国产LaCl3:Ce探测器裂变γ能区多能量点灵敏度测量

应用⁶⁰Co强γ源进行康普顿散射,再结合0.67 MeV（¹³⁷Cs源）和1.25 MeV（⁶⁰Co源）标准γ源,获得裂变γ能区多种能量γ辐射。以国产掺铈氯化镧（LaCl₃:Ce）闪烁晶体样品配光电倍增管构成快响应闪烁探测器,在这些γ能量下对LaCl₃:Ce探测器灵敏度进行了测量。测量结果表明：以LaCl₃:Ce对0.67 MeV γ的灵敏度为归一基准,LaCl₃:Ce对1.25 MeV γ的灵敏度约为1.28;对尺寸为f40 mm×2 mm的LaCl₃:Ce,能量在0.39～0.78 MeV之间对应的灵敏度最大为1.18,最小为0.96;对尺寸为f40 mm×10 mm的LaCl₃:Ce,最大为1.06,最小为0.98。本测量数据可为理论计算LaCl₃:Ce能量响应定标、校正提供测量数据参考,为获得裂变γ能区LaCl₃:Ce探测器综合灵敏度提供实验数据依据。     

Estimation of Neutron Yield from Individual Fragment in Medium-Excitation Fission

A method of calculation is described to estimate the average number of neutrons emitted per fragment in medium-excitation fission from published experimental data on neutron emission in thermal-neutron induced fission, average total kinetic energy as a function of fragment mass and mass yield in low- and medium-excitation fission reactions. Use is made of a relation of fragment excitation energy with internal excitation and deformation energies, and the difference in kinetic energy between the fission reactions at two-excitation energies. A tentative calculation is made for the fission of ²³⁸U induced by 12 MeV protons. The results are in good agreement with experimental data.

The method developed in the present work may make it possible to predict the average number of neutrons emitted from individual fragment in medium-excitation fission which has not yet been measured experimentally.     

Multi-parametric Measurement of Prompt Neutrons and Fission Fragments for 233U(n th,f)

The multiplicity and the energy of prompt neutrons from the fragments for ²³³U(n _th, f)were measured as functions of fragment mass and total kinetic energy. Average neutron energy against the fragment mass showed a nearly symmetric distribution about the half mass division with two valleys at 98 and 145 U. This shape formed a contrast with a saw-tooth distribution of the average neutron multiplicity. It indicates that the shell-effects, which are pronounced for the fragments having the proton number or neutron number close to the magic-number of 50 or 82, affected the neutron emission process. The slope of the neutron multiplicity with total kinetic energy depended on the fragment mass and showed the minimum at about 130 U. The obtained neutron data were applied to determine the total excitation energy of the system, and the resulting value in the typical asymmetric fission lied between 22 and 25 MeV. The excitation energy agreed with that determined by subtracting the total kinetic energy from the Q-value within 1MeV, thus satisfied the energy conservation. In the symmetric fission, where the mass yield was drastically suppressed, the total excitation energy is significantly large and reaches to about 40MeV: suggesting that fragment pairs are preferentially formed in a compact configuration at the scission point.     

Anisotropy of Scintillation Response of Anthracene to Neutron Generated Recoil Protons and Carbon Ions

The directional anisotropy in the scintillation response of an anthracene crystal to heavy charged particles was investigated. Energetic carbon and hydrogen ions were produced internally by scattering fast neutrons from the constituent nuclei. By use of a two detector coincidence system, the scintillations due to monoenergetic ions recoiling in a particular direction were selected and analyzed. The energies of the ions ranged from 2 to 3.5 MeV for the carbon recoils and from .9 to 7.3 MeV for the hydrogen recoils. Even though there was a wide variation in the average specific energy loss of the heavy charged particles considered, the magnitude of the anisotropy only varied between 39% for the carbon recoils and 20% for the 7.3 MeV hydrogen recoils. The measured hydrogen ion response in a particular direction as a function of energy was found to be approximately described by the formula suggested by Birks, dL/dE = (1 + kBdE/dx)-1, with kB being directionally dependent. The directional carbon ion response appeared to be a linear function of energy over the energy range investigated.     

Transient Response of Surface Barrier Detectors as a Function of Fission Fragment Energy

The transient response of silicon surface barrier detectors to fission fragments of Cf252 was observed over a range of incident fragment energies from 13.6 to 90 MeV. From these observations the effect of the plasma formed by the incident particle on the charge collection time was determined. The time to disperse the plasma, tp, was calculated as a function of incident particle energy, Eo, and applied field, E. It was found that tp ? Eo1/m where 2 ? m ? 3 and tp ? E-1. A simple model gave reasonable agreement with the experiments and indicated that the plasma is dispersed by field-enhanced diffusion.     

闪烁薄膜探测器X/γ射线能量响应研究

为准确评估闪烁薄膜探测器(OSFD)在脉冲裂变中子参数测量中γ射线对测量结果的影响,利用Geant4程序对闪烁薄膜探测器的X（或γ）射线响应进行模拟,结合半经验电子发光效率曲线,获得探测器能量响应理论曲线,利用662 keV和1.25 MeV的单能γ射线源,以及窄谱剂量标准的48~208 keV准单能X射线能点对探测器响应进行刻度。本研究结果为闪烁薄膜探测器结构的改进,以及探测器在宽能谱脉冲X射线场测量中的应用提供了重要依据。     

氘化闪烁体的光响应

在迴旋加速器上利用D(d,n)~3He反应和~9Be(d,n)~(10)B反应产生的中子,采用双参数方法测量NE-230和NE-232氘化闪烁体对氘以及国产的ST-451闪烁体对质子的光响应曲线,所测的实验值用二次多项式拟合。对其它性能也作了相对比较。     

Experimental determination of photofission cross-sections of Th using electron accelerator

Photofission cross-section of ²³²Th was measured using Bremsstrahlung radiation energy 7.4–9.2 MeV with energy step of 0.3 MeV by employing Lexan polycarbonate film as Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTD). The photon intensity from the Microtron accelerator facility was estimated to be 10¹⁰ photons/s at a distance of 15 cm from the Bremsstrahlung converter using EGS-4 code (Nelson et al., 1985). Photofission cross-sections were evaluated using fission fragment angular distribution measurements. The present experimental results were compared with EMPIRE-2.19 (Herman et al., 2005) code prediction of RIPL-1 and RIPL-2 ( and ) and a new analytical formula (Gupta and Saxena, 2005) for fission barrier.     

Distribution of specific ionization along a track as a function of the initial energy of U235 fission fragments

By means of a telescope consisting of 11 pulse ionization chambers and a two-dimensional pulse height analyzer, measurements were made of the distribution of specific ionization energy loss along a track as a function of the initial energy of fission fragments. Studies were made of U²³⁵ fission fragments produced by thermal neutrons in the initial energy ranges 78–115.5 MeV (light fragments) and 34–88 MeV (heavy fragments). The data obtained made it possible to discover the dependence of specific ionization on fission fragment velocity. Those relationsMps indicated some differences in the nature of ionization energy losses for light and heavy fragments.Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 244–250, September, 1965     

Evaluation of Neutron Nuclear Data for Uranium-233

Neutron nuclear data of ²³³U have been evaluated in the energy range from 10-⁵ eV to 20 MeV. Evaluated quantities are the total, fission, capture, elastic and inelastic scattering, (n,2n) and (n,3n) reaction cross sections, and the average numbers of prompt and delayed neutrons emitted per fission. The thermal and resonance cross sections have been evaluated on the basis of the measured data. The resolved resonance parameters are given up to 100 eV and the unresolved resonance parameters between 100 eV and 30keV. The total and fission cross sections have been evaluated in the higher energy region on the basis of the recently measured data, while the theoretical calculation with the optical, statistical and evaporation models has been used for evaluation of the other cross sections. The presently adopted optical potential parameters have reproduced well the experimental total cross section in the entire energy range as well as the measured data of the s-wave strength function. The structure observed in the vp values below 1 MeV is reproduced by the semi-empirical formula based on the fission fragment kinematics. The presently evaluated fission cross section is considerably lower than that of ENDF/B-IV between 10 and 50keV. This low fission cross section is expected to resolve the ^Keff discrepancy pointed out from the benchmark tests in ²³³U critical assemblies.     

宏观-微观模型和朗之万方法在低能核裂变研究中的应用

基于三维朗之万模型对低能核裂变动力学过程和断点构型进行了研究,其中位能曲面采用基于双中心壳模型和有限程液滴模型的宏观 微观模型计算得到,质量张量和黏滞张量分别采用Werner Wheeler方法和墙加窗一体模型得到。以14 MeV中子诱发235U裂变为例,分别研究了拉长形变空间和壳衰减因子对裂变碎片质量分布、总动能分布及断点处核拉长与质量非对称度关联的影响,确定了模型计算中拉长形变空间边界至少应为35R0（R0为球形核半径）,以及壳衰减因子的合理取值为60 MeV。基于该模型,计算得到了14 MeV中子诱发233,235U裂变碎片质量分布,与ENDF/B Ⅷ0评价数据符合较好,说明该模型具有定量计算裂变碎片质量分布的能力。     

Passage of fission fragments through thin film plastic scintillators

The slowing down of fission fragments from the spontaneous fission of ²⁵²Cf has been studied in the self-supporting thin films of plastic scintillator NE 102A, using a surface barrier detector. The measured residual energies and hence the energy losses of the mean light and heavy fragments after passing through the thin films of thickness ranging from ～-100 to 1200 μg/cm² of NE 102A are reported. These measurements were carried down to 20.0 MeV and ～- 14.0 MeV for light and heavy fragments respectively. The shape spectrum parameters from the slowed spectra are determined. The measured energy straggling parameters obtained from these spectra show a maximum around 300 μg/cm² of NE 102A and the energy bunching effect due to fission fragments is observed in thicker plastic scintillator films (>300 μg/cm²). The stopping power obtained from these measurements is compared with the theoretical predictions.     

Fission fragment anisotropy for the Am fission isomer by spin exchange pumping with polarized rubidium vapour

The foundations of an experiment have been worked out with which, in principle, the spin, hyperfine constants and the isomer shift of the 14 ms fission isomer ^242mAm can be measured. Such an experiment would be based on the fission fragment anisotropy signal which has actually been observed in this work after spin exchange pumping with polarized rubidium vapour in an optical buffer gas cell. A decrease of the count rate of (12±4)% has been measured at 90% with respect to the quantization axis. From this result it is concluded that the nuclear spin of the ^242mAm fission isomer must be larger than 1. The low-energy fission isomers originating from the ²⁴²Pu(d, 2n)^242mAm reaction have been post-accelerated with the aid of a 6 cm long 100 kV electrostatic accelerator unit in order to implant them through a 0.4 μm thick entrance window into the optical buffer gas cell. A neutralization efficiency of 13% of the americium fission isomers with an energy of about 1 MeV has been determined experimentally.     

238U裂变电离室测量25.5MeV中子注量率

在飞行时间谱仪测量中子能谱的基础上,利用²³⁸U裂变电离室测量了中国原子能科学研究院HI-13串列加速器产生的25.5MeV中子注量率。为验证该裂变电离室测量快中子注量率的可靠性,在中国原子能科学研究院5SDH-2串列加速器上,利用该电离室和伴随α粒子装置同时测量14.8MeV中子注量率,结果在不确定度范围内一致。     

热中子诱发239Pu裂变初级裂变产物质量分布测量

原子核裂变是最复杂的物理过程之一,至今仍缺乏可以统一描述裂变前和裂变后过程的理论。中子诱发239Pu裂变产额数据是重要的核数据,完整的初级裂变产物质量分布数据有助于完善裂变理论模型并提高产额评价数据的质量。本文研制了初级裂变产物鉴别谱仪（FFIS）,通过屏栅电离室和微通道板时间探测器分别测量裂变碎片的动能和飞行时间,基于动能 速度关联的方法直接获得碎片放中子后的质量分布,在BNCT医院中子照射器（IHNI 1）上开展了热中子诱发239Pu裂变初级裂变产物的质量分布测量。测量结果表明,对轻峰碎片质量分辨约为1 amu,对重峰碎片质量分辨约为15 amu。239Pu(nth,f)初级裂变产物质量分布的精确测量可为裂变产额理论计算和评价提供重要的实验数据。     

Evaluation of Effective Energy Deposition in Test Fuel during Power Burst Experiment in NSRR

In an inpile experiment to study the fuel behavior under reactivity-initiated accident conditions, it is of great importance to understand the time-dependent characteristics of the energy deposited in the test fuel by burst power. The evaluation of the time-dependent energy deposition requires the knowledge of the fission rates and energy deposition per fission in the test fuel, both as a function of time. In the present work, the authors attempted to evaluate the relative fission rate change in the test fuel subjected to the power burst testing in the NSRR through the measurements and analyses of the fission power changes in the NSRR. Utilizing a micro fission chamber and a conventional larger fission chamber, they successfully measured the reactor fission power change ranging over a dozen of decades in magnitude and a thousand seconds in time. The measured power transient agreed quite well with calculated results. In addition, the time-dependent energy deposition per fission in the test fuel including the energy contribution from the driver core was analytically evaluated. The analyses indicate that the energy of about 175 MeV/fission is promptly deposited in the test fuel and that the additional energy of about 11 MeV is deposited afterwards. Finally the fractions of energy deposited in the test fuel until various times after power burst were determined by coupling the time-dependent relative fiissions and energy deposition per fission in the test fuel. The prompt energy deposition ranges from about 50 to 80% of the total energy deposition for the reactivity insertion between 1.5 and 4.7$, and the remaining is the delayed energy deposition.     

γ射线闪烁体探测器响应函数模型研究

建立了一种可用于γ射线能谱分析的CsI(Tl)闪烁体探测器响应函数(DRF)模型,并对0.05~1.5 MeVγ射线能谱进行了拟合。描述γ射线能谱特征的每个函数均是基于对射线作用机制的分析,采用权重最小二乘法实现了22 Na、60 Co、137 Cs、238Pu实验能谱的拟合,并同时得到了函数中与射线能量相关的非线性参数。最后利用该DRF模型对CsI(Tl)探测器测量152 Eu源的γ射线能谱进行了拟合,结果表明,此DRF模型可较好地应用于γ射线能谱的分析。     

Energy response and reaction losses in plastic scintillators

The energy dependence of the scintillation response (light output) of plastic scintillator BC400 has been investigated for protons in the energy region of 60 to 220 MeV. In this region the scintillation exhibits a linear response, as well as a noticeable difference in the light output between stopping and passing-through (transmission) protons. A comparison between our results and theoretical calculations is presented. Losses due to edge effects have been separated from losses due to the bona-fide reaction of protons in the scintillator with the aid of multi wire proportional chamber (MWPC) trajectory information. The number of events associated with reaction losses was found to range from 10% to 25% of the total number of events, depending on the incident proton kinetic energy.     

基于信赖域算法的中子解谱方法研究

提出了一种新的基于信赖域算法的中子能谱求解方法。使用O5S软件仿真了能量范围为0.25～16 MeV、能量间隔为0.25 MeV的BC501A液体闪烁体探测器响应函数。利用该响应函数仿真验证了入射中子能谱分别为单峰和多峰情况下算法的解谱效果,并通过D-T单能中子源、^{241Am-Be和252Cf连续中子源对解谱方法进行了实验验证。结果表明,使用信赖域算法求得的能谱与参考谱线具有较好的一致性,初步验证了解谱方法的有效性。}     

用薄膜~(252)Cf源测定ST451快中子探测器的相对效率

本文叙述了用飞行时间测量~(262)Cf瞬发裂变中子能谱来刻度ST 451探测器的快中子相对效率响应的方法。在飞行时间谱仪中,一个流气式的微型电离室作为裂变碎块的探测器。文中给出了对实验数据的处理和修正的过程。得到了阈值分别为0.420、0.625、0.825、1.168、1.565和1.882MeV中子能量从几百keV到10MeV范围内的相对探测效率。实验结果与用Monte Carlo方法计算的效率作了比较。