基于Matlab数字图像处理的多片喷雾特性研究

从提高直喷柴油机缸內油气分布均匀性及减少燃油附壁来降低排放的角度出发,开发了利用多孔油嘴喷出的油束近距离撞击导向平面的多片喷雾系统.应用高速摄影对自由喷雾和多片喷雾的喷雾过程进行了试验研究,使用Matlab软件对数字图片进行后处理,测取了投影喷雾贯穿距、喷雾锥角、喷雾面积等宏观喷雾特性参数.试验结果表明:与自由喷雾相比,在相同背压条件下,多片喷雾的投影贯穿距明显缩短,投影喷雾扩散角、投影喷雾面积增大;碰撞后油滴细化,雾化改善,油束液核区减小;多片喷雾具有扩散度高、液核区小、空间分布均匀等特点,有利于缸內均匀混合气的形成.     

柴油机起动倒拖缸内喷雾仿真分析

采用三维CFD数值模拟的方法,对试验发动机冷机起动倒拖时的缸内燃油喷射雾化过程进行了仿真计算分析。研究结果表明:在燃油喷雾过程中,由于燃油蒸发吸热,导致缸内温度明显下降,与不喷油时相比下降了32K;缸内喷雾过程出现大量的燃油附壁,附壁量占总喷油量的70%左右;喷雾过程结束时形成的混合气浓度场和温度场呈极不均匀的分层分布,浓度较高的区域温度较低,且分布于靠近活塞壁面的薄层,不利于焰前反应的进行。这些因素均对冷起动过程缸内混合气的着火燃烧产生关键性的影响。此外,研究结果还表明,喷油油束速度是冷起动条件下影响缸内油滴蒸发过程的重要因素。     

TBD620型柴油机燃油喷射特性的实验研究

为了研究TBD620型柴油机燃油雾束在燃烧室中的发展情况,构建了一套喷雾可视化系统,通过闪光摄影的方法,捕捉不同时刻燃油雾束的图像。改变燃油喷射时的压力,研究燃油喷射特性的变化,并发现了燃油喷雾碰壁的现象,从而为燃烧室的结构优化提供依据。     

直喷式柴油机双层分流燃烧系统的数值模拟与试验研究

为了改善柴油机燃烧室中的燃油碰壁和油束雾化,提出了一种具有圆形导向碰撞台的直喷式柴油机双层分流燃烧系统。该燃烧系统通过燃烧室形状与燃油喷雾的配合,实现了燃油喷雾的双层分流和二次雾化,有效地利用了余隙内的空气,使得可燃混合气的形成更加充分。数值模拟表明,双层分流燃烧系统中燃油密度分布更加均匀,使得燃烧过程中燃烧室内温度分布也相对均匀。试验结果表明:三种喷油提前角下Ⅱ型双层分流燃烧系统与普通ω燃烧室燃烧系统相比,在柴油机氮氧化物排放量平均增加12.4%的情况下,其油耗和碳烟排放量分别平均降低5.5%和25.5%。     

伞喷油雾与热多孔介质相互作用的数值模拟

为深入认识多孔介质发动机中均匀混合气的形成,用改进的KIVA-3V详细模拟了伞喷油雾与热多孔介质之间的相互作用．在KIVA-3V中增加了油滴碰撞热多孔介质壁面的碰撞模型、传热模型．为检测数值模型的合理性,在Senda等人的实验条件下进行了数值计算．油束碰壁后油滴和油蒸气分布的数值计算结果与实验结果吻合较好．在简化多孔介质结构的基础上和不同的环境压力及喷雾锥角时,模拟了伞喷油雾与热多孔介质的碰撞过程．计算结果表明,伞喷油雾的喷雾锥角及空间压力对油滴在多孔介质中的分布有着很大的影响,在多孔介质厚度一定时,通过调节这些参数,能够形成均匀混合气．     

汽油缸内直喷式技术的研究与应用

介绍了缸内直喷式汽油机(GDI)的发展及相应特点。对进气道喷射和缸内直喷式燃烧系统进行了比较，讨论了直喷式汽油机在燃油经济性、瞬态响应和冷起动时HC排放方面的潜力。介绍了高压共轨燃油供应系统、旋流式雾化喷油器以及混合气分层等新技术在GDI发动机中的应用。详细论述了燃油喷射、油束雾化和蒸发、充质冷却、混合气制备的过程以及缸内气流运动和燃烧策略。     

轴针式喷油嘴燃油束撞击时雾化特性研究

在前期发动机台架实验和高速摄影实验的研究基础上,为进一步了解燃油束撞击法形成混合气及其在小型柴油机上实现直喷式燃烧的机理,用多次喷雾叠加摄影技术以及马尔文激光粒子分析仪对带挡块的轴针式喷油器的喷雾过程进行了研究。实验中对不同形状挡块以及不带挡块的油束形成过程进行了详细的观察,并对撞击前后的油滴滴径进行了测量。结果表明,燃油经撞击后可显著地增大油束扩散角,不同程度地影响了燃油束的贯穿度,但燃油束撞击前后的滴径变化不大。加深了对油束撞击现象、撞击油束雾化特点和混合气形成过程以及在小型柴油机内实现直喷式燃烧的认识。     

柴油机基本知识讲座(四)

<正> 4 柴油机混合气形成和燃烧在柴油机工作循环的压缩行程后期,当活塞行将达到上止点时,柴油开始喷入气缸。这时在高压下喷射出来的燃油油束与气缸内的空气相碰撞而分散和雾化。燃油油滴被高温空气加强蒸发形成油气。油气与空气相混合,当达到一定的混合比例并且温度要在600℃以上时,就自行发生稳定的燃烧。这样一个从燃油喷射到完成燃烧的全过程叫做混合气形成和燃烧     

缸内直喷周向分层燃烧系统火花塞附近油束发展历程的试验研究

采用高速摄影技术研究了缸内直喷周向分层（简称DICSC）燃烧系统火花塞附近两根油历史潮流的发展历程。研究结果表明,喷雾混合过程中燃油碰壁、反弹现象非常明显,大多数燃油的雾化与蒸发产生于油束碰壁以后。靠近壁面处燃油浓度最大,向燃烧室中心方向浓度逐渐降低,沿周向、顺涡流方向形成了明显的由浓到稀的分层。因而,为了保证较好的着火稳定性,在DICSC燃烧系统中火花塞靠近壁面布置并处于油束下游一定角度比较合适,此外有浓度合适、易于点燃的混合气以便火焰能够顺利扩展。另外,还研究了不同涡流比和油束夹角下的油束发展历程。     

缸内直喷汽油机喷雾、混合气形成和燃烧过程的三维数值模拟

建立了带进排气道的缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机三维数值模型,并对喷雾模型和燃烧模型进行了实验标定,进而模拟了GDI发动机化学当量比条件下均质混合气和分层混合气两种模式从进气-喷雾-混合气形成-燃烧的全过程.模拟结果表明,GDI发动机高压多孔喷嘴喷雾雾化明显,贯穿距离较长,进气过程中缸内形成强滚流促进燃油蒸发和油气混合;进气冲程单次喷射可在缸内点火之前形成较为均匀的混合气,进气和压缩冲程中进行两次喷射可在缸内点火之前形成火花塞附近较浓、周围较稀的分层混合气;在化学当量比条件下适当采用分层混合气燃烧,与均质混合气相比可以降低燃烧速度,从而减小最大爆发压力和压力升高率.计算结果有助于深入理解GDI发动机的工作过程,并为后续研究GDI燃烧控制策略提供了模拟计算平台.     

高压共轨燃油喷雾PIV测试研究

对所获得的高压共轨燃油喷雾PIV测试图像进行了处理及分析,获得了喷雾表面波动结构、表面分裂雾化、分裂长度、喷雾局部涡旋等定性分析结果,使用PIV测试系统分析软件INSIGHT进一步处理喷雾图像, 获得了喷雾场液滴速度等信息。     

Experimental investigations of spray generated by a pressure swirl atomizer

This paper has focused on the droplets behavior of kerosene RP-3 spray produced by a pressure swirl atomizers in terms of spray pattern, droplet size spatial distribution, mean droplet size, and distribution index with variations of pressure differential. The analyses have been carried out experimentally with the aid of optical diagnostic methods. The spray pattern, such as spray cone angle and fuel spatial distribution, has been measured by the technique of planar laser induced fluorescence of kerosene. A method for correction of fuel distribution measurement error induced by laser attenuation in spray is proposed and validated. The droplet size spatial distribution in central axis plane of the spray has been measured by a planar droplet sizing method which combining laser induced fluorescence and Mie scattering. The spray pattern in axial center plane and cross-sectional plane perpendicular to axis of the atomizer indicate that the droplets in spray concentrate around the outer periphery and in a narrow annular zone at the near-field of fuel injector exit, and then disperse to produce a solid spray at downstream of the spray. The analyses of droplet size spatial distribution, Sauter mean diameter, and distribution index with pressure differential clearly show the presence of droplets collision and its adverse effects on droplet size uniformity. The spray outline, droplet mass spatial distribution, and droplet size spatial distribution, droplets dispersion and collision in the process of atomization provide a great insight into the processes of atomization and spray development, which are key information for fuel injector design and quality control. The visualizations of spray pattern and droplet size spatial distribution with variations of pressure differential for pressure swirl atomizer are key issues in swirl cup or internally staged airblast fuel injectors because pressure swirl atomizer provides primary atomization or pilot spray which affects the quality of air/fuel mixing in lean-burn combustion. Moreover, a well-defined and complete database regarding the isothermal hollow cone spray is provided for validation of spray model.     

直喷式柴油机高压喷射特性的研究

结合国产６１１０柴油机高压喷射技术的实用性开发，研究了供油系统中喷油泵，高压油管和喷油嘴对喷油压力的影响，并以激光纹影高速摄影和激光粒子尺寸分析仪，测量了喷油压力４０－１００ＭＰａ变化时的喷雾特性。结果表明：实现高压喷射的有效措施是采用多孔数，小孔径喷嘴，小孔径喷嘴在高喷射压力下，喷注的贯穿度和喷雾的破碎期减少，雾化改善。     

Vaporization and collision modeling of liquid fuel sprays in a co-axial fuel and air pre-mixer

Droplet collision occurs frequently in regions where the droplet number density is high. Even for Lean Premixed and Pre-vaporized (LPP) liquid sprays, the collision effects can be very high on the droplet size distributions, which will in turn affect the droplet vaporization process. Hence, in conjunction with vaporization modeling, collision modeling for such spray systems is also essential. The standard O’Rourke’s collision model, usually implemented in CFD codes, tends to generate unphysical numerical artifact when simulations are performed on Cartesian grid and the results are not grid independent. Thus, a new collision modeling approach based on no-time-counter method (NTC) proposed by Schmidt and Rutland is implemented to replace O’Rourke’s collision algorithm to solve a spray injection problem in a cylindrical coflow premixer. The so called “four-leaf clover” numerical artifacts are eliminated by the new collision algorithm and results from a diesel spray show very good grid independence. Next, the dispersion and vaporization processes for liquid fuel sprays are simulated in a coflow premixer. Two liquid fuels under investigation are jet-A and Rapeseed Methyl Esters (RME). Results show very good grid independence in terms of SMD distribution, droplet number distribution and fuel vapor mass flow rate. A baseline test is first established with a spray cone angle of 90° and injection velocity of 3 m/s and jet-A achieves much better vaporization performance than RME due to its higher vapor pressure. To improve the vaporization performance for both fuels, a series of simulations have been done at several different combinations of spray cone angle and injection velocity. At relatively low spray cone angle and injection velocity, the collision effect on the average droplet size and the vaporization performance are very high due to relatively high coalescence rate induced by droplet collisions. Thus, at higher spray cone angle and injection velocity, the results expectedly show improvement in fuel vaporization performance since smaller droplet has a higher vaporization rate. The vaporization performance and the level of homogeneity of fuel–air mixture can be significantly improved when the dispersion level is high, which can be achieved by increasing the spray cone angle and injection velocity.     

直喷式发动机喷雾模型研究进展

雾化是在点火之前喷射燃油与环境因素发生复杂的物理作用的结果。本文从雾化过程喷嘴内流动、射流破裂、油团破裂、油滴蒸发四个阶段着手,在考虑到雾化过程中所伴随的减速、变形、扩散、缸壁油膜形成、油滴之间碰撞以及油滴与缸壁碰撞等物理现象基础上,综合对比了国际上近年来用实验分析方法所建立的各种相应计算模型的特点、应用情况及不足。分析了选择子模型组合并集成在计算模型(KIVA)中对缸内喷射对象的雾化过程模拟的可行性。最后结合计算机技术的发展指出了雾化过程模拟发展趋势。     

Nozzle flow and atomization characteristics of ethanol blended biodiesel fuel

This study was conducted to investigate the injection and atomization characteristics of biodiesel–ethanol blended fuel. The injection performance of biodiesel–ethanol blended fuel was analyzed from the injection rate characteristics using the injection rate measuring system, and the effective injection velocity and effective spray diameter using the nozzle flow model. Moreover, the atomization characteristics, such as local and overall SMD distributions, overall axial velocity and droplet arrival time were analyzed and compared with these from diesel and biodiesel fuels to obtain the atomization characteristics of biodiesel–ethanol blended fuel.It was revealed that ethanol fuel affects the decrease of the peak injection rate and the shortening of the injection delay due to the decrease of fuel properties, such as fuel density and dynamic viscosity. In addition, the ethanol addition improved the atomization performance of biodiesel fuel, because the ethanol blended fuel has a low kinematic viscosity and surface tension, then that has more active interaction with the ambient gas, compared to BD100.     

乙醇汽油沉积物生成与喷雾特性试验研究

为研究乙醇汽油在缸内直喷汽油机中的积碳生成问题及喷雾特性,选取5孔直喷喷嘴为研究对象,通过试验模拟缸内积碳生成环境,制备得到积碳喷油器。基于高速摄像技术和定容弹,对未积碳喷油器和积碳喷油器进行喷雾试验,得到5孔直喷喷嘴的喷雾图像,利用MATLAB程序对喷雾图像进行可视化处理。针对喷雾中可能出现的闪急沸腾现象,研究燃料温度与背景压力对乙醇汽油喷雾闪沸的影响,结果表明:乙醇汽油的使用会加重直喷喷嘴的积碳问题,导致喷嘴的喷油量减小,雾化质量恶化。     

Macroscopic spray behavior and atomization characteristics of refrigerant R22 injection under increased ambient pressure

In this study, we investigate the spray behavior and atomization characteristics of refrigerant R22 injection in a high pressure chamber under various ambient pressures using a spray visualization system and image processing. In order to observe the spray behavior of R22, the spray images were analyzed in time series after the start of injection. From the spray images, spray characteristics such as the spray tip penetration, cone angle and spray area were investigated by using the contour map of the light intensity levels. The results showed that the ambient pressure significantly affected the spray characteristics of the refrigerant. The spray tip penetration velocity was the highest at the ambient pressure of 500 kPa. When the ambient pressure was lower than 500 kPa, the vaporization of the refrigerant determined the spray and atomization characteristics; however, when ambient pressure was higher than 500 kPa, the surface tension and viscosity of the refrigerant and the density of ambient gas affected the spray behavior and atomization characteristics. Furthermore, the injection stream of the refrigerant was compared with the injection stream of water at the ambient pressure of 1500 kPa.     

Spray characteristics and controlling mechanism of fuel containing CO2

This paper presents studies of spray characteristics and controlling mechanism of fuel containing CO₂. Using diesel fuel containing CO₂ gas, experiments were conducted on diesel hole-type nozzles and simple nozzles. The steady spray and transient spray characteristics were observed and measured by instantaneous shadowgraphy, high-speed photography, phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) and LDSA respectively. The effects of CO₂ concentration in the fuel, the injection pressure, the nozzle L/D ratio, surrounding gas pressure and temperature on the atomization behavior and spray pattern were evaluated. The results show that the injection of fuel containing CO₂ can greatly improve the atomization and produce a parabolic-shaped spray; and the CO₂ gas concentration, surrounding gas pressure, temperature and nozzle configuration have dominant influences on spray characteristics of the fuel containing CO₂. New insight into the controlling mechanism of atomization of the fuel containing CO₂ was provided.     

Experimental investigation concerning the influence of fuel type and properties on the injection and atomization of liquid biofuels in an optical combustion chamber

Due to the scarcity of fossil fuels and the future stringent emission limits, there is an increasing interest for the use of renewable biofuels in compression ignition engines. However, these fuels have different physical, chemical and thermodynamic properties affecting atomization, spray development and combustion processes. The results reported in this paper have been obtained by experimentation with a constant volume combustion chamber. The influences of physical fuel properties on injections under non-evaporating conditions are studied, using a pump-line-nozzle system from a medium speed diesel engine with injection pressures up to 1200 bar, by changing the fuel type and temperature. Experiments were conducted for diesel, biodiesel, straight vegetable oils and animal fats. Injection pressure and needle lift measurements were analyzed. A high speed camera was used to visualize the spray, which enabled us to study the spray penetration and spray angle. Our results show that the fuel temperature is an important parameter to control because it significantly affects the fuel properties. Both the injection timing and injection duration are affected by the fuel properties. The influences of these properties on the spray development were less pronounced. At low temperatures, a strongly deteriorated atomization of oils and fats was observed.