沉水植被群落状态对水流阻力的影响

沉水植被在水流作用下状态会发生改变,进而会对河流生态系统产生一定影响。通过室内水槽模型实验观测了均匀流下沉水植被群落内部各植株的状态,并分析了沉水植被群落状态以及内部植株相对间距对植被群落水流阻力的影响。研究结果表明:在沉水植被群落内部,各个植株的相对刚度各不相同,并且其状态随来流条件变化而改变,对于不同种群的沉水植被群落,在相同水流条件下也可能呈现出不同的状态,当沉水植被群落的植被处于非直立状态时,随着植被从弯曲状态向直立状态转换,水流阻力也在不断增大;植被处于完全刚性状态时,阻力系数则与植被相对刚度无关,仅与水流条件有关,随着流速的增大而减小;沉水植被群落内部植被相对间距不同,其阻水效果也不同,在相同植被状态下,植被相对间距越大,也就是植被带越长,植被阻力越大。     

FACTORS INFLUENCING BENDING RIGIDITY OF SUBMERGED VEGETATION

The bending rigidity of submerged vegetation is closely related with vegetative drag force. This work aims at determining the effects of flow conditions and characteristics of vegetation on the bending rigidity of submerged vegetation. Based on the dimensional analysis method, the factors influencing the bending rigidity of individual submerged vegetation were analyzed. The relationship between the relative bending rigidity and its influencing factors was investigated by experimental observation, and a rela...     

挺水植被弯曲变形对水流阻力的影响研究

为研究挺水植被在水流作用下发生的弯曲变形对水流阻力影响,通过明渠水槽实验对不同水流条件下单株挺水植被的弯曲变形状态及其水流阻力进行了观测分析。研究结果表明,挺水植被从完全直立转变为挺水弯曲摇摆状态时,水流阻力随着植被弯曲变形程度加剧而增加;当植被由挺水状态转为淹没状态时,水流阻力显著降低;当植被处于弯曲摇摆的淹没状态时,水流阻力同样会随着植被弯曲变形程度的加剧而增加;但是,当植被的弯曲变形增加到使得植被处于完全倒伏时,水流阻力反而会减少。研究成果有助于平衡河流生态治理与汛期泄洪的关系。     

含淹没植被明渠水位及糙率变化试验研究

采用概化水槽试验研究了在不同植物间距、水流条件下,含淹没植被明渠水位、曼宁糙率系数的变化特征,给出了含淹没植被明渠的糙率经验公式.试验结果表明:相同的流量、水深条件下,明渠的水位壅高值和水面比降均随植物间距的减小而逐渐增大,当植物枝叶相互间贴近或交叉时,植物对明渠水位、比降的影响程度相对较大;水深基本相同、植物排列方式相同的情况下,随着流量的增加,水面比降基本呈线性增大趋势;水深相同的条件下,含淹没植被明渠糙率受水流流速的影响较小.     

淹没状态下河道植物偏斜高度与糙率的关系

利用室内变坡水槽,模拟了复式河道滩地3种植物对漫滩水流的干扰作用,并借助声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)施测了不同垂线、不同测点的瞬时流速,计算了不同条件下的河道糙率。基于水动力及植物柔性变形分析,建立了淹没状态下的植物河道糙率计算的基本关系,反映出糙率值不仅与水流动力条件有关,还与植物类型、淹没高度、布置及其自身力学性能有关,同时,利用试验资料及理论分析成果,进一步获取了植物河道的附加糙率值,借此分析与评价河道植物对水流阻力的影响程度。     

不同布置形态下刚性淹没植被对水流特性的影响

自然河道中植被呈现多种多样的分布状态,为探究不同布置形态下刚性淹没植被对水流特性的影响,利用室内水槽模拟含刚性淹没植被的明渠进行试验研究。结果表明:刚性淹没植被的布置形态对明渠流水流特性影响显著。在本文研究的植被布置形态下的水深、植被阻力系数与植被粗糙系数均增大,表现为交错型布置斑块型布置线性布置;流速与雷诺数均减小,表现为线性布置斑块型布置交错型布置;糙率n随着平均流速与水力半径之积VR的增大而减小。     

HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE OF SUBMERGED VEGETATION RELATED TO EFFECTIVE HEIGHT

Submerged vegetation has a significant impact on water flow velocity. Current investigations include the impact through adding drag resistance and increasing bottom roughness coefficient, which cannot elucidate the characters of real submerged vegetation. To evaluate the effects of submerged vegetation on water currents at different velocities, a laboratory experiment was conducted using three kinds of vegetations. The effective heights of these vegetations on varying flow velocities were evaluated. An equation describing the relationship between the normalized resistance of the submerged plants and the Reynolds number based on the plant effective height was then established and used to calculate the hydraulic resistance parameters of submerged plants in different stages of growth.     

植被刚度及其阻力特性研究可视化软件开发

水生植被是河流生态系统的一个很重要的组成部分,也是河流动力系统的基本要素之一。文中介绍了基于《单株植被刚度及其阻力特性研究》实验而开发的一套可视化软件。该软件能够分析出给定相关参数的单株植被在一定水流环境下对于水流阻力的影响。结果通过具体的水头损失数值表现出来。该软件具有操作简单,可读性强的特点。     

长短叶片转轮对低比速混流式机组的性能改善研究

基于计算流体动力学分析理论,对含有常规转轮和长短叶片转轮的混流式水轮机开展全流道数值分析,研究高水头下低比转速混流式水轮机转轮在不同工况下的流动现象,探明转轮加装短叶片对混流式水轮机内部流动状态的影响。在最优工况下,通过对比计算所得的两种转轮内部的流速和压力分布发现:加装短叶片以后转轮叶片吸力面进口附近的涡流得到明显抑制,长叶片的压力负荷得到减弱;增加短叶片后,转轮出口环量减小较为明显,对尾水管流态改善、转轮及机组的能量特性提高有重要作用。研究结果表明,在相同的单位参数下,相比常规叶片转轮,长短叶片转轮改善了转轮进口的入流条件,从而提升了机组的运行稳定性和能量特性,可作为高水头转轮设计的主要方向。     

ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT FOR UNSUBMERGED AND SUBMERGED REED

The characteristics of the roughness coefficient are very important for practical application. Some experiments are conducted to study the variation of Manning’s n with flow depth, mean velocity, and density of vegetation,. An assumed velocity distribution to describe the vegetative flow of submerged vegetation is confirmed by experimental results. The measured velocities in this study seem to have little effect on the curve of n ～ h, and a new linear relationship between Manning’s n and flow depths is observed clearly. According to the arguments that the flow resistance of densely unsubmerged vegetation is dominated by the resistance exerted on vegetations, the influence of the density of vegetation on Manning’s n is estimated. On the basis of the velocity distribution, the n～h curve under submerged condition is theoretically obtained from the n～h curve under unsubmerged condition. These results are also well confirmed by experimental results and very significant for practical applications.     

淹没柔性植物对明渠推移质运动影响的实验研究

由于水流中植物的存在,使推移质泥沙运动规律变得更为复杂,目前,含植物水流中推移质泥沙运动的研究成果较少。实验研究了含淹没柔性植物水流中,不同植物密度及水深对时均流速、脉动强度、泥沙起动流速以及推移质输沙率的影响。结果表明,在植物顶部以下,有植物时的时均流速明显小于无植物时的流速,而脉动强度大于无植物时的脉动强度;当水深相同时,随着植物密度的增大,泥沙起动流速呈逐渐减小的趋势,并与植物密度呈较好的三次方多项式相关关系;植物密度对推移质输沙率的影响并非呈单一变化规律,随着植物密度的增大,推移质输沙率呈先增大然后逐渐减小的趋势,当植物密度相同时,水深越小,泥沙起动流速越小,推移质输沙率越大。     

含柔性植被明渠水流水力特性的试验研究

采用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术对含柔性淹没植被明渠水流的水力特性进行试验研究。利用人造水草模拟天然柔性植被,对不同密度、不同流量条件下含柔性植被明渠恒定均匀流场进行了测量,得到了淹没植被情况下纵向流速、雷诺应力、紊动强度沿垂向分布与曼宁系数的变化情况。试验结果表明:纵向流速的垂向分布可以分为3区,包括自由水面区、中间冠层区和近床面区。自由水面区流速随植被密度增大而增大,中间冠层区与近床面区流速随植被密度增大而减小。雷诺应力与紊动强度的峰值出现在植被冠区顶部附近,并随着植被密度增大而增大。     

河道含淹没刚性植物二维涡量场特性

含植物水流的涡量场构成了水生动物生境的物理基础,形成水、物质的循环以及能量的分配过程。本文通过玻璃水槽试验用二维标准PIV测量研究了含淹没刚性植物二维垂直涡量场的分布,得出流速梯度是形成含植物水流涡量的关键因素。植物顶层附近对水流的干扰大,因而流速梯度大;涡量最大值出现在淹没刚性植物顶层以下约30%处;植物顶层处,涡量绝对值大,拟熵大,能量耗散率也高。植物顶层是造成水流紊动耗散的主要原因。     

河漫滩湿地淹没柔性植物水流涡量场研究

含植物水流的涡量场构成了河漫滩湿地水生动物生境的物理基础，形成水、营养物质的循环以及能量的分配过程。本文通过玻璃水槽试验用二维标准PIV测量研究了含淹没柔性植物二维垂直涡量场的分布。得出流速梯度是形成含植物水流涡量的关键因素，植物冠层附近对水流的干扰大，因而流速梯度大；涡量最大值出现在淹没柔性植物冠层以下约50%处；植物冠层处，涡量绝对值大，拟熵大，能量耗散率也高。植物冠层是造成水流紊动耗散的主要原因。     

植物条件下明渠紊流KH涡相关问题研究进展

植物是生态功能完备的河流的重要特征,淹没植物条件下产生的特殊紊流拟序结构——KH涡,对水-沙-污染物运动具有直接影响。从KH涡的发现、形成条件、特征参数(形态特征参数和运动周期)三方面,回顾了国内外植物条件下明渠紊流KH涡相关问题的研究进展,总结了植物密度和淹没度对KH涡的影响规律,提出结合紊流不稳定性理论、紊流拟序结构分析方法、流动显示、图像技术来研究KH涡的形成条件(临界密度或临界淹没度)、沿程发展过程、影响因素(如植物密度、刚度、几何形态、淹没度、水流强度)的具体影响,是下一步需要探索的关键。     

Manning’s ‘n’ co-efficient for flexible emergent vegetation in tandem configuration

A comprehensive laboratory study on the hydraulic resistance characteristics due to a group of slender cylindrical members representing flexible plantation has been carried out in a laboratory open channel. The model stem group comprised of individual members arranged in a tandem configuration. The tests with model vegetation were carried out by adopting different sizes for the individual stems and concentrations which were chosen in such a way that they would fall into practical ranges of vegetations in coastal forestry. The results indicate that the flow resistance varies with stem concentration, stem diameter and elastic properties of the individual members and the flow velocity. Based on the flume data, the Manning’s n, for various flow conditions as well as for vegetative parameters was determined. A new empirical equation is proposed for evaluating the Manning’s n friction coefficient for partially submerged flow when, the depth of flow is greater than 0.8 times the un-deflected plant height. It is expected that the Manning’s n thus determined will be useful in modelling shallow flows using shallow water equations.     

凝析气藏考虑高速流动效应的油气渗流动态研究

近期的大量理论和实验研究发现。高速流动导致的毛管数和非达西效应对近井油气相对渗透率有显著影响，而目前仅仅考虑非达西效应无法准确描述油气真实渗流状态。如何准确理解并考虑这两种效应的影响对于凝析气藏渗流动态分析以及生产动态预测有很重要的意义。本文建立了油气两相渗流的定解问题，得到了拟稳态形式的流入动态方程。在三区渗流机理上．首次综合考虑了毛管数和非达西效应对相对渗透率的影响。实例分析揭示了高速流动下油气相对渗透率变化及油气分布状态新特征。对不同流入动态模型的对比分析表明。本文方法较之现有方法更有助于正确预测生产动态。评估气井产能。     

沙质床面河道演化过程湿润带渗流规律试验分析

为揭示试验室条件下无黏性沙质河道演变过程中河床湿润带的渗流规律,设计循环水槽装置系统,通过控制床沙粒径、入流流量、床面坡降及河岸植被覆盖率4个变化参量,分析不同因素对河床渗流的影响以及河床湿润带含水率的时空变化。结果表明：颗粒粒径及床面坡降对渗流流量的影响较大,粗沙的渗透性远大于细沙,流域坡降与渗流流量成正比;初始含水率对渗流有重要影响,床面初始含水率较小时,渗流流量偏大;对于河道演变试验,当床沙、坡降、河岸植被等流域控制因素一定时,系统存在相对饱和渗流流量;当流量大于相对饱和渗流流量时,渗流流量将保持相对稳定。此外,床面含水率在时间尺度上变化较小,而在空间尺度上呈区域阶梯变化。     

水平旋流泄洪洞的基本流态与影响因素

通过模型试验,对上下游水位、通气孔直径、水平洞洞长和起旋器收缩断面面积比对水平旋流泄洪洞的流态的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在竖井为有压流的条件下,水平旋流泄洪洞的流态可分为自由流、吸吮流和淹没流3种基本流态,流态的分类与转变受各种因素的影响;通气时,水平旋流洞内旋流的空腔直径大而均匀,水流旋转的强度增大;不同的洞长,流态从吸吮流向淹没流转变时过渡区的相对上下游水位差相同,但洞长越大,吸吮流的范围越大,转变为自由流流态时所需要的起旋器出口的水流弗劳德数也越大;起旋器出口面积比不同时,流态分区的临界水力条件是不同的。     

Impact of mechanical cutting on the channel roughness

The impact of mechanical cutting for weed control along vegetated irrigation canals in terms of Manning's n, is discussed. Flow resistance was measured in channels completely infested by submerged macrophytes. Next, a path was cut along one or both canal banks by mechanical means and the measurement of flow resistance was repeated. The experiments and measurements carried out during only one seasson are described. A series of relationships between the flow resistance and a cross-section of areas both free from vegetation and with vegetation density, respectively, were found. Clearly, the elucidation of such relationships will be useful in assessing the frictional effects of submerged macrophyte growths in relation to the design and management of irrigation and drainage channels.