ADJOINT METHOD OF PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION FOR SOME NON- LINEAR REACTION-DIFFUSION SYSTEMS

This paper deals with the problem of determining two unknown parameters of some nonlinear reaction-diffusion models. These reaction-diffusion models are derived from applications in the groundwater flow transport, environ mental sciences, gas dynamics, heat and mass transfer, industrial automatization and some other engineering technological fields. The adjoint method based on the variational principle is a relatively new optimal control method. It is used in the identification of the unknown diffusion coefficient, and some coefficients of the nonlinear sink or source terms in these systems.At first, the problem is transferred into an optimization problem of minimizing a functional, and the adjoint equations of the governing equations are derived from the adjoint method.Then, the formulas are given to calculate the gradient of the objective function with respect to the couple of unknown parameters. At last, an iterative gradient-based optimization algorithm is presented for solving the optimization problem. A numerical example is offered in the end. It shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

EFFECT OF A MOVING BOUNDARY ON THE FLUID TRANSIENT FLOW IN LOW PERMEABILITY RESERVOIRS

In a low permeability reservoir, the existence of a moving boundary is considered in the study of the transient porous flow with threshold pressure gradient. The transmission of the moving boundary directly indicates the size of the drainage area as well as the apparent influences on the pressure behavior. The nonlinear transient flow mathematical model in which the threshold pressure gradient and the moving boundary are incorporated is solved by advanced mathematical methods. This paper presents some new analytical solutions describing the pressure distribution at a constant rate and the production decline in a constant pressure production with the boundary propagation. It is shown that the greater the threshold pressure gradient, the slower the transmission of the moving boundary, the larger the pressure loss will be, and there is no radial flow in the middle and later phases of the wellface pressure for a well at a constant rate. We have the the maximum moving boundary at a specific drawdown pressure for a low permeability reservoir. The greater the threshold pressure gradient, the smaller the maximum moving boundary distance, the quicker the production decline for a well in a constant pressure production will be. The type curve charts for the modern well test analysis and the rate transient analysis with a moving boundary are obtained and the field test and the production data are interpreted as examples to illustrate how to use our new results.     

Multi-point design optimization of hydrofoil for marine current turbine

The comprehensive performance of the marine current turbine is an important issue in the ocean energy development. Its key is the performance of the hydrofoil, which is used to form the turbine blade. A multi-point optimization method of the hydrofoil is proposed in this paper. In this method, the Bezier curve is used to parameterize the hydrofoil. The geometrical parameters are used as variables while the lift-drag ratio and the cavitation performance of the hydrofoil are used as the objective functions. The NSGA-II algorithm is chosen as the optimization algorithm. In order to resolve the difficulty of this high-dimensional multi-objective optimi- zation problem, the conception of the distance metric in the metric space is introduced to unify the lift-drag ratio and the cavitation performance under different working conditions. And then, the above optimization method is applied in the NACA63-815 hydro- foil＇s optimal design under three typical conditions. Finally, the results from the performance comparison of the original and optimi- zed hydrofoils obtained by using the CFD simulation are analyzed in detail. It is indicated that the optimized hydrofoils enjoy a better hydrodynamic performance than the original ones under the three conditions. The feasibility and the theoretical validity of this optimization method are confirmed by the results.     

Critical chain construction with multi-resource constraints based on portfolio technology in South-to-North Water Diversion Project

Recently,the critical chain study has become a hot issue in the project management research field.The construction of the critical chain with multi-resource constraints is a new research subject.According to the system analysis theory and project portfolio theory,this paper discusses the creation of project portfolios based on the similarity principle and gives the definition of priority in multi-resource allocation based on quantitative analysis.A model with multi-resource constraints,which can be applied to the critical chain construction of the A-bid section in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project,was proposed.Contrast analysis with the comprehensive treatment construction method and aggressive treatment construction method was carried out.This paper also makes suggestions for further research directions and subjects,which will be useful in improving the theories in relevant research fields.     

MEASURING SEA ICE DRIFT VIA CROSS-CORRELATION OF RADAR ICE IMAGES

The motion of sea ice has a great effect on winter navigation, and oil field exploration in the Bohai Sea. It is very important to measure the ice drift accurately and efficiently. As a practical technique, radar imagery has been used for sea ice monitoring and forecasting for a long time. Combining with the radar imagery and cross-correlation technique, a new measurement method based on the cross-correlation of radar ice images is specified in this paper to obtain full field measurement of sea ice drift. The theory and fast implementation of cross-correlation are presented briefly in the paper, ineluding the filtering method to modify the invalid vectors. To show deeply the validity of the present method, the velocity maps of sea ice drift are provided in the paper, which are calculated from the radar images grabbed in the Liaodong Gulf.The comparison with the traditional tracing method is also conducted.     

A SEMI-IMPLICIT 3-D NUMERICAL MODEL USING SIGAM-COORDINATE FOR NON-HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE FREE-SURFACE FLOWS

A 3-D numerical formulation is proposed on the horizontal Cartesian, vertical sigma-coordinate grid for modeling non-hydrostatic pressure free-surface flows. The pressure decomposition technique and θ semi-implicit method are used, with the solution procedure being split into two steps. First, with the implicit parts of non-hydrostatic pressures excluded, the provisional velocity field and free surface are obtained by solving a 2-D Poisson equation. Second, the theory of the differential operator is employed to derive the 3-D Poisson equation for non-hydrostatic pressures, which is solved to obtain the non-hydrostatic pressures and to update the provisional velocity field. When the non-orthogonal sigma-coordinate transformation is introduced, additional terms come into being, resulting in a 15-diagonal, diagonally dominant but unsymmetric linear system in the 3-D Poisson equation for non-hydrostatic pressures. The Biconjugate Gradient Stabilized (BiCGstab) method is used to solve the resulting 3-D unsymmetric linear system instead of the conjugate gradient method, which can only be used for symmetric, positive-definite linear systems. Three test cases are used for validations. The successful simulations of the small-amplitude wave, a supercritical flow over a ramp and a turbulent flow in the open channel indicate that the new model can simulate well non-hydrostatic flows, supercritical flows and turbulent flows.     

A PHYSICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE PRESSURE DROP OF GAS-LIQUID SLUG FLOW IN HORIZONTAL PIPES

A comprehensive treatment of all sources of pressure drop within intermittent gas-liquid flow is presented. A slug unit is divided into three parts and the pressure gradient of each part is calculated separately. In the mixing zone the momentum theory is employed and the mixing process between the film and slug is simulated by a two-dimensional wall jet entering a large reservoir to calculate the mixing length. The boundary layer theory is utilized to calculate the pressure drop for the slug body and the momentum equation of the film zone is integrated to calculate the pressure drop for the film zone. The pressure drop predicted in present model is in good agreement with all the measurements.     

Numerical study of the flow in the Yellow River with non-monotonous banks

A 2-D depth averaged RNG k- ε model is developed to simulate the flow in a typical reach of the Upper Yellow River with non-monotonic banks. In order to take account of the effect of the secondary flow in a bend, the momentum equations are modified by adding an additional source term. A comparison between the numerical simulation and the field measurements indicates that the improved 2-D depth averaged RNG k- ε model can improve the accuracy of the numerical simulation. An arc spline interpolation method is developed to interpolate the non-monotonic river banks. The method can also be reasonably applied for the 2-D interpolation of the river bed level. Through a comparison of the water surface gradients simulated in the seven bends of the studied reach, some analytical formulae are improved to reasonably calculate the longitudinal and transverse gradients in meandering river reaches. Furthermore, the positions of the maximum water depth and the maximum velocity in a typical bend are discussed.     

THE SLOP FLUX METHOD FOR NUMERICAL BALANCE IN USING ROE＇S APPROXIMATE RIEMANN SOLVER

Imbalance arises when the Roe’s method is directly applied in the shallow water simulation.The reasons are different for the continuity equation and the momentum equations.Based on the Roe’s method,a partial surface method is proposed for a perfect balance for the continuity equation.In order to generate a mathematically hyperbolic formulation,the momentum equations are split,which causes incompatibility in the calculation of the momentum equations.In this article a numerical approach named the Slop Flux Method(SFM)is proposed to balance the source terms and the flux gradient based on the finite volume method.The method is first applied to shallow water equations.The model is verified by analytical results of classical test cases with good agreement.Finally the method is applied to a steady flow simulation over a practical complicated topography and the result shows good balance and conservation.     

Modeling of thermodynamics of ice and water in seasonal ice-covered reservoir

A width-averaged 2-D numerical model for simulating vertical distributions of flow and water temperature in reservoirs with an ice cover is developed. In this model, the 2-D flow and water temperature distributions are solved by the finite volume method with the k-? turbulent model. The heat conduction in the ice cover is modeled by the vertical heat transfer and the heat exchanges through the air-ice and ice-water interfaces. The model is applied to a 153 km long reservoir in Songhua River and the simulated results are in a good agreement with the field data of both the vertical water temperature and the ice thickness. The simulated results show that the ice cover thickness in the reservoir is not uniform, the maximum thickness appears in the middle reach, the outflow temperature has an obvious variation as compared with the natural temperature, and a buoyant flow occurs in the reservoir surface at the freeze-up and break-up periods. The model can effectively simulate the water temperature and the ice conditions of large reservoirs in cold regions.     

污水排放域优选共轭水质模型

本文专门针对区域规划中污水排放位置优化控制问题，应用逆问题求解理论，提出了一种新的显式共轭水质模型，该模型克服了传统方法的缺点，可应用于一、二维水流系统污水排放位置的确定。     

水电站机组优化组合的混合粒子群优化算法

机组组合是水电站短期发电计划中一个非常重要的问题,合理的组合运行能带来显著的经济效益,开展对机组优化组合的可行性和有效性研究有重大的现实意义。建立了该问题的数学模型,并提出了混合粒子群算法（Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization,HPSO）的工程实现方法,采用量子粒子群算法解决机组方案的确立,并采用粒子群算法求解负荷经济分配。设计了粒子的适应度计算方法和速度更新方法,提出了HPSO算法的求解步骤。仿真分析表明：HPSO算法求解机组优化组合问题是可行和有效的,该算法实现简单,具有更快更好的收敛性能。     

配水器流场的数值模拟

用数值方法模拟注水井中所用配水器内的三维粘性流场,计算不同规格水嘴在不同注水流量下的总压损失情况,并对流场进行分析。研究了总压损失与水嘴直径和注水流量之间的关系,得出了二者间的影响方程,为油田注水井分层流量调配提供依据。     

基于DPSA 的梯级水库群优化调度

动态规划法是一种求解多阶段决策优化问题的常用方法,在水库优化调度计算中应用广泛。该方法最大的缺陷就是用于水库群优化调度时易出现"维数灾"问题。逐次逼近动态规划法(DPSA)可以有效克服这一问题,它采用逐次迭代逼近的思想,将一个多维问题分解为多个一维问题求解。本文以水库运行模拟模型为基础,建立了基于DPSA的梯级水库群中长期优化调度模型,以汉江上游梯级水库群为研究对象,选取发电量最大为目标,对各水库库容进行离散,从而求解水库优化运行过程,其结果对于水库优化调度运行具有指导意义。     

Design of optimal environmental flow regime at downstream of reservoirs using wetted perimeter-optimization method

Conflict between water demand and environmental flow requirements is a challenging aspect in the reservoir management. Hence, optimizing environmental flow regime is one of the most important tasks at downstream of the large dams. The present study proposes a coupled simulation–optimization method based on the wetted perimeter method as an assessment method of the environmental flow and optimization of the reservoir operation to minimize difference between habitat loss and water demand loss using different metaheuristic algorithms. Moreover, the fuzzy TOPSIS as the decision-making system was applied for ranking the optimization algorithms. Indices including reliability index, vulnerability index, root mean square error and mean absolute error were utilized as criteria to measure the system performance and to select the best algorithm. Based on the results, gravity search algorithm (GSA) was the best method to optimize environmental flow regime at downstream of the reservoir in the case study. The proposed method is able to optimize environmental flow to minimize conflicts between human’s needs and aquatic’s needs considering storage constraints in the reservoir management. The proposed method might minimize negotiations between environmental managers and stakeholders. Furthermore, it should be noted that original wetted perimeter method is not able to provide optimal environmental flow regime based on a balance between users and constraints in the reservoir management such as storage constraints. The proposed method converts wetted perimeter method from an assessment method to a simulation–optimization method for optimizing environmental flow at downstream of the reservoirs.     

拓扑优化方法的研究进展及在水工结构设计中的应用

拓扑优化是目前结构优化领域研究的热点,也是结构优化学科发展的方向,但目前国内对拓扑优化方法在水利工程中的应用研究很少,为此,介绍了拓扑优化方法产生的背景及发展过程,通过对水工建筑物中最常见的混凝土重力坝剖面进行拓扑优化设计,并利用有限元分析软件ANSYS得出拓扑优化结果,表明了用拓扑优化方法进行剖面设计是可行的。     

水库长期优化调度模型探讨

在水库长期优化调度问题中,一般以发电量最大为优化调度模型。考虑到电力市场的影响,综合水电站水库自身约束和电力系统调峰要求,建立以水电站发电效益最大为目标的优化调度模型,并通过实例计算比较这两种模型,发电效益最大模型较发电量最大模型更为符合实际。     

基于数值模拟的某阶梯溢洪道方案优化研究

基于数值模拟方法,利用FLUENT软件对某阶梯溢洪道原设计方案下的泄流能力、闸门全开时的水面线、沿程各段压力等值线、闸门全开时沿程流速分布等流场要素进行模拟计算,根据计算结果分析原设计方案中存在的不足和问题,并提出了新的优化设计方案。研究结果表明:新方案能较好的满足工程设计实际要求,并可对同类型阶梯溢洪道的优化设计提供有价值的参考。     

改进的粒子群算法在水库优化调度中应用

针对水库优化调度中存在的规模庞大、结构复杂,涉及大量的决策变量和复杂的约束条件,呈现出高维度、非线性、强约束特性,传统的优化方法难以直接求解或者计算效率低,存在早熟等问题。为了提高粒子群算法全局搜索能力和收敛性能,把下山搜索策略引入到粒子群智能算法中,提出了改进的粒子群算法。函数测试证明该方法改进了算法的鲁棒性,提高了算法求解效率。上述优化算法应用于水库优化调度模型求解中,计算结果表明:该方法易于实现,求解效率高,为水库优化调度模型求解提供了新的途径。