管道泄漏率计算模型研究和程序开发

在破前漏(LBB)技术的应用中,需要计算通过裂纹的泄漏量。本文根据均相非平衡流理论建立了泄漏率的计算模型,并将计算结果与试验结果对比。结果显示,大部分计算得到的泄漏量与实验测量的泄漏量的偏差都在±50%以内,满足工程应用的要求,支撑了LBB的应用。     

LBB管道裂纹泄漏率计算软件PICLES验证研究

管道裂纹泄漏率计算是破前漏（LBB）分析中的关键技术，采用与有效软件进行对比和与实验结果进行对比的方式，对国内自主研发的泄漏率计算软件PICLES进行验证研究。与已有成熟工程应用的国际同类软件（PICEP和SI-PICEP）对比，PICLES与其计算结果相差较小；与管道裂纹泄漏率实验结果对比，PICLES计算出的泄漏率与其相差?80.23%~?43.79%，PICLES计算的泄漏裂纹长度与实测裂纹长度相差21.84%~79.07%，说明将PICLES用于过冷水管道LBB分析具有较高的保守性。因此，PICLES可用于实际工程中的LBB分析。      

有限元方法在破前漏临界裂纹计算中的应用

破前漏(LBB,Leak-Before-Break)技术多应用于轻水堆核电站高能管道的设计中,该技术是一种通过确定论的断裂力学评价和泄漏率计算,配合泄漏监测等手段论证高能管道不会出现双端剪切断裂事故的方法。通过断裂力学计算临界裂纹,是破前漏分析中关键的一环。传统的计算方法,采用经验公式如GE/EPRI公式,受限于管道材料、结构形状,具有一定的应用范围限制,不能严格满足一般工程问题的要求。本文给出的有限元方法,不仅克服经验公式的使用局限性,而且提升了计算精度,具有良好的工程推广价值。     

核反应堆管道LBB设计关键软件研发

破前漏(LBB)设计是三代核电技术的重要技术特征之一,但国内直到现在也没有受认可的LBB设计专用程序,开发出受认可的LBB设计程序具有重要意义。简单介绍LBB设计中断裂力学分析、裂纹张开位移分析以及泄漏率计算的技术背景以及我国相关关键程序的研发。算例验证结果表明,自主开发的程序具有较高的精度,进一步完善和验证后可以应用于实际工程。     

基于声发射的压力管道LBB监测系统研制

核反应堆压力管道应用破前漏(LBB)技术可提高反应堆的安全性、经济性,设置LBB监测系统则是应用的前提和关键。通过分析LBB监测需求,提出了基于声収射的LBB监测方法,幵通过开展相关试验建立了LBB鉴别方法和定位定量模型。为了适应核反应堆压力管道应用环境要求,研制出一体式声収射传感器,实现了高温辐照环境下LBB探测。通过开展信号调理、抗误报警、在线自检等关键技术研究,研制出LBB监测系统。试验验证结果表明,研制的LBB监测系统各项指标满足核电厂应用要求,幵在华龙一号得到应用。     

LBB对材料性能的要求

回顾了破前漏(LBB)的发展历史,并分析了LBB在中国的应用前景.分析了关于材料断裂韧性不同的表达方法和测量方法.根据不同国家的实践,分析了LBB对材料性能的要求.     

LBB和BP在核电站管道设计中的异同性分析

对LBB（破前漏）和BP（破裂排除）两种设计理念进行了比较，从材料质量要求、制造要求、应用范围、泄漏监测、裂纹分析及局部效应、全局效应等方面，对BP和LBB管道设计中的异同性进行了分析。分析结果表明：BP的“纵深防御”体系能包络LBB的主体内容；相对于LBB，BP对管道设计的要求更复杂；主冷却剂管道采用LBB和BP后的局部效应和全局效应大体相同。     

LBB泄漏率计算与热力学非平衡效应影响评估

裂纹泄漏率计算是破前漏（LBB）在核电站管道和设备上应用的基础。在Fauske模型基础上,整个裂纹内流体流动假设为等焓过程且充分考虑摩擦效应对裂纹临界泄漏率的影响,利用Mathcad计算得到了管道裂纹两相泄漏率,与已有文献中实验数据进行对比,将其发展成为可准确计算裂纹泄漏率的计算机程序。同时根据两相流动不平衡理论,对模型进行热力学不平衡参数影响修正。结果表明：随裂纹长径比(L/D)增大,两相泄漏率减小;随裂纹入口滞止压力增大,两相泄漏率增大;裂纹入口流体过冷度增大,两相泄漏率增大,数学模型计算结果与实验结果趋势一致,但忽略热力学非平衡效应,数学模型计算得到的临界流量小于实验流量。对于热力学不平衡参数修正后模型,模型计算得到的结果均与实验数据符合很好,故由修正后模型编制的Mathcad程序可完成裂纹泄漏率的准确计算,为LBB在核电站管道上的应用提供基础。     

动态载荷下奥氏体不锈钢管道LBB环向贯穿裂纹稳定性实验及理论分析方法研究

管道环向贯穿裂纹是否稳定是评判管道是否满足破前漏（LBB）设计准则的标准之一,为确保LBB技术安全可靠,对管道环向贯穿裂纹在动态载荷下的稳定性进行实验研究。采用水平冲击机对含环向贯穿裂纹的管道依次进行加载速度为1.22、2、3、4 m/s的高温不带运行压力的冲击实验,以获得各应变率下的实验极限载荷值,并与工程理论分析计算结果进行比较。分析表明:奥氏体不锈钢管道环向贯穿裂纹在动态载荷下的失效模式为塑性失稳;经实验验证,在工程中对承受动态载荷的奥氏体不锈钢管道进行LBB分析时,采用美国核管会标准审查大纲3.6.3破前漏评估程序（SRP 3.6.3）中的极限载荷理论分析方法具有较高的工程安全性,若同时选用准静态下的材料力学性能,则工程安全性更高。      

LBB在蠕变温度以上核级管道设计中的应用

LBB（Leak-Before-Break）技术是保证核反应堆结构安全和可靠的一种重要分析方法。对于在蠕变温度以上高温堆（如快堆）的核级管道,运用LBB分析时应考虑疲劳和蠕变对裂纹扩展的影响。本工作以法国规范RCC-MR的A16为基础、以快堆余热排放系统的一段管道为研究对象进行LBB分析,总结出一套运用于蠕变温度以上核级管道安全分析的LBB方法。经计算得到,在蠕变温度以上,蠕变对裂纹扩展的影响较大。经验证,该管道符合LBB技术对于裂纹稳定性及泄漏量可探测性的条件,满足从开始泄漏到裂纹失稳的时间要求。     

压力管道破前漏分析的一种简化方法

介绍了一种用于核反应堆管道和压力容器破前漏（ＬＢＢ）分析的简化方法，它主要以线弹性断裂力学的基础，将ＬＢＢ分析中应力强度因子，裂纹张开面积和泄漏率等计算以解析公式表达出来。这种方法使用方便，而且满足有关的国家标准和国际规范的要求，适用于一些应力分布和几何形状比较简单的管道和压力容器，或用于ＬＢＢ性质的近似估计。     

LBB裂纹稳定性分析方法研究

破前漏（LBB）分析是一种先进的管道分析评价技术,其关键技术是裂纹的稳定性分析,决定着LBB技术的可用性。本文从核级管道的失效模式出发研究了LBB分析的裂纹稳定性分析问题,并探讨了修正J积分撕裂模量汇交方法(J-T方法)、修正极限载荷分析法以及两倍弹性斜率法的优缺点和适用范围,最后通过工程算例对不同分析方法进行检验,其结论可为我国核电站管道的LBB设计提供参考。     

传热管泄漏对蒸汽发生器动态特性的影响

以大亚湾核电站蒸汽发生器为研究对象,建立了基于漂移流理论的蒸汽发生器一维动态数学模型及传热管泄漏模型,并进行了蒸汽发生器不同工况下的稳态仿真。在验证所建立漂移流模型和传热管泄漏模型的基础上,研究了不同工况下传热管泄漏位置及泄漏流量对蒸汽发生器关键参数的影响。研究结果表明,所建立的漂移流模型和传热管泄漏模型能准确反映不同泄漏情况下蒸汽发生器质量含汽率及蒸汽压力等关键参数的变化规律,泄漏发生在热端沸腾段入口处时各参数变化最显著,泄漏量为冷却剂流量的5%时出口质量含汽率由0.261降到0.163。基于漂移流理论传热管泄漏对蒸汽发生器动态特性影响的成功预测,为蒸汽发生器传热管泄漏事故的监测与防范措施的制定提供一定参考。     

LBB分析中管道裂缝泄漏率的计算

简要地介绍了在ＬＢＢ分析中欠热或饱和液体在裂缝流道的一般排放特性，给出了考虑不平衡流动特性的求解泄漏率的基本方程组，并对商用３００ＭＷ核电站主管道热段作了泄漏率的实例计算，结果表明，在主管道中应用ＬＢＢ分析技术是可行的。     

Leak rate calculation for LBB analysis in high temperature gas-cooled reactors

Leak rate calculation is very important for Leak Before Break (LBB) analysis. Helium is used as coolant in high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR). Therefore the flows in the cracks of HTGR vessels and pipes are single phase, which are different from the two phase critical flows in the cracks of water reactors. In the present paper, simple leak rate calculation formulae for compressible laminar and turbulent flows in HTGR cracks are introduced. The velocity and pressure distributions in cracks as well as the leak rates are calculated using the formulae. Numerical simulations are also conducted for compressible laminar, turbulent and critical flows with different crack widths and depths. The results of the numerical simulation and theoretical formulae are compared with experimental data. The comparison shows that both the simple theoretical formulae and the numerical simulation can achieve good results.     

管道贯穿裂纹泄漏率预测

充分考虑入口为过冷水、两相和过热蒸汽等情况下的临界和非临界流动,对摩擦压降、拐角压降以及临界流模型Henry-Fauske中的相变起始点进行了修正,开发出破前泄漏(LBB)的管道贯穿裂纹泄漏率计算程序。与目前通用的裂纹泄漏率程序(PICEP和SQUIRT)分别就常规直管道、人工裂纹以及自然形成裂纹的泄漏率实验数据进行了对比。计算分析表明,该程序计算结果与实验结果吻合较好且精度高于PICEP和SQUIRT。此外,通过计算分析研究,获得了背压和滞止焓以及裂纹形貌(包括局部粗糙度、全局粗糙度及裂纹开口位移、裂纹拐角数目等)对泄漏率的影响规律。     

Small Leak Detection by Measuring Surface Oscillation during Sodium-Water Reaction in Steam Generator

Small leak sodium-water reaction tests were conducted to develop various kinds of leak detectors for the sodium-heated steam generator in FBR. The super-heated steam was injected into sodium in a reaction vessel having a sodium free surface, simulating the steam generator. The level gauge in the reaction vessel generated the most reliable signal among detectors, as long as the leak rates were relatively high. The level gauge signal was estimated to be the sodium surface oscillation caused by hydrogen bubbles produced in sodium-water reaction.

Experimental correlation was derived, predicting the amplitude as a function of leak rate, hydrogen dissolution ratio, bubble rise velocity and other parameters concerned, assuming that the surface oscillation is in proportion to the gas hold-up. The noise amplitude under normal operation without water leak was increased with sodium flow rate and found to be well correlated with Froud number. These two correlations predict that a water leak in a “MONJU” class (300 MWe) steam generator could possibly be detected by level gauges at a leak rate above 2g/sec.     

On-Line Leak Detection Method for OWL-1 Loop by ARX Modeling Using Dewpoint Signals

Model identification technique based on ARX (autoregressive model with exogenous variable) process was applied to dewpoint data recorded at OWL-1 (Oarai Water Loop No. 1) loop cubicle in JMTR (Japan Materials Testing Reactor) and the dynamical interrelationship between the supply and exhaust dewpoints in the ventilation system of the cubicle was empirically determined.

It was shown that the information so derived on the dewpoint dynamics can assist to enhance the sensitivity of leak detection, if it was incorporated into a leak monitoring system for the OWL-1 loop.

A simple digital filter incorporating the dewpoint dynamics was designed in an attempt to develop an efficient leak monitor for the OWL-1 loop. This filter was applied to the dewpoint data recordings during an abnormal leak that had occurred at the OWL-1 loop in the 43 rd cycle of JMTR operation, which demonstrated the effectiveness of the present method for leak detection at its early stage.     

Development of Acoustic Leak Detection and Localization Methods for Inlet Piping of Fugen Nuclear Power Plant

The development work carried out on Fugen NPP is focused on detection of a small leakage on the reactor's inlet feeder pipes at an early stage by an acoustic leak detection method with usage of high-temperature resistant microphones. Specifically, the leak rate of 0.046 m³/h has been chosen as a target detection capability for this system. A cross-correlation technique has been studied for leak detection under low signal-noise ratios. The study shows that the sound diffusion on piping causes distortion of leak signals that results in their low correlation. A leak-location estimator and multi-channel correlation value, associated with estimated leak position, have been employed to detect such low-correlated leak signals. A method based on cross-correlation of signal spectral components has been proposed to deal with non-stationary leak signals. Joint-Time-Frequency-Analysis has been applied to analyze such signals, whilst a Wavelet decomposition technique has been used to extract their short-term spectral fluctuations. Since the spectral components are less affected by signal distortion, they provide higher correlation value and can be applied for leak detection under lower signal-noise ratios. The possibility of detecting and locating a small leakage by the methods proposed has been demonstrated by a number of simulation tests conducted on the Fugen NPP site.