井筒环雾流传热模型及其在深水气井水合物生成风险分析中的应用

该文采用Hewitt流型判别法,表明深水含水气井测试时井筒内多为环雾流,考虑了气核与液膜间速度及热力学性质差异,建立了环雾流传热模型,与南海某深水气井实测数据对比,模型预测误差在5%以内。计算表明,忽略含水影响的气体单相模型在含水量大于0.1%时,泥线以上井筒压力和温度预测误差均超过10%,应用该研究建立的环雾流模型则可以得到更准确的结果。含水会使泥线以上一定范围内井段井筒温度显著降低,压力损失增大。产气量较低时,含水量对水合物生成风险基本无影响;产气量较高时,含水量会使得水合物生成区域下界下移,水合物生成区域增大,并使过冷度增大,更容易诱导水合物生成,水合物生成风险增大,需要增加水合物抑制剂用量,并加深注入位置。产水会使无水合物生成所对应的临界产气量增大,需要调整水合物抑制剂用量和注入位置。     

Deepwater gas kick simulation with consideration of the gas hydrate phase transition简

The hydrate phase transition presents new problems and challenges for the deepwater well control in the drilling processes. A simulation model is built for deepwater gas kicks with consideration of the hydrate phase transition. The model is based on the multiphase flow governing equations and the hydrate phase transition calculation equations. The influence of the hydrate phase tran-sition on the gas kick hydraulics is investigated through numerical simulations. It is shown that the diameter of the gas bubbles can significantly influence the hydrate phase transition effect. The influence of the hydrate phase transition on the gas kick hydraulics in-creases with the decrease of the average gas bubble diameter. The hydrate phase transition adds a＂hidden＂nature for the well kick in deepwater and hinders the early detection of the gas kick. The influence of the hydrate phase transition on the gas kick hydraulics is also studied in the case when the hydrate inhibitor is added to the drilling fluid.     

MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY OF CONDENSATE OIL AND GAS WELLS STIMULATED BY ELECTROMAGNETIC HEATING

In this article, the recent research achievements on the theory and technology of condensate oil and gas wells stimulated by electromagnetic induction heating during middle or late exploitation period were introduced for the first time at home and abroad. A new kind of electromagnetic wave induction heating equipment XAEMH-1 was developed. Taking near wellbore zone temperature field as the main research object, which is the key factor for the condensation and retrograde vaporization during electromagnetic heating, the mathematical simulation model for a condensate oil and gas well stimulated by electromagnetic heating to eliminate blockage near wellbore region was established. A corresponding computer system was developed to dynamically predict and evaluate the efficiency of this electromagnetic heating process. Through this computer system, the near wellbore region distributions of several important factors such as temperature, pressure, condensate oil saturation and relative permeability can be described quantitatively. A condensate gas well in a late exploitation period reservoir here in China was chosen as a practical example to test the effectiveness of this new technology and some satisfactory results were obtained.These results proved that it is feasible to eliminate the near wellbore region blockage by electromagnetic heating. A new prospective stimulation method was given for the condensate oil and gas reservoirs during middle or late exploitation period.     

A NUMERICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT MODEL FOR MULTILAYERED GAS RESERVOIRS WITH PSEUDOSTEADY STATE FORMATION CROSSFLOW

ＮＯＭＥＮＣＬＡＴＵＲＥＡＤｊ=Ａｊ·ｒ2 ｗ(ｋｈ) ｔＣＤｅ =ＴＶｗ2πＴｗｒｗ2 (ｈ) ｔｒＤ =ｒｒｗｐＤｊ=2π(ｋｈ) ｔＴｓｃｐｓｃｑｓｃＴ (Ｐμｚ) ｊ(φ0 - φｊ)ＴａＤ =(ｋｈ) ｔｔａ(ｈ) ｔ(μＣｇ) 0 ｒｗ2ｑＤｊ=ｑｊｑＷＤｊ=(ｋｈ) ｊ(ｋｈ) ｔωｊ=(     

Simulation of gas kick with high HeS content in deep well

The phase transition, from asubcriticalstate to a gaseousstate, of the natural gas with high H₂S content and thesolubility of the H₂S component in the drilling fluid will make the multiphase flow behavior very different from the pure natural gas-drilling fluid two-phase flow under the gas kick condition in a deep well. With consideration of the phase transition and thesolubility of the H₂S component in the natural gas, a multiphase flow model is established. Thesimulation analysis results indicate that, for a typical case of a well depth of 4 325 m, the density of the 100%-H₂S natural gas can be 4 times higher than that of the 0%-H₂S natural gas, and thesolubility of the 100%-H₂S natural gas is 130 times higher than that of the 0%-H₂S natural gas. These will make the detection of the gas invasion more difficult. While the invasion gas moves up along the wellbore to a certain position, the phase transition and the release of the dissolved gas may cause a rapid volume expansion, increasing the blowout risk. The calculation results alsoshow that the risks of a gas kick can be reduced by increasing the wellhead back pressure.     

压力脉冲在井眼气－液两相流传播的数值模拟

本文对压井期间节流阀调节过程中压力脉冲在井眼环空气－液两相流中传播速度进行了数值模拟。建立并求解了一维拟线性双曲型偏微分方程组，从而能够给出气侵后环空气－液两相流分布和在压井期间的气－液两相流分布。同时导出了压力脉冲在气－液两相流中传播速度公式，给出了计算节流阀调节间隔计算方法。举例计算出了节流阀调节后压力脉冲经过钻柱泥浆及环空流体中传播时间。利用本方法可以适时调节节流问，使压井期间井底保持较恒定的压力，从而真正符合并控理论。     

THE SIMILAR STRUCTURE OF SOLUTIONS IN FRACTAL MUITILAYER RESERVOIR INCLUDING A QUADRATIC GRADIENT TERM

When the classical nonlinear partial differential equations are used to model the fractal reservoir, based on the assumption of low compressibility fluids, the effects of the quadratic gradient term are ignored, which would be questionable for mixed gas reservoirs and low permeability reservoirs. To consider the influence of the wellbore storage, the nonlinear mathematical flow model of the fractal multilayer reservoir is built in this paper, with three kinds of outer boundaries (infinite boundaries, constant pressure boundaries and closed boundaries). Using the Laplace transform method, the solutions for the dimensionless reservoir pressure and the bottom hole pressure in the Laplace space are obtained. An analysis shows that the solutions involve similar structures even for three different kinds of outer boundaries, and can be unified as a continuous fraction. The unified expression would make it more convenient to analyze the formation parameters, which greatly facilitates the development of the well test analysis software.     

含水合物泥质粉细砂三轴试验及本构模型

为了得到不同有效围压和水合物饱和度对含水合物沉积物强度和刚度的影响规律,并得出相应数学表达式,以南海北部沉积物土样级配作为参考,配制人工泥质粉细砂,利用自主研发的含水合物沉积物三轴试验机,制备不同饱和度的含CO₂水合物沉积物,在1, 2, 4 MPa有效围压下等向固结并进行三轴剪切试验。由于围压能自动根据气压的变化而变化,所以在水合物生成过程中有气体消耗但有效围压保持不变。试验结果表明:初始弹性模量随水合物饱和度的增加而增加,与有效围压无关;初始泊松比随着有效围压增加而减小,而随水合物饱和度的增加而增加;黏聚力随水合物饱和度的增加而增加,而内摩擦角与水合物饱和度无关。在邓肯-张模型的基础上,引入参数水合物饱和度,建立了含水合物沉积物的非线性弹性本构模型。最后,用试验数据对模型进行了验证,其结果符合较好。     

Dynamical analysis of high-pressure supercritical carbon dioxide jet in well drilling

This paper presents the design of an experimental setup and mathematical and physical models to determine the dynamical characteristics of the high-pressure supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) jet with a highly potential applications in the well drilling. The effects of three major factors on the wellbore dynamical characteristics of the high-pressure SC-CO2 jet, i.e., the nozzle diameter, the standoff distance and the jet pressure are determined. It is indicated that the pressure of CO2 reduces severely in the SC-CO2 jet impact process. It is also found that the bottom-hole pressure and the temperature increase as the nozzle diameter increases but decrease with the increase of the standoff distance. The higher the jet pressure at the wellbore inlet is, the higher the pressure and the lower the temperature at the bottom-hole will be.     

RESEARCH ON THE BASE CAVITY OF A SUB-LAUNCHED PROJECTILE

The finite volume method based on a multiphase model is adopted to solve the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations,which takes into account the effects of fluid compressibility,viscosity,gravity,medium mixture and energy transfer of water and combustion gas.The program Fluent User Define Function (UDF) module combined with the dynamic mesh method is employed to simulate the coupling flow field of combustion gas,water field and trajectory of projectile.The results show that the volume of gas cavity at the bottom of projectile and tail pressure will fluctuate after bottom of the projectile leaving the launch tube.The cause of the fluctuation is analyzed and its effects on the trajectory of projectile are presented.The numerical and experimental results agree well with each other.     

水平井井筒内压力产量变化规律研究

对水平井生产系统进行分析,必然涉及到井筒中的流动问题,过去人们不考虑水平井井筒中的压降,这给水平井的生产系统分析带来较大的误差。本文考虑井筒摩擦和加速度对井筒压降的影响,同时考虑地层渗流和水平井筒流动,建立了水平井井筒流动与地层流动耦合的数学模型,以此获得了计算水平井井筒压降和产量分布的表达式,实例计算和分析了海上油藏一口水平井井筒的压力和产量变化规律。本文的研究为水平井的生产系统分析提供了理论基础。     

A laterally averaged two-dimensional simulation of unsteady supersaturated total dissolved gas in deep reservoir

Elevated levels of the Total Dissolved Gas (TDG) may be reached downstream of dams, leading to increased incidences of gas bubble diseases in fish. The supersaturated TDG dissipates and transports more slowly in reservoirs than in natural rivers because of the greater depth and the lower turbulence, which endangers the fish more seriously. With consideration of the topographical characteristics of a deep reservoir, a laterally averaged two-dimensional unsteady TDG model for deep reservoir is proposed. The dissipation process of the TDG inside the waterbody and the mass transfer through the free surface are separately modeled with different functions in the model. Hydrodynamics equations are solved coupling with those of water temperature and density. The TDG concentration is calculated based on the density current field. A good agreement is found in the simulation of the Dachaoshan Reservoir between the simulation results and the field data of the hydrodynamics parameters and the TDG distribution in the vertical direction and their unsteady evolution with time. The hydrodynamics parameters, the temperature and the TDG concentration are analyzed based on the simulation results. This study demonstrates that the model can be used to predict the evolutions of hydrodynamics parameters, the temperature and the TDG distribution in a deep reservoir with unsteady inflow and outflow. The results can be used in the study of the mitigation measures of the supersaturated TDG.     

水平井筒变质量分散泡状流压降的理论与实验研究

由于水平井筒和常规水平管道中气液两相流动的相似和差别，可以预知常规水平管流的压降计算方法对于井筒流动来说就需要进行修正或扩展。本文对气、液两相分别应用质量守恒方程和动量守恒方程，考虑管壁存在人流或出流对于分层流流型压降的影响，得到水平井筒气液两相变质量流动分散泡状流流型的压降计算方法。同时，设计并建立了水平井筒流体流动模拟实验装置，在轴向为气液两相流动的前提下分别进行了上管壁单孔眼注入和下管壁单孔眼注入的压降实验研究，获得了大量的实验数据。实验数据和理论计算结果吻合很好，这表明该计算方法具有实际应用价值。     

承压含水层中“扩展”井附近非达西流数值解

本文采用有限差分方法得到了承压含水层中抽水井附近非达西流的数值解，采用无量纲变量分别分析了考虑井储和不考虑井储影响的水头降深规律，并与Boltzmann变换和线性化方法所得到的近似半解析解进行了比较。结果表明，在不考虑井储影响的情况下, Boltzmann变换解与数值解吻合较好；当考虑井储影响时，Boltzmann变换解存在较大误差；无论考虑井储影响与否，线性化方法所得到的近似半解析解，在抽水后期均与数值解吻合较好，在抽水初期则存在一定误差。同时采用数值解分析了无量纲非达西水力传导度kD对水头降深的影响，在抽水后期，kD越大，水头降深越小。     

深切河谷初始地应力特点及其对地下工程的影响

在深切河谷地区修建地下工程,山体不同坡度时会对初始地应力有十分重要的影响。通过数值分析研究了当山坡坡角分别为30°、45°和60°时,在重力场和构造应力条件下山体中在垂直向和水平向典型剖面中初始地应力分布的特点。得出以下结论:1山体同一高程处,地应力的分布特点是先增大后减小的驼峰式。2地下洞室开挖距离坡脚越近,修建后洞室周边的塑性区越大,对于洞室围岩的稳定性越不利。3在研究河谷地区的地应力分布规律和状态时,仅考虑自重作用是不全面的,应该结合区域特性,考虑构造应力的影响。4由于河谷形成过程中的卸荷作用及风化作用,河谷底部构造强烈,产生了大量的应力集中。     

PG9171E型燃气轮机液压油系统2次泄漏的原因分析

介绍了PG9171E燃气轮机在新疆喀什应急电站调试运行中出现2次液压油系统泄漏的查找和处理过程。总结了＂在液压油系统发生泄漏时,辅助液压油泵会自启动;液压油系统的出口压力越低,辅助液压油泵电机电流就越小且泄漏点就越靠近油泵出口＂的经验,供技术人员处理同类问题时参考。     

井间干扰对油水两相流数值试井曲线的影响

井间干扰会对试井曲线的影响非常大。本文用数值试井方法研究了井间干扰对试井曲线的影响，采用PEBI网格技术，给出了在PEBI网格下油水两相流动控制方程的离散形式，并耦合了井筒存储和表皮系数公式，得到了压力降落数值试井问题的产量模型。对三种井部署情况经数值试井模型计算并对比发现，双对数曲线的早期段保持一致，由于干扰井的影响，中后期段变化非常明显，干扰井越多，测试井压降越快，试井曲线上抬幅度越大。     

两种动水压力模型重力坝地震动力损伤比较分析

采用基于位移格式的流体单元与弹塑性损伤本构的固体单元分析了坝体—水库耦合系统在强震下库水对重力坝的动力响应、坝体内部应力分布以及损伤的影响。对流固耦合模型与附加质量模型的坝体损伤分析结果进行比较发现,附加质量模型不仅对上游坝面的动水压力有放大作用,而且对坝体的其他动力响应,如位移、加速度,也有不同程度的放大作用。同时,附加质量模型对地震中坝体内部应力及损伤也有一定的放大作用。可见,流固耦合模型分析大坝—水库系统相互作用更接近现实情况。     

The gas recovery of water-drive gas reservoirs

This paper proposes a method for determining the gas recovery of water-drive gas reservoirs. First, the water influx coefficient B in the theoretical formula =(1) /(1)B r g gp ?R ?R is used to determine the influence of the aquifer behavior. According to the theoretical formula, the relationship between the normalized pressure rp and the degree of the reserve recovery gR can be obtained with different values of B, which can be used to determine the activity level of the aquifer behavior. Second, according to =(1) /(1)ra ga vap ?R ?a E(where = 1 /gr gia ?S S), the relationship between the normalized abandonment pressure rap and the ultimate gas recovery gaR can be obtained, as the Agarwal end-point line. The intersection of the above two lines represents the value of the estimated ultimate gas recovery and the normalized abandonment pressure rap. Finally, an evaluation table and a set of demarcation charts are established, with different values of /gr giS S and vaE as well as the water influx coefficient B, which can be used to determine the gas recovery of water-drive gas reservoirs with different activity levels of the aquifer behavior.     

梯田坎墙土压力及墙后膨胀土降雨增湿膨胀效应评价

非饱和膨胀土地区的梯田埂坎稳定性差以及垮坎是农业坡改梯工程建设中最棘手的问题。本文基于 BISHOP 的非饱和土抗剪强度理论,首先,计算了天然非饱和状态下 PP 织物袋坎墙土压力; 然后,分析在雨水逐层入渗条件下墙后膨胀土自由完全膨胀时坎墙的稳定性;最后,基于温度场的热胀作用等效模拟膨胀土的吸水膨胀作用的方式,对降雨作用下 PP 织物袋坎墙及墙后填土膨胀特性进行了数值模拟与评价,并对比分析了数值结果及理论解析结果的异同。研究结果表明: 在天然非饱和状态下,墙后膨胀土拉张区深度大于坎墙高度,坎墙未受到土压力作用。雨水逐层入渗、墙后膨胀土水平自由完全膨胀条件下,当雨水入渗至临界饱和深度时,膨胀变形释放导致坎墙因发生过大的位移而破坏。理论解析中未考虑墙后膨胀土的竖向膨胀效应,而数值模拟中充分考虑了墙后膨胀土的多向膨胀效应,数值模拟分析得出坎墙破坏时的临界饱和深度明显大于理论解析的结果,因此数值模拟结果比理论解析结果更接近实际情况。