Pressurised electro-osmotic dewatering of activated and anaerobically digested sludges: electrical variables analysis

Pressurised electro-osmotic dewatering (PEOD) of two sewage sludges (activated and anaerobically digested) was studied under constant electric current (C.C.) and constant voltage (C.V.) with a laboratory chamber simulating closely an industrial filter. The influence of sludge characteristics, process parameters, and electrode/filter cloth position was investigated. The next parameters were tested: 40 and 80 A/m², 20, 30, and 50 V—for digested sludge dewatering; and 20, 40 and 80 A/m², 20, 30, and 50 V—for activated sludge dewatering. Effects of filter cloth electric resistance and initial cake thickness were also investigated.The application of PEOD provides a gain of 12 points of dry solids content for the digested sludge (47.0% w/w) and for the activated sludge (31.7% w/w). In PEOD processed at C.C. or at C.V., the dewatering flow rate was similar for the same electric field intensity. In C.C. mode, both the electric resistance of cake and voltage increase, causing a temperature rise by ohmic effect. In C.V. mode, a current intensity peak was observed in the earlier dewatering period. Applying at first a constant current and later on a constant voltage, permitted to have better control of ohmic heating effect. The dewatering rate was not significantly affected by the presence of filter cloth on electrodes, but the use of a thin filter cloth reduced remarkably the energy consumption compared to a thicker one: 69% of reduction energy input at 45% w/w of dry solids content. The reduction of the initial cake thickness is advantageous to increase the final dry solids content.     

土壤重金属离子污染

介绍了土壤污染的含义,针对土壤重金属离子的污染性状,探讨了重金属离子环境污染的标准,最后提出了相应的防治措施,指出控制进入土壤中污染物的数量和速度,使其在土体中缓慢地自然降解是防止污染的根本措施.     

Inactivation assays of enteroviruses and salmonella in fresh and digested wastewater sludges by pasteurization

Thermal inactivation tests by pasteurization of poliovirus 1, Coxsackievirus B3 and S. paratyphi B in suspension in fresh sludges (primary plus activated sludges) and in digested sludges have been performed. A thermal treatment of the sludges comprises a heating up period from 6–15°C to 80°C in less than 10 min followed by a plateau period at 80°C for 10 min and can be considered as giving a relatively thorough inactivation of the pathogenic germs, evidently reducing the infection risk of the sludges. These cannot however be considered as being entirely sterile (sporulated germs).     

Effect of total solids on fecal coliform regrowth in anaerobically digested biosolids

Fecal coliform (FC) concentrations in anaerobically digested biosolids can increase during centrifugal dewatering and afterwards in storage of dewatered cake. The immediate increase after centrifugation (reactivation) has been demonstrated to be the revitalization of fecal coliforms that had become non-culturable. The increase during storage (regrowth) has been regarded as a subsequence of reactivated bacteria growing in a favorable environment. In this paper, however, regrowth is demonstrated without preceding reactivation, using intensive laboratory centrifugation to duplicate the levels of regrowth seen in full-scale centrifugation. Higher total solids (TS) levels of the dewatered biosolids lead to greater magnitudes of FC increase. The final TS level appears much more important than the level of shear imposed during centrifugation, based on comparison of different centrifugation/dilution procedures used to obtain similar TS levels. The greater TS levels also reduce methane production, suggesting that methanogens compete with, or inhibit, the fecal coliforms. The addition of bromoethanesulfonate as a methanogen-specific inhibitor decreased the production of methane gas, and also increased the number of fecal coliforms.     

Phosphorus recovery from digested sewage sludge as MAP by the help of metal ion separation

This study was designed to solve metal ion influence problem on phosphorus recovery from digested sewage sludge as MAP. The experimental steps were proceeded to maximize MAP production and its quality. Used experimental steps were:

(a)

Acidic dissolution of phosphorus,

(b)

Removal of metal ions from phosphorus rich water phase,

(c)

Recovery of phosphorus as MAP,

(d)

Separation of MAP.

All digested sewage sludge samples were taken from Stuttgart University sewage treatment plant for research and education (LFKW). Four different forms of LFKW digested sewage sludge were used as feeding sample. These were: original digested sludge, diluted digested sludge, centrifuged digested sludge and incinerated digested sludge.A Donnan membrane unit having a Nafion 117 (DuPont) cation exchange membrane was used to remove metal ions from the samples used. Highest metal ion removal efficiencies, which were 98%, 97%, and 80% for Al, Ca and Fe ions, respectively, were obtained from incinerated digested sludge run.Incinerated digested sludge run was used as preliminary step for MAP production and high quality MAP was produced. Produced MAP fulfils all requirements related with Düngemittelverordnung 2003 and it could be used as a fertilizer in Germany.     

Reactivation and growth of non-culturable indicator bacteria in anaerobically digested biosolids after centrifuge dewatering

Recent literature has reported that high concentrations of indicator bacteria such as fecal coliforms (FCs) were measured in anaerobically digested sludges immediately after dewatering even though low concentrations were measured prior to dewatering. This research hypothesized that the indicator bacteria can enter a non-culturable state during digestion, and are reactivated during centrifuge dewatering. Reactivation is defined as restoration of culturability. To examine this hypothesis, a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method was developed to enumerate Escherichia coli, a member of the FC group, during different phases of digestion and dewatering. For thermophilic digestion, the density of E. coli measured by qPCR could be five orders of magnitude greater than the density measured by standard culturing methods (SCMs), which is indicative of non-culturable bacteria. For mesophilic digestion, qPCR enumerated up to about one order of magnitude more E. coli than the SCMs. After centrifuge dewatering, the non-culturable organisms could be reactivated such that they are enumerated by SCMs, and the conditions in the cake allowed rapid growth of FCs and E. coli during cake storage.     

Influence of saliva medium on freeing heavy metal ion from fixed dentures

In dental-prosthetic practice, various kinds of fixed dentures, crowns and bridges, have very often been used in order to replace natural teeth and to respond to all health and esthetic needs. This study investigated the effect of saliva medium on migration of ions of heavy metals from fixed dentures that were fixed with various cements. Also, the influence of saliva medium on natural human teeth was observed. Potentiometric stripping analysis was used in order to determine the content of toxic heavy metals in the examined samples. The study confirmed that synthetic saliva had no significant influence on heavy metal ion migration from the natural teeth, whereas slight migration of some observed toxic heavy metal ions from the fixed dentures was present. This, however, indicates that these contents, although very low, must be taken seriously, because the above mentioned metals have cumulative effect which after some period of time may lead to functional disorders of some organs, and even to some very serious diseases.     

The chemistry of heavy metals in digested sewage sludge—II. Heavy metal complexation with soluble organic matter

Characterisitcs of copper-binding, in the soluble fraction of a digested sewage sludge, were determined using ion-selective electrodes. Results showed that ion exchange with protons is a principal component in copper binding and that the soluble organic matter has a cation exchange capacity of 8.86 m-equiv g⁻¹ at pH 6.5. A pH-dependent exchange constant, defined in terms of mole fractions of exchange components, describes the data in the pH range 2–8 and is independent of both pH and the extent of exchange in the range 5.5–8. Supplementary data include acid/base titration curves and simple kinetic measurements. Anion uptake is insignificant in the pH range 2.5–7. A model of the aqueous phase of a sewage sludge, containing soluble organic matter with only copper and protons as competing ions, predicts that at pH 7 over 99% of the copper present will be bound to the soluble organic matter.     

DNA extraction and Escherichia coli quantification of anaerobically digested biosolids using the competitive touchdown PCR method

Accurate enumeration of indicator organisms such as Escherichia coli is important for assessing the safety of water and wastewater samples. Recent research has shown that E. coli can enter a viable but non-culturable state; therefore, traditional cultivation methods could potentially underestimate the quantities of the organisms. The goals of the research were to develop and verify a DNA extraction protocol and a quantitative polymerase chained reaction (PCR) method for E. coli enumeration in digested biosolids. A solvent-based DNA extraction protocol with extensive cell lysis recovered approximately 78-84% of spiked DNA. In comparison, a commercial kit only recovered 28-42% of DNA, likely from inefficient cell lysis. The developed competitive touchdown PCR (cPCR) method for E. coli enumeration was comparable to both real-time PCR (rt-PCR) and cultivation methods with sensitivity of approximately 50,000-500,000 E. coli per gram dry solids (DS), which is suitable for Class B biosolids monitoring in the US and "conventional" biosolids in the European Union. The cPCR protocol provides a less expensive alternative than the rt-PCR as a culturing independent method for enumerating E. coli.     

The effect of pH on the heat treatment of sewage sludges

Experiments are described which show the effect of pH on the solubilization and specific resistance of sludges conditioned by heat treatment. The pH was varied by the addition of sulphuric acid or potassium hydroxide or sulphurous acid. The effect of sulphurous acid on the amount of colour produced is also shown. The pH was found to have a marked effect both on solubilization and specific resistance. A relationship was found between solubilization of sludge and specific resistance value within the pH range of 2–9.The effect of pH on the solubilization of certain metals was also studied and it is hoped to produce the results in a later paper.     

The effect of inoculum on the performance of sulfate-reducing columns treating heavy metal contaminated water

Sulfate-reducing permeable reactive zones (SR-PRZs) are a passive means of immobilizing metals and neutralizing the pH of mine drainage through microbially mediated reactions. In this bench-scale study, the influence of inoculum on the performance of columns simulating SR-PRZs was investigated using chemical and biomolecular analyses. Columns inoculated from two sources (bovine dairy manure (DM) and a previous sulfate-reducing column (SRC)) and uninoculated columns (U) were fed a simulated mine drainage and compared on the basis of pH neutralization and removal of cadmium, zinc, iron, and sulfate. Cadmium, zinc, and sulfate removal was significantly higher in SRC columns than in the DM and U columns, while there was no significant difference between the DM and U columns. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis revealed differences in the microbial community composition among columns with different inocula, and indicated that the microbial community in the SRC columns was the first to reach a pseudo-steady state. In the SRC columns, a higher proportion of the DGGE band DNA sequences were related to microorganisms that carry out cellulose degradation, the rate-limiting step in SR-PRZ energy flow, than was the case in the other columns. The proportion of sulfate-reducing bacteria of the genus Desulfobacterium was monitored using real-time quantitative PCR and was observed to be consistently higher in the SRC columns. The results of this study suggest that the inoculum plays an important role in SR-PRZ performance. This is the first report providing a detailed analysis of the effect of different microbial inocula on the remediation of acid mine drainage.     

Strategies for the recovery of nutrients and metals from anaerobically digested dairy farm sludge using cross-flow microfiltration

This work reports on the recovery of nutrients and metals from anaerobically digested manure sludge using a pilot scale microfiltration membrane system. Soluble nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and metals are valuable commodities which exist in high concentration in anaerobically digested manure sludge. The typical disposal of sludge on farmland can cause serious harm to the ecosystem due to eutrophication. The recovery of these materials in clarified solutions represents an added value product and a less contaminated sludge that is environmentally less hazardous.     

Seasonal and time variability of heavy metal content and of its chemical forms in sewage sludges from different wastewater treatment plants

Sewage sludges obtained from seven wastewater treatment plants from the province of Salamanca, Spain, were periodically sampled to determine seasonal and time variation of their elemental composition over 2000 to 2002. The aim of this paper was to provide additional insight to evaluate the potential environmental impact following soil incorporation of these materials as amendments. Aqua regia extractable metals (pseudo total content) of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined and furthermore, the main chemical forms of metals within the sludge were evaluated using a five-step fractionation procedure. All the studied sludges displayed high fertility properties due to their richness of OC, P and K. Total mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the sludges were within the regulation of the Spanish legislation. Using an multifactor analysis of variance, significant differences between Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn pseudo total contents (p<0.01) of sludges at different sites were found while the Cd content was statistically similar. Also significant differences were found between these pseudo total contents of heavy metals in samples collected along the time after three years (0.001相似文献   

The influence of surfactants on the adsorption of heavy metal ions by clays

The effect of a range of commercially available, water soluble surfactants on the uptake of Cu, Zn, Cd or Pb ions by three types of clay (kaolinite, illite and a montmorillonite) over the pH range 3–10 has been investigated. Charged surfactants influenced the phase distribution process when present at low concentrations (<0.005% w/v) but much higher levels of non-ionic species (> 0.1% w/v) were required to produce observable effects. The cationic surfactants reduced metal ion uptake by montmorillonite suspensions by competing for surface sites, but with illite and kaolinite the added organic cations had much smaller effects on the equilibrium position. The addition of anionic surfactants led to increased metal loss from solution, particularly in the presence of an alkyl benzene sulphonate. It is considered that the controlling process in this case was precipitation of sparingly soluble metal-surfactant species. The effect of the non-ionic organics (all ethoxylates) varied with the type of clay involved and the metal ion studied. The concentrations used were of the order required for micelle formation, and it is considered that the micelles became involved in the metal ion distribution process. With montmorillonite suspensions, the presence of surfactant reduced the amount of metal ion sorbed by the solid, but with kaolinite and illite evidence of a reduction in adsorption site availability was apparent in only a few of the systems examined. Of the remainder, many had no effect but twice this number caused some enhanced loss of metal ion from solution. Few of the added surface active agents significantly influenced the pH at which the metal ions precipitated as hydroxy species. The implication of the results on metal ion levels in natural waters has been considered.     

络合滴定中金属离子浓度对滴定曲线的影响

讨论了络合滴定中金属离子浓度对滴定曲线突跃范围的影响，论证了当被测金属离子浓度与EDTA浓度不同时，金属离子起始浓度越大，突跃范围越小，从而进一步影响滴定终点的判断及分析结构的准确度。     

The effect of trace organics on the inhibition of gas production by anaerobic sludges: Batch studies

Gallic acid was used as a model inhibitor in a series of batch trials examining the anaerobic digestion of a substrate based on starch (1 g/l). Simple organic compounds were also added in trace (5 mg/l) quantities. The inhibition of digestion efficiency was assessed in terms of biogas production and gas composition. Some of the trace organics, specifically glucose and glycine, behaved antagonistically to the inhibitory effects of the gallic acid. The effect was quantified in terms of an activity term, based on the methane volumes produced. For glucose, its value was 56% and for glycine it was 38%. Altering the amounts of glucose did change the extent of the antagonism. In practical terms, the most effective concentration would be between 8 and 10 mg/l.     

Effect of redox potential on heavy metal binding forms in polluted canal sediments in Delft (The Netherlands)

Heavy metal binding forms for Cu, Zn and Pb were determined at four representative sediment sites in the canals of Delft (The Netherlands), using selective chemical extraction methods. Small differences (on average <5%) were found between duplicate extraction experiments. The dominant Cu binding form was always related to sulphide and organics in the sediment. Zn was mainly bound to iron+manganese (hydr)oxides, whereas Pb was rather evenly distributed over the different labile and non-labile binding fractions. A gradual (over about 1 month) increase in redox potentials of the anaerobic sediments led to a 7-37% sediment release of the above heavy metals; this could mainly be ascribed to oxidation of the heavy metal-sulphide bindings. Part of the released heavy metals was re-adsorbed by the labile binding phases (exchangeable and carbonate bound). Contrary to expectations, we found a decrease rather than an increase in the Fe+Mn (hydr)oxide binding forms. This can probably be ascribed to non-equilibrium reactions in the time span of the experiments, as well as side reactions such as complexation with humic acids and hindered precipitation reactions due to organic matter coatings.     

一株纯菌株去除重金属离子Zn~(2+)的动力学研究

在国内外现有研究成果基础上,从污水厂厌氧池污泥中分离纯化出一株脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibrio sp)进行了试验研究,通过分析该菌株对Zn2+的耐受程度,去除锌离子的动力学变化,结合XRD图谱得出:该菌株能将硫酸盐还原成硫离子,并且能与体系中的锌离子生成沉淀物硫锌化合物。