EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF OVERLAND FLOW WITH GEOCELL

The hydrodynamic characteristics of the overland flow with a geocell slope are different from those of traditional flows because of its special structure. In this paper,a hydraulic flume with different slope gradients is used to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of the overland flow with geocell. The differences of flow characteristics between the overland flow with the geocell slope and the traditional flows are studied, and the hydrodynamic characteristics are obtained, including the flow pattern, the flow velocity and the hydraulic friction factor for the slope flow with geocell under different flow rates and slope gradients. The results show that there is a positive power function relationship between the rill depth of the slope surface (h) and the drag coefficient of the Darcy Weisbach (f).There is a positive logarithmic function relationship between the drag coefficient f and the Reynolds number Red,and there is a negative power function relationship between the drag coefficient f and the Froude number Fr.     

The experimental study of hydrodynamic characteristics of the overland flow on a slope with three-dimensional Geomat

The hydrodynamic characteristics of the overland flow on a slope with a three-dimensional Geomat are studied for different rainfall intensities and slope gradients. The rainfall intensity is adjusted in the rainfall simulation system. It is shown that the velocity of the overland flow has a strong positive correlation with the slope length and the rainfall intensity, the scour depth decreases with the increase of the slope gradient for a given rainfall intensity, and the scour depth increases with the increase of the rainfall intensity for a given slope gradient, the overland flow starts with a transitional flow on the top and finishes with a turbulent flow on the bottom on the slope with the three-dimensional Geomat for different rainfall intensities and slope gradients, the resistance coefficient and the turbulent flow Reynolds number are in positively related logarithmic functions, the resistance coefficient and the slope gradient are in positively related power functions, and the trend becomes leveled with the increase of the rainfall intensity. This study provides some important theoretical insight for further studies of the hydrodynamic process of the erosion on the slope surface with a three-dimensional Geomat.     

Relationship between soil surface roughness and hydraulic roughness coefficient on sloping farmland

The soil surface roughness and hydraulic roughness coefficient are important hydraulic resistance characteristic parameters. Precisely estimating the hydraulic roughness coefficient is important to understanding mechanisms of overland flow. Four tillage practices, including cropland raking, artificial hoeing, artificial digging, and straight slopes, were considered based on the local agricultural conditions to simulate different values of soil surface roughness in the Loess Plateau. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the soil surface roughness and hydraulic roughness coefficient on sloping farmland using artificial rainfall simulation. On a slope with a gradient of 10°, a significant logarithmic function was developed between the soil surface roughness and Manning’s roughness coefficient, and an exponential function was derived to describe the relationship between the soil surface roughness and Reynolds number. On the slope with a gradient of 15°, a significant power function was developed to reflect the relationship between the soil surface roughness and Manning’s roughness coefficient, and a linear function was derived to relate the soil surface roughness to the Reynolds number. These findings can provide alternative ways to estimate the hydraulic roughness coefficient for different types of soil surface roughness.     

TWO-PHASE FLOW OF HIGHLY CONCENTRATED SLURRY IN A PIPELINE

Hydraulic transport of sand is one of the key processes in river, lake, harbor and waterway dredging engineering. Understanding the flow resistance, solid distribution, flow stratification, transport economy, etc. , in the twophase flow of sand water mixture through a pipeline is crucial to the design and operation of power drives of a dredger, and to the construction of a dredging project. This paper presents the intensive laboratory experimental data and physical and numerical analyses on the highly concentrated slurry flow under an extended large range of slurry mean velocities for three narrow-graded sands of different sizes. The investigation indicates that the solids concentration and particle size strongly affect the slurry flow characteristics.     

STUDY OF THE FLOW THROUGH NON-SUBMERGED VEGETATION

Vegetation is an important feature of many rivers. Vegetation along rivers produces high resistance to flow and, as a result, has a large impact on water levels in rivers and lakes. The effects of instream-unsubmerged vegetation （such as the reed-similar Kalmus） on flow resistance and velocity distributions is studied in the paper. Artificial vegetation is used in the experimental study to simulate the Acorus Calmus L. As shown in experimental tests the resistance depends strongly on vegetation density and the Manning resistance coefficient varies with the depth of flow. A simplified model based on concepts of drag is developed to evaluate the roughness coefficient （Manning＇s n） for non submerged vegetation. In vegetated channels the overall flow resistance is influenced significantly by the distribution pattern of the vegetated beds. Within vegetation, vertical variation in velocity is different from that in the non vegetated bed, which reflects the variation in vegetation density. Vertical turbulent transport of momentum is negligible as demonstrated by experiments.     

ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT FOR UNSUBMERGED AND SUBMERGED REED

The characteristics of the roughness coefficient are very important for practical application. Some experiments are conducted to study the variation of Manning’s n with flow depth, mean velocity, and density of vegetation,. An assumed velocity distribution to describe the vegetative flow of submerged vegetation is confirmed by experimental results. The measured velocities in this study seem to have little effect on the curve of n ～ h, and a new linear relationship between Manning’s n and flow depths is observed clearly. According to the arguments that the flow resistance of densely unsubmerged vegetation is dominated by the resistance exerted on vegetations, the influence of the density of vegetation on Manning’s n is estimated. On the basis of the velocity distribution, the n～h curve under submerged condition is theoretically obtained from the n～h curve under unsubmerged condition. These results are also well confirmed by experimental results and very significant for practical applications.     

EFFECTS OF WALL ROUGHNESS ON COHERENT STRUCTURE IN TURBULENT SHEAR FLOWS

There are many examples that fluid flows on rough wall, such as channel flowin nature, pipe flow, etc. In order to know the flow structure of real fluids,it is important to study the effects of wall roughness on coherent structure inturbulent shear flows. The experiments were carried out in a square glass channel, which is 600cmlong, with the cross section of 30×25cm~2. The flow velocity was varied from 2to 40 cm/s. Uniform sands whose diameters were 0.0012cm, 0.2gcm, 0.385cm, 0.594cmand 0.896cm respectively were glued to the floor of the channel. The rough Reynoldsnumber Re_Δ= U_*Δ/ν=0.04～73, where U_*is the shear velocity, Δ is the diame-ter of uniform sand, v is the kinematic viscosity coefficient. Hydrogen bubbletechnique for flow visualization and HWL-II hot-film anemometer for velocity mea-surement were used in the experiments.     

EFFECT OF AERATOR ON HYDRAULIC DRAG ACTING ON A CHUTE

The formulae used to calculate the friction in the non-uniform flow chute were examined with the experimental data. and the results show that the accuracy of the formula is enough for engineering applications. A comparison between the results of friction respectively from the uniform flow assumption and the non-uniform flow approximation indicates that the former is an order of magnitude larger than the latter in the case of steep chute. The hydr~3ulic drag on a steep chute with aerators was measured on the hydraulic model directly and the coefficient of the aerator effect on the drag was obtained. The variation patterns of the wall shear just down stream of the aerators were investigated and the mechanism of the increase in the drag by aerator were analyzed qualitatively with the measured water depths just downstream the aerators.     

INFLUENCE OF SURFACTANT ON TWO-PHASE FLOW REGIME AND PRESSURE DROP IN UPWARD INCLINED PIPES

The influence of a surfactant on the two-phase flow regime and the pressure drop in upward inclined pipes is investigated for various gas/liquid flow rates.The air/water and air/100 ppm sodium dodecyl sulphate aqueous solution are used as the working fluids.The influence of the surfactant on the two-phase flow regime in upward inclined pipes is investigated using the electrical tomographic technique.For 0o,2.5o and 5o pipe inclinations,the surfactant has obvious effect on the transition from the stratified wavy flow to the annular flow,and the range of the stratified smooth flow regime is also extended to higher gas velocities.For 10o pipe inclination,no stratified flow regime is observed in the air/water flow.In the air/surfactant solution system,however,the stratified flow regime can be found in the range of and.For all inclination angles,the changes of the pressure gradient characteristics are accompanied with the flow pattern transitions.Adding surfactant in a two-phase flow would reduce the pressure gradient significantly in the slug flow and annular flow regimes.In the annular flow regime,the pressure gradient gradually becomes free of the influence of the upward inclined angle,and is only dependent on the property of the two-phase flow.     

The calculation of mechanical energy loss for incompressible steady pipe flow of homogeneous fluid

The calculation of the mechanical energy loss is one of the fundamental problems in the field of Hydraulics and Engineering Fluid Mechanics. However, for a non-uniform flow the relation between the mechanical energy loss in a volume of fluid and the kinematical and dynamical characteristics of the flow field is not clearly established. In this paper a new mechanical energy equation for the incompressible steady non-uniform pipe flow of homogeneous fluid is derived, which includes the variation of the mean turbulent kinetic energy, and the formula for the calculation of the mechanical energy transformation loss for the non-uniform flow between two cross sections is obtained based on this equation. This formula can be simplified to the Darcy-Weisbach formula for the uniform flow as widely used in Hydraulics. Furthermore, the contributions of the mechanical energy loss relative to the time averaged velocity gradient and the dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy in the turbulent uniform pipe flow are discussed, and the contributions of the mechanical energy loss in the viscous sublayer, the buffer layer and the region above the buffer layer for the turbulent uniform flow are also analyzed.     

侧向水流作用下均匀沙休止角变化的试验研究

散体沙动水休止角是表征沙丘、沙洲等散体沙堆积体稳定形态的重要特征参数,在岸坡稳定分析、坝前冲刷漏斗形态研究中有着广泛的应用。采用室内试验的方法研究了侧向水流作用下不同粒径天然均匀散体沙水下休止角的变化规律。结果表明:在水流流速超过泥沙颗粒起动流速后,天然散体沙水下休止角随流速增大而减小,且减小的速度随着流速的进一步增加而更加迅速;相同流速条件下,粗颗粒泥沙的水下休止角大于细颗粒,其对流速变化的敏感度也低于细颗粒。基于侧向水流边坡上泥沙颗粒的受力分析,引入相对流速概念,初步建立了侧向水流作用下均匀散体沙动水休止角计算公式及其简化形式。     

坡面流阻力研究进展

坡面流阻力的研究对了解坡面流水流特性、汇流过程、土壤侵蚀和坡面产沙机理都非常重要。本文分5个方面总结了坡面流阻力研究的最新进展:(1)坡面流阻力系数与雷诺数的关系;(2)光滑床面上的坡面水流阻力;(3)粗糙床面上的坡面水流阻力;(4)降雨对坡面流阻力影响的研究;(5)坡面流阻力的计算模型。综合前人研究发现,阻力系数与雷诺数在不同的条件下呈正相关或负相关关系;用叠加法计算不同条件下的坡面流阻力有其合理的一面,也有不足之处;粗糙动床条件下的坡面水流阻力计算模型更接近实际情况。最后,本文指出了当前坡面流阻力研究存在的主要问题和未来需要突破的主攻方向。     

人工植被分布变化对坡面流阻力及局部水头损失系数的影响研究

基于室内坡面流实验,研究了人工植被分布变化对坡面流水动力学特性的影响。试验包括"细管整齐排列"、"细管1/2错开排列"、"细管1/4错开排列"、"粗管1/2错开排列"等植被分布方式。研究结果表明植被分布变化对坡面流扰动程度的影响显著,从而使得不同植被分布方式下的坡面流达西阻力系数、局部水头损失系数差异性很大。而随流量增大达西阻力系数、局部水头损失系数都呈现先减小后增大的趋势。     

Distributed hydrological models for addressing effects of spatial variability of roughness on overland flow

In this study, we investigated the origin of the overland flow roughness problem and divided the current overland flow roughness research into three types, as follows: the first type of research takes into account the effects of roughness on the volume and velocity of surface runoff, flood peaks, and the scouring capability of flows, but has not addressed the spatial variability of roughness in detail; the second type of research considers that surface roughness varies spatially with different land usage types, land-cover conditions, and different tillage forms, but lacks a quantitative study of the spatial variability; and the third type of research simply deals with the spatial variability of roughness in each grid cell or land type. We present three shortcomings of the current overland flow roughness research, including(1) the neglect of roughness in distributed hydrological models when simulating the overland flow direction and distribution,(2) the lack of consideration of spatial variability of roughness in hydrological models, and(3) the failure to distinguish the roughness formulas in different overland flow regimes. To solve these problems,distributed hydrological model research should focus on four aspects in regard to overland flow: velocity field observations, flow regime mechanisms, a basic roughness theory, and scale problems.     

坡面流阻力规律试验研究

通过实验室人工隆雨水槽试验，初步研究了坡面浅层均匀流及由降雨形成的浅层沿程变量流的流动阻力规律，根据试验中观察到的物理现象及对实测资料的分析，进一步明确了坡面浅层水汉与一般明渠流水力特性的差别，揭示了降雨、坡度和表面粗糙度对浅层流流动特性的影响，提出了“伪层流”的概念，根据实测资料建立了不同流区的Ｄarcy-Weisbach阻力参数f的定量关系式，研究成果可用于坡面流汇流计算及土壤侵蚀、产沙模拟等生产实践。     

坡面径流阻力计算模式对比研究

坡面流是污染物迁移、土壤侵蚀、泥沙输移的主要动力因素,阻力系数是影响坡面流模拟的重要参数。为比较三种阻力计算模式(阻力系数为常数、以淹没度为变量的Lawrence模型和阻力分割模型)在裸坡、砾石覆盖坡面、植被覆盖坡面三种常见坡面上的适用程度,本文建立了坡面降雨径流模型,对不同类型坡面的产流进行了模拟。坡面径流模型采用扩散波模型,坡面降雨入渗模型采用考虑坡度影响的Green-Ampt模型,当存在植被时,考虑冠层降雨截留损失。结果表明:在裸坡上,三种阻力计算模式均适用;而在有砾石覆盖和植被覆盖的坡面上,考虑阻力系数时空变化的阻力分割模型模拟精度最高。阻力系数对坡面径流流量的影响在坡面汇流的涨水与退水阶段较大,而在稳定阶段很小。对有植被覆盖坡面,降雨强度存在阈值,大于阈值时,不同阻力模式对坡面流模拟结果影响甚微;反之,需选择合适的阻力计算模式,且坡长越长,坡度越缓,降雨强度阈值越大。     

草被覆盖下坡面-沟坡系统坡面流阻力变化特征试验研究

本项研究旨在通过室内放水冲刷试验,揭示坡面—沟坡系统坡面不同草被覆盖面积比、不同空间配置、不同放水流量下坡面阻力的变化过程及特征。试验共涉及坡面—沟坡系统坡面5种草被覆盖面积比、3种空间配置和2种放水冲刷流量。结果表明：坡面—沟坡系统坡面流各段面平均曼宁糙率系数和平均阻力系数与放水流量关系密切,随流量的增大在有草被覆盖断面两系数呈减小趋势,在无草被覆盖断面呈增大趋势。有草覆盖面积大小对阻力影响较大,随面积比的增加阻力系数增大;坡面流阻力在整个坡面—沟坡系统中沿流程增加而下降。在有草覆盖条件下各断面径流平均曼宁糙率系数和平均阻力系数均呈增加趋势,无草坡面则变化不大。因此可得出结论认为草被覆盖和坡度对坡面流阻力大小起着决定性的影响。     

Hydraulic assessment of environmental flow regimes to facilitate fish passage through natural riffles: Shoalhaven river below Tallowa Dam,New South Wales,Australia

Proposed environmental flow regime changes downstream of a major water supply dam have been assessed in terms of effects on depth, velocity and fish passage across natural, gravel‐bed riffles and rapids. This study focussed on passage requirements for Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata (Perciformes, Percichthyidae), a catadromous fish of considerable ecological and recreational fishing importance. Some 23 major riffles and rapids occur between the dam and the tidal limit over a river length of 25 km. Reconnaissance investigations of riffle slope, length, width, depth and morphologic characteristics indicated that wide‐shallow, steep‐turbulent and bifurcating riffle morphologies were most likely to cause problems for upstream bass passage under low flow conditions. Two approaches were used to investigate riffle depths and velocities over a range of flows. A rapid assessment approach directly measured thalweg depths and velocities under two controlled flow release rates in riffles identified as being potentially problematic to upstream bass passage. Detailed topographic surveys and two dimensional hydraulic modelling with River2D was undertaken for two riffles identified as ‘worst case’ examples of wide‐shallow and steep‐turbulent morphologies. Results from both approaches were consistent and complementary. Both approaches identified riffles where minimum depths and maximum velocities were likely to be problematic for upstream passage by Australian bass at a flow rate of 130 MLd^?1 (the current regulated flow release) but were mitigated at flow rates above 300 MLd^?1. Assessment of environmental flow regime transparency and translucency threshold options with regard to a 300 MLd^?1 target flow indicated that options where the transparency threshold was set at the 80th flow duration percentile (flows equalled or exceeded for 80% of time), and varied according to the monthly pattern of natural flows, improved hydraulic conditions for upstream bass migration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.