were similar to those of their corresponding controls. Since the pH was lower, the colour of the reduced‐alcohol wines was more intense. No significant differences were found between reduced‐alcohol wines and their controls by triangle sensory tests using dark glasses for two of the three studied cultivars. Conclusion: The procedure described allowed production of wines with reduced alcohol content and pH, while retaining similar phenolic content and sensory properties. Significance of the Study: The proposed procedure is easy to apply, does not require specific equipment and offers a means of addressing the problem of wines developing high ethanol and low pH as a result of over‐ripening of grapes.     

Effect of ripening stage of grapes on the low molecular weight phenolic compounds of red wines

Different red wines were elaborated to study the effect of the date of the grape harvest on the levels of individual low molecular weight phenolic compounds, which are chiefly responsible for the wine color. Two red grape varieties and two consecutive years were studied at three different harvesting stages of grapes, and the changes during the 18 months of wine aging (12 months in oak barrels and 6 months in the bottle) were also followed. The results showed that the wines made from grapes harvested 1 week later than the usual date generally had higher contents of some simple phenols, which can act as cofactors that can maintain the color intensity and violet tonalities in aged wines. Besides, these wines had lower levels of caftaric and coutaric acids, which are two of the main substrates for oxidation and browning processes.     

发酵前冷浸渍工艺结合橡木片处理 对干红葡萄酒品质的影响

以梅鹿辄和赤霞珠葡萄为原料,采用冷浸渍结合橡木片处理工艺进行葡萄酒的酿造试验,探究不同处理工艺对干红葡萄酒品质的影响。以传统工艺为对照(CK),对各处理酒样常规理化指标、酚类物质含量、色泽指标及感官质量进行分析,采用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)法进行综合评价。结果表明:两个葡萄品种冷浸渍与橡木片处理所酿酒样中干浸出物、总酚、单宁、总类黄酮、总花色苷含量及色度值均显著高于CK酒样(P<0.05),且感官评分在冷浸渍结合橡木片处理酒样中达到最高,但冷浸渍与传统工艺添加橡木片处理组间感官评分无显著性差异(P>0.05)。PCA分析发现酚类物质含量与葡萄酒的感官特性密切相关,其中冷浸渍结合橡木片处理能够促进葡萄酒中酚类物质含量的积累,并有助于改善酒体色泽及稳定性,提高感官质量。本研究为酿造高品质干红葡萄酒的工艺优化提供了一定的理论基础和技术参考。     

发酵结束后浸渍时间对葡萄酒香气成分及感官品质的影响

为探究葡萄酒发酵结束后浸渍时间对葡萄酒色泽、香气和品质的影响,利用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）结合气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）仪对干红葡萄酒进行香气成分分析,测定理化指标和感官质量评价。结果表明,对于酒精度12%vol的干红葡萄酒,发酵结束后延长浸渍10 d的葡萄酒（C1）与后浸渍20 d（C2）及后浸渍30 d的葡萄酒（C3）在色泽、香气和风味物质上差异显著（P＜0.05）,特别是在香气成分含量上C3、C2均高于C1,在挥发酸、总花色苷、单宁和总酚等理化指标上差异性显著（P＜0.05）,葡萄酒感官质量评价上C3处理最佳,此处理果香和植物香气更加浓郁,葡萄酒有甜感,层次清晰,结构饱满。在卫生条件有效控制的前提下,选择最佳分离期应在发酵结束后浸渍皮渣30 d后分离。     

Sensory attribute evolution in bottled young red wines from Rioja Alavesa

The evolution of 19 bottled young red wines from Rioja Alavesa was studied through 9 months. Twenty-four sensory attributes (including appearance, aroma, flavor, taste and mouth-feel) were evaluated at four times (at 1, 3, 5 and 9 months after bottling) by a ten-member panel. Fifteen physicochemical parameters were also analyzed at these four times. Effect of winemaking process (carbonic maceration vs. destemming), and grape variety (only Tempranillo vs. Tempranillo with a white variety) on wine evolution was considered too. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Nine sensory attributes changed significantly through the time: red berry aroma and flavor, body, balance, purple hue and color intensity increased, whereas alcoholic aroma and flavor, and astringency decreased. Almost all the physicochemical parameters changed significantly through the time. The winemaking process and the addition of white grapes did not influence sensory and physicochemical evolution.