岩心驱替实验法测定低渗透油藏 CO2近混相最小混相压力

CO_2在驱油过程中能否与原油达到混相,直接影响驱油效果和最终采收率。因此需对CO_2在低渗透油藏中与原油的混相条件及近混相区域中最小混相压力进行系统研究。选取YC油田低渗目标区块,以室内油藏物理模拟为基础,通过均质和非均质长方形岩心实验,在评价影响CO_2驱油效果的渗透率、采收率、驱替速度、气油比和渗透率级差的基础上,建立了测定最小混相压力的岩心驱替实验法。结果表明,该方法重复性好,可模拟低渗超低渗孔隙介质以及油藏非均质等性质,在模拟YC目标区块油藏非均质条件下测得CO_2与原油的最小混相压力为18.5 MPa,与数值模拟软件计算结果相同,比传统细管实验测值17.8 MPa高出0.7 MPa。两种方法所测结果基本一致。用岩心驱替实验法可以探究渗透率及其非均质性和驱替速度等不同因素对最小混相压力的影响规律。该岩心驱替实验方法可用于确定CO_2近混相驱最小混相压力,为深化CO_2近混相驱油机理的认识及矿场应用提供技术基础和理论指导。     

低渗挥发性油藏CO2驱注入时机室内实验研究

低渗挥发性油藏流体性质特殊,弹性开采很容易变为衰竭开采,注气保压开采是低渗挥发性油藏的主要开采手段。针对低渗挥发性油藏CO_2驱开发技术难点,通过长岩心实验,研究了低渗挥发性油藏CO_2驱的注入时机。实验结果表明,地层压力衰竭至34.10 MPa时注CO_2后采出程度(96.44%)与在原始地层压力下注CO_2后采出程度(96.24%)相当;地层压力衰竭至28.58 MPa以下注CO_2后采出程度明显降低。确定了地层压力衰竭至34.10 MPa时为CO_2驱注入时机,为经济有效地实施CO_2驱提高低渗挥发性油藏原油采收率提供依据。     

低渗透油藏 CO2混相条件及近混相驱区域确定

为了探究CO_2在低渗透油藏中与原油的混相条件及在近混相条件下的驱油效果,采用室内物理模拟方法,通过均质、非均质长方体岩心实验,在评价影响CO_2驱油效果的渗透率、岩心长度、渗透率级差和压力因素的基础上,借助采收率与各影响因素参数指标,分析非混相、近混相和混相不同阶段的曲线特征,建立了近混相驱区域的确定方法。采用该岩心实验方法,在模拟油藏条件下,CO_2与原油的最小混相压力为18.5 MPa左右,比传统细管实验确定的17.8 MPa高出0.7 MPa,同时根据驱油曲线特征,划分了CO_2非混相、近混相和混相区域,并根据驱油效率确定出近混相驱的压力区域为16.5数18.5 MPa。建立的最小混相压力岩心测定方法和近混相驱区域划定的方法,为进一步深化CO_2近混相驱油机理的认识及YC油田CO_2矿场驱油方案的设计提供了参考。     

特低渗非均质油藏CO2 驱注气速度对采出程度的影响

特低渗非均质油气藏具有低孔、低渗、低饱和度和低产等特征,利用常规水驱开发难度大,采收率低,而CO2 驱油能显著提高特低渗非均质油藏的采出程度。根据特低渗非均质油藏的地质和储层特征,利用双层非均质岩心模拟油藏非均质性, 设计完成了5 种不同注气速度下（1、2、4、8、10 mL/min）的驱替实验,系统分析了CO2 驱油速度对原油采收率的影响。结果表明, CO2 驱提高采收率幅度最大段在CO2 窜流之前,随着注气速度的变大,推进速度变快,突破时间逐渐前移;合理的驱替速度使得CO2 气体与岩心孔隙中水及原油的接触时间变长,采收率提高,从而提高特低渗非均质油藏开发的经济效益。     

柳北中低渗透油藏氮气驱物理模拟实验研究

采用人造模拟岩心,针对冀东油田柳北断块开展了室内物模驱替实验,通过不同渗透率级差的岩心对比,以及多次水、气交替驱实验,更全面地认识了氮气驱机理、地层原油和氮气多次接触后的相态变化、氮气驱过程中的动态特征,及其与注水动态特征的差别等。实验结果表明:氮气驱对中低渗透油藏提高采收率效果明显,均质岩心采出程度明显高于非均质岩心,具有良好的应用前景,可以为数值模拟研究提供必要的参数,指导现场先导试验。     

浅层油藏稠油热水/CO2驱油效率实验模拟研究

新疆油田九_6区齐古组浅层稠油油藏已进入蒸汽开采中后期,油藏开采经历了蒸汽吞吐、加密调整、蒸汽驱过程,采出程度为37%。现阶段单一蒸汽驱效果明显下降,地层亏空严重,蒸汽热利用效率低,吸汽不均,波及程度差异大,油水流度比大,采收率低。热水复合CO_2驱油充分利用热水热效应和发挥CO_2溶解降黏等作用,是提高原油采收率的有效方法。因此,针对九_6区稠油开展不同混合方式热水/CO_2驱油模拟实验,分别研究了纯热水驱、热水与CO_2混注、热水与CO_2段塞的驱油效率。结果表明,纯热水驱累积驱油效率为49.19%,热水/CO_2混注累积驱油效率最大为71.25%,段塞驱累积驱油效率高达85.96%。同时,分析了驱出原油及岩心残余油组分变化。     

潜山油藏微球-天然气驱实验评价

裂缝型潜山油藏储集层非均质性强,油藏开发过程中驱替流体指进和窜流频发,封堵裂缝、大孔道等高渗流通道是提高原油采收率的有效措施。通过岩心流动实验,评价了微球对B1潜山油藏储集层岩心裂缝及大孔道的封堵效果,探究了采用微球-天然气驱提高剩余油动用的有效性。结果表明,单一水驱或天然气驱的驱油效率不显著,采用微球驱,微球进入岩心后的膨胀和封堵作用使得阻力系数、注入压力等显著增大;微球粒径直接影响封堵性能,若粒径太小,达不到封堵的效果,若粒径太大,不易注入;微球注入岩心后的膨胀、封堵、解堵、变形后再封堵及天然气溶解的协同作用,对裂缝型潜山油藏开发过程中的驱替流体指进及窜流有明显抑制作用,微球-天然气驱可大幅提高剩余油采出程度。     

低渗透油藏中CO2与原油的相互作用*

为更好地指导CO_2驱在低渗透油藏的应用,研究了CO_2与原油相互作用及其对CO_2吞吐采油效果的影响。首先从溶解和萃取两个方面分析了不同压力下CO_2-原油的相互作用规律;然后利用设计的岩心模型开展了CO_2吞吐采油实验,同时对驱替前后的岩心进行了核磁共振扫描,明确剩余油分布状态;最后结合江苏油田应用实例,提出下一步CO_2采油技术应用方向。结果表明,压力超过萃取开始压力(10.0 MPa)时,萃取率随压力的升高显著增大,40.0 MPa时的萃取率为85.2%。压力小于原油收缩压力(13.0 MPa)时,原油表现为体积膨胀,最大膨胀系数1.25;压力大于13.0 MPa时,在CO_2对原油的强萃取作用下,原油体积明显收缩。吞吐实验结果表明,对于长度为6.0 cm的低渗基质岩心,CO_2可采出48.0%的原油,初期主要增产机理为CO_2在原油中溶解膨胀,后期主要增产机理为CO_2萃取原油中的轻质组分。在实际应用中,需充分考虑油藏条件对CO_2与原油作用的影响,压力低于15 MPa的油藏应优先考虑CO_2吞吐,高于15 MPa的油藏应优先考虑CO_2驱。图8参16     

低渗透非均质油藏空气泡沫驱替注入参数优化实验

针对低渗透非均质油藏空气泡沫驱过程中不同渗透率储层注入参数优化困难的问题,以安塞油田长₆³组天然岩心为例,采用一维岩心流动实验装置开展空气泡沫驱注入参数优化实验,对气液比、泡沫段塞体积、注入压力、注入速率和注入时机进行优化,获得最佳注入参数,并分析不同渗透率储层空气泡沫驱注入参数优化规律。结果表明:同一组岩心内,随着气液比、泡沫段塞体积、注入压力和注入速率增加,采出程度不断提高,当这些注入参数达到一定程度后,采出程度增幅减小或下降,各注入参数均存在最优值;不同注入参数对采出程度的影响很大,对渗透率较低的储层尤为敏感;渗透率与最优注入气液比、注入体积、注入压力、注入速率均具有较好的指数递减关系,低含水时注入空气泡沫能够获得更高的采收率。该研究结果为低渗透油藏空气泡沫驱分区分层精细化注入提供了理论依据。     

储层矿物类型对致密油藏CO2驱替效果的影响

为明确致密砂岩储层中石英、伊利石和绿泥石对CO₂驱油效率及孔隙动用特征的影响,分别选取以石英、伊利石、绿泥石为主要矿物类型的3种岩心,开展核磁共振扫描分析下的CO₂驱替实验,定量评价每种类型岩心在不同CO₂注入压力下小孔隙、大孔隙的原油采出程度,并分析了产出水中离子质量浓度变化。结果表明：目标储层以石英型和黏土矿物型为主,其中黏土矿物以伊利石和绿泥石为主;石英型岩心的CO₂驱替过程中,当CO₂注入压力小于等于最小混相压力时,大孔隙的原油动用程度大于小孔隙,当CO₂注入压力大于最小混相压力时,小孔隙的原油动用程度增加,而大孔隙的原油动用程度下降;伊利石型岩心大、小孔隙的原油采出程度最大,驱油效果最好,绿泥石型岩心大孔隙的原油采出程度很高,小孔隙的原油采出程度非常低,整体驱油效果最差;随着CO₂注入压力的增加,石英型岩心产出水中金属离子质量浓度大幅增加,伊利石型、绿泥石型岩心溶蚀后的钙、镁等离子产生沉淀,且绿泥石型岩心沉淀量最大,最易堵塞...     

CO2 miscible flooding in low permeability sandstone reservoirs and its influence on crude oil properties

Miscible CO₂ injection process has become widely used technique for the enhanced oil recovery in low permeability reservoirs. Core flooding experiments and field test of CO₂ miscible flooding in low permeability sandstone reservoirs and its influence on crude oil properties was studied. The results showed that CO₂ miscible flooding in low permeability sandstone reservoirs can enhance oil recovery both in laboratory study and field test. The permeability of sandstone reservoirs decreased during CO₂ miscible flooding due to the precipitation of asphaltene of crude oil. The precipitation of asphaltene lead to a reduction of asphaltene content and the apparent viscosity of crude oil. A further study on inhibitors and removers for asphaltene deposits from crude oil should be investigated to prevent and remove asphaltene deposits in low permeability sandstone reservoirs.     

Influence of pressure and CO2 content on the asphaltene precipitation and oil recovery during CO2 flooding

During CO₂ flooding, the crude oil is treated with CO₂, and meanwhile it is displaced by CO₂. Based on the two processes, the influence of pressure and CO₂ content on the asphaltene precipitation and oil recovery efficiency are systematically investigated by indoor simulation experiment. With the increase of the pressure or CO₂ content during CO₂ treatment, the amount of asphaltene precipitation can be increased to a certain value. Correspondingly, the degrees of the changes of oil-water interface, the compositions of crude oil, and reservoir permeability are positively correlated with the amount of asphaltene precipitation. However, during the process, the oil recovery has an optimal value due to the combined action of asphaltene precipitation and the improvement of flow performance of the crude oil. These conclusions can provide a basis for high efficiency development of low permeability oil reservoirs by CO₂ flooding.     

降低启动压力的表面活性剂体系在朝阳沟油田的应用

针对朝阳沟低渗透油田注水过程中注水压力上升较快、欠注严重的问题,进行了朝阳沟油田降压增注表面活性剂体系的筛选工作,最终确定表面活性剂体系的配方为0.2%石油磺酸盐类表面活性剂T702-40^#+0.5%Na₂CO₃。实验结果表明,该表面活性剂体系与原油间平衡界面张力能够达到2×10^-2mN/m,耐温、抗盐性好,与朝阳沟油田注入水和地层水配伍性好,能够使岩石的润湿性发生反转,比水驱提高采收率5%左右。该表面活性剂体系驱替计算得出的可流动渗透率值约比水驱可流动渗透率值大15%,具有明显的降低启动压力的作用,并进行了表面活性剂体系降低启动压力的机理分析。朝阳沟油田朝82-152井区矿场试验结果表明,该表面活性剂体系能够降低启动压力,使油层吸水能力提高,使低渗透储层动用比例提高,7口油井累积增油1768t。     

Oil recovery and CO2 storage in CO2 flooding

In this study, the interfacial tension (IFT) of crude oil-carbon dioxide mixtures was measured to determine the minimum miscibility pressure. CO₂ flooding with sand packs, long cores, and heterogeneous cores was conducted to investigate the oil recovery and storage efficiency. The experiment results show that the interfacial tension decreases linearly with increasing pressure at two different pressure ranges. Under immiscible condition, the oil recovery and storage efficiency are increased by 30.1% and 52.4% when the injection pressure is increased from 13 to 22 MPa, and improved by 16.3% and 22.04% when the permeability is decreased from 270 to 10 mD, respectively. Under miscible condition, increase of injection pressure can only lead to much slower increase of oil recovery and storage efficiency, and permeability almost has no influence on oil recovery and storage efficiency. The oil recovery and storage efficiency can be remarkably reduced by heterogeneity. Water alternating CO₂ injection can improve the oil recovery and storage efficiency by 35.5% and 13.55%, respectively, compared with continuous injection.     

氢监测技术在含硫输气管线上的应用

采用腐蚀挂片、缓蚀剂残余浓度分析以及氢监测技术,在含硫输气管线上研究了缓蚀剂应用效果,确定了缓蚀剂的有效保护时间。结果表明,氢监测技术能够无损、实时、全周相地监测含硫输气管线腐蚀状况,缓蚀剂残余浓度分析及氢监测结果显示缓蚀剂有效保护时间达到1个月以上。     

Changes in the properties of conventional crude oil before and after CO2 flooding

Abstract

In order to enhance oil recovery of a conventional oil reservoir by CO₂ flooding, the changes in the properties of the crude oil before and after CO₂ flooding are systematically investigated by on-site sampling and experimental testing. The results show that, after CO₂ flooding, the light hydrocarbons of the produced crude oil is increased and the heavy hydrocarbons of the produced crude oil is decreased due to the deposition of resins and asphaltenes in the pores of the formation. In addition, the produced fluid (a mixture of oil and water) has a high water separation rate, the oil- water interface has a high tension value, and the crude oil has a high acid value and a low viscosity. The conclusions can provide a certain guidance for high-efficiency development of a conventional oil reservoir by CO₂ flooding.     

Effect of stress sensitivity on displacement efficiency in CO2 flooding for fractured low permeability reservoirs

Carbon dioxide flooding is an effective means of enhanced oil recovery for low permeability reservoirs. If fractures are present in the reservoir, CO2 may flow along the fractures, resulting in low gas displacement efficiency. Reservoir pore pressure will fluctuate to some extent during a CO2 flood, causing a change in effective confining pressure. The result is rock deformation and a reduction in permeability with the reduction in fracture permeability, causing increased flow resistance in the fracture space. Simultaneously, gas cross flowing along the fractures is partially restrained. In this work, the effect of stress changes on permeability was studied through a series of flow experiments. The change in the flowrate distribution in a matrix block and contained fracture with an increase in effective pressure were analyzed. The results lead to an implicit comparison which shows that permeability of fractured core decreases sharply with an increase in effective confining pressure. The fracture flowrate ratio declines and the matrix flowrate ratio increases. Fracture flow will partially divert to the matrix block with the increase in effective confining pressure, improving gas displacement efficiency.     

烃组分对CO2驱最小混相压力的影响

针对CO_2-EOR原油组分对混相能力影响的问题,应用界面张力消失法设计了不同碳数烃组分、不同族烃组分、不同含量烃组分混合模拟油与CO_2的最小混相压力实验,分析不同族烃组分与CO_2最小混相压力的变化规律,探寻原油中影响CO_2驱最小混相压力的关键组分。研究表明:原油中不同组分与CO_2的最小混相压力不同,相同碳数烃组分最小混相压力依次为:烷烃、环烷烃、芳香烃;同族烃的碳数越小,最小混相压力越小;相同碳数烃类的混合组分模拟油的最小混相压力小于单一烃组分的最小混相压力;原油中低碳数烷烃含量增加,最小混相压力降低,高碳数芳香烃含量增加,最小混相压力升高。该研究结果为多种类型油藏实施CO_2驱提高采收率提供了数据材料及理论支撑。     

Modeling of Asphaltene Deposition During Miscible CO2 Flooding

The authors present the results of numerical tests and simulations to investigate and analyze the likelihood of asphaltene precipitation and deposition during CO₂ flooding in a reservoir. The effects of asphaltene precipitation on oil properties such as oil viscosity and density during miscible CO₂ flooding process were elaborated by using Winprop software of Computer Modeling Group. Also oil properties change during CO₂ miscible flooding by numerical slim tube were investigated by a compositional simulator (GEM). A fluid sample of Saskatchewan Reservoir that had been flooded miscibly with CO₂ was chosen for performing the sensitivity analyses. The results showed that asphaltene precipitation reduces the oil viscosity and density that is in favor of production increasing. On the other hand asphaltene deposition causes resistance in oil production due to porosity and permeability reduction. The competition between these two effects declares the positive or negative effect of asphaltene on recovery that could be different for each reservoir. The results also show that decreasing the rate of CO₂ injection leads to an increase in asphaltene deposition near the injective well. Due to this phenomenon in higher injecting rates the increment in well bottom-hole pressure becomes less.     

Modeling CO2 miscible flooding for enhanced oil recovery

The injection of fuel-generated CO2 into oil reservoirs will lead to two benefits in both enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and the reduction in atmospheric emission of CO2. To get an insight into CO2 miscible flooding performance in oil reservoirs, a multi-compositional non-isothermal CO2 miscible flooding mathematical model is developed. The convection and diffusion of CO2-hydrocarbon mixtures in multiphase fluids in reservoirs, mass transfer between CO2 and crude, and formation damages caused by asphaltene precipitation are fully considered in the model. The governing equations are discretized in space using the integral finite difference method. The Newton-Raphson iterative technique was used to solve the nonlinear equation systems of mass and energy conservation. A numerical simulator, in which regular grids and irregular grids are optional, was developed for predicting CO2 miscible flooding processes. Two examples of one-dimensional (1D) regular and three-dimensional (3D) rectangle and polygonal grids are designed to demonstrate the functions of the simulator. Experimental data validate the developed simulator by comparison with 1D simulation results. The applications of the simulator indicate that it is feasible for predicting CO2 flooding in oil reservoirs for EOR.