Integrated active contours for texture segmentation.

We address the issue of textured image segmentation in the context of the Gabor feature space of images. Gabor filters tuned to a set of orientations, scales and frequencies are applied to the images to create the Gabor feature space. A two-dimensional Riemannian manifold of local features is extracted via the Beltrami framework. The metric of this surface provides a good indicator of texture changes and is used, therefore, in a Beltrami-based diffusion mechanism and in a geodesic active contours algorithm for texture segmentation. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with that of the edgeless active contours algorithm applied for texture segmentation. Moreover, an integrated approach, extending the geodesic and edgeless active contours approaches to texture segmentation, is presented. We show that combining boundary and region information yields more robust and accurate texture segmentation results.     

Design-based texture feature fusion using Gabor filters and co-occurrence probabilities.

A design-based method to fuse Gabor filter and grey level co-occurrence probability (GLCP) features for improved texture recognition is presented. The fused feature set utilizes both the Gabor filter's capability of accurately capturing lower and mid-frequency texture information and the GLCP's capability in texture information relevant to higher frequency components. Evaluation methods include comparing feature space separability and comparing image segmentation classification rates. The fused feature sets are demonstrated to produce higher feature space separations, as well as higher segmentation accuracies relative to the individual feature sets. Fused feature sets also outperform individual feature sets for noisy images, across different noise magnitudes. The curse of dimensionality is demonstrated not to affect segmentation using the proposed the 48-dimensional fused feature set. Gabor magnitude responses produce higher segmentation accuracies than linearly normalized Gabor magnitude responses. Feature reduction using principal component analysis is acceptable for maintaining the segmentation performance, but feature reduction using the feature contrast method dramatically reduced the segmentation accuracy. Overall, the designed fused feature set is advocated as a means for improving texture segmentation performance.     

Optimal Gabor filters for texture segmentation

Texture segmentation involves subdividing an image into differently textured regions. Many texture segmentation schemes are based on a filter-bank model, where the filters, called Gabor filters, are derived from Gabor elementary functions. The goal is to transform texture differences into detectable filter-output discontinuities at texture boundaries. By locating these discontinuities, one can segment the image into differently textured regions. Distinct discontinuities occur, however, only if the Gabor filter parameters are suitably chosen. Some previous analysis has shown how to design filters for discriminating simple textures. Designing filters for more general natural textures, though, has largely been done ad hoc. We have devised a more rigorously based method for designing Gabor filters. It assumes that an image contains two different textures and that prototype samples of the textures are given a priori. We argue that Gabor filter outputs can be modeled as Rician random variables (often approximated well as Gaussian rv's) and develop a decision-theoretic algorithm for selecting optimal filter parameters. To improve segmentations for difficult texture pairs, we also propose a multiple-filter segmentation scheme, motivated by the Rician model. Experimental results indicate that our method is superior to previous methods in providing useful Gabor filters for a wide range of texture pairs.     

An unsupervised texture segmentation algorithm with feature spacereduction and knowledge feedback

This paper presents an unsupervised texture segmentation algorithm based on feature extraction using multichannel Gabor filtering. It is shown that feature contrast, a criterion derived for Gabor filter parameter selection, is well suited for feature coordinate weighting in order to reduce the feature space dimension. The central idea of the proposed segmentation algorithm is to decompose the actual segmented image into disjunct areas called scrap images and use them after lowpass filtering as additional features for repeated k-means clustering and minimum distance classification. This yields a classification of texture regions with an improved degree of homogeneity while preserving precise texture boundaries.     

一种改进的基于Gabor滤波器的纹理分割方法

本文深入分析了Gabor滤波器的性能及其实现纹理分割的原理，针对现有的基于Gabor滤波器纹理分割方法存在的不足，提出一种根据“频谱特征值向量”构造Gabor滤波器组，以实现纹理分割的改进方法。实验结果表明，本文所提改进方法的分割效果明显优于现有方法，充分证实该方法行之有效。     

Comparison of texture features based on Gabor filters

Texture features that are based on the local power spectrum obtained by a bank of Gabor filters are compared. The features differ in the type of nonlinear post-processing which is applied to the local power spectrum. The following features are considered: Gabor energy, complex moments, and grating cell operator features. The capability of the corresponding operators to produce distinct feature vector clusters for different textures is compared using two methods: the Fisher (1923) criterion and the classification result comparison. Both methods give consistent results. The grating cell operator gives the best discrimination and segmentation results. The texture detection capabilities of the operators and their robustness to nontexture features are also compared. The grating cell operator is the only one that selectively responds only to texture and does not give false response to nontexture features such as object contours.     

Segmentation of Gabor-filtered textures using deterministicrelaxation

A supervised texture segmentation scheme is proposed in this article. The texture features are extracted by filtering the given image using a filter bank consisting of a number of Gabor filters with different frequencies, resolutions, and orientations. The segmentation model consists of feature formation, partition, and competition processes. In the feature formation process, the texture features from the Gabor filter bank are modeled as a Gaussian distribution. The image partition is represented as a noncausal Markov random field (MRF) by means of the partition process. The competition process constrains the overall system to have a single label for each pixel. Using these three random processes, the a posteriori probability of each pixel label is expressed as a Gibbs distribution. The corresponding Gibbs energy function is implemented as a set of constraints on each pixel by using a neural network model based on Hopfield network. A deterministic relaxation strategy is used to evolve the minimum energy state of the network, corresponding to a maximum a posteriori (MAP) probability. This results in an optimal segmentation of the textured image. The performance of the scheme is demonstrated on a variety of images including images from remote sensing.     

线算子引导Gabor小波的视网膜血管分割

视网膜血管自动分割能辅助诊断某些眼底疾病和系统性血管疾病。为了提高血管自动分割的效率,因此提出了一种线算子引导Gabor小波的视网膜血管分割方法。利用线算子检测血管方向的最优匹配角,将其作为Gabor小波变换的旋转角构建4个不同尺度的Gabor小波,并提取4维Gabor小波特征,加上两个线强度和预处理后的图像灰度,构建7维特征向量,采用SVM进行分类。与其他基于Gabor小波的方法相比,本方法只需计算最优匹配角所对应方向的Gabor小波特征,大大降低了多尺度Gabor小波特征提取的计算量,此外线算子特征与Gabor小波特征的良好互补性,有利于提高血管与背景的辨别度。在DRIVE眼底数据库上进行实验,其平均准确率、灵敏度及特异性分别为0. 936 1、0. 823 8及0. 955 4,获得了不错的分割性能。     

基于Gabor环滤波的纹理分割方法

针对纹理分割问题,提出了一种在频率域呈环形分布的Gabor滤波器组(Gabor环)的设计方法,在能量意义下给出了自适应选择滤波环带的步骤,并给出了经Gabor滤波后纹理特征的计算公式。根据给定Gabor滤波器环具有的多方向特性对不同纹理图像进行滤波,然后计算滤波后各点特征,并利用这些多方向特征进行纹理分割。实验表明该方法能取得较好的分割效果,并具有很强的通用性。     

LS-SVM based image segmentation using color and texture information

Image segmentation partitions an image into nonoverlapping regions, which ideally should be meaningful for a certain purpose. Automatic segmentation of images is a very challenging fundamental task in computer vision and one of the most crucial steps toward image understanding. In recent years, many image segmentation algorithms have been developed, but they are often very complex and some undesired results occur frequently. In this paper, we present an effective color image segmentation approach based on pixel classification with least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM). Firstly, the pixel-level color feature, Homogeneity, is extracted in consideration of local human visual sensitivity for color pattern variation in HSV color space. Secondly, the image pixel’s texture features, Maximum local energy, Maximum gradient, and Maximum second moment matrix, are represented via Gabor filter. Then, both the pixel-level color feature and texture feature are used as input of LS-SVM model (classifier), and the LS-SVM model (classifier) is trained by selecting the training samples with Arimoto entropy thresholding. Finally, the color image is segmented with the trained LS-SVM model (classifier). This image segmentation not only can fully take advantage of the local information of color image, but also the ability of LS-SVM classifier. Experimental evidence shows that the proposed method has very effective segmentation results and computational behavior, and decreases the time and increases the quality of color image segmentation in comparison with the state-of-the-art segmentation methods recently proposed in the literature.     

基于Gabor小波和主元分析的纹理图像分割

提出了基于Gabor小波和主元分析相结合的纹理图像分割算法.首先对纹理图像进行多通道滤波,获得了一系列滤波后的纹理图像.其次,借助于“能量测度”的概念,求解出各象素有效的纹理特征.为了进一步减少特征之间的信息冗余,降低聚类分析的计算负荷,采用主元分析（PCA）对所得的纹理特征进行降维.然后利用K-Mean算法实现纹理图像的分类.最后针对所提算法,进行了仿真试验.     

Analysis of multichannel narrow-band filters for image texturesegmentation

A model for texture analysis and segmentation using multiple oriented channel filters is analyzed in the general framework. Several different arguments are applied leading to the conclusion that the two-dimensional Gabor filters possess strong optimality properties for this task. Properties of the multiple-channel segmentation approach are analyzed. In particular, perturbations of textures from an ideal model are found to have important effects on the segmentation that can usually be ameliorated by simply preceding the segmentation process by a logarithmic operation and using a low-pass postfilter prior to making region assignments. The difficult problems of space-variant textures and multiple component textures are also considered. Local spatial frequency estimation approaches are suggested that use the responses as constraints in estimating the locally emergent texture frequencies. Complex texture aggregates containing multiple shared frequency components can be analyzed if the textures are distinct and few in number     

结合Gabor滤波器和ICA技术的纹理分类方法

提取有效的特征用于纹理描述和分类一直是纹理分析的难点.本文提出一种结合Gabor滤波器和ICA技术的纹理特征提取方法,即纹理图像首先经过Gabor滤波器组滤波,然后由滤波图像直接构建高维特征矢量;再将这些高维特征矢量通过主成分分析PCA进行降维,最后采用ICA技术分析和提取降维后的特征矢量中的独立成分用于纹理分类.通过与经典Gabor滤波器和ICA方法的对比实验,验证和评价了本文方法的性能.     

Segmentation of kidney from ultrasound images based on texture and shape priors

This paper presents a novel texture and shape priors based method for kidney segmentation in ultrasound (US) images. Texture features are extracted by applying a bank of Gabor filters on test images through a two-sided convolution strategy. The texture model is constructed via estimating the parameters of a set of mixtures of half-planed Gaussians using the expectation-maximization method. Through this texture model, the texture similarities of areas around the segmenting curve are measured in the inside and outside regions, respectively. We also present an iterative segmentation framework to combine the texture measures into the parametric shape model proposed by Leventon and Faugeras. Segmentation is implemented by calculating the parameters of the shape model to minimize a novel energy function. The goal of this energy function is to partition the test image into two regions, the inside one with high texture similarity and low texture variance, and the outside one with high texture variance. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated through experimental results on both natural images and US data compared with other image segmentation methods and manual segmentation.     

Invariance properties of gabor filter-based features--overview and applications.

For almost three decades the use of features based on Gabor filters has been promoted for their useful properties in image processing. The most important properties are related to invariance to illumination, rotation, scale, and translation. These properties are based on the fact that they are all parameters of Gabor filters themselves. This is especially useful in feature extraction, where Gabor filters have succeeded in many applications, from texture analysis to iris and face recognition. This study provides an overview of Gabor filters in image processing, a short literature survey of the most significant results, and establishes invariance properties and restrictions to the use of Gabor filters in feature extraction. Results are demonstrated by application examples.     

基于局部边缘二值模式的图像检索

在定义局部边缘的基础上提出了局部边缘二值模式(LEBP),并结合Gabor滤波器将其扩展到多分辨率LEBP(MLEBP)。对传统的中心对称局部二值模式(CS-LBP)和方向局部二值模式(D-LBP)进行了改进,新描述符在不增加计算复杂度和提高特征维数的基础上,进一步融入了局部边缘信息。为验证新描述符的性能,采用3个通用的纹理图像库进行图像检索实验。结果表明,结合本文方法,明显提高了传统描述符的分辨能力。     

多尺度Gabor小波变换在图像检索中的应用

在基于内容的图像检索中,纹理特征是一种重要而又难以描述的特征。为提高图像检索中纹理特征的提取效率,通过对Gabor滤波器滤波特点的研究,提出一种基于多尺度Gabor小波纹理的图像检索方法。设计了一组具有多种尺度和多个方向的滤波器组,选择并优化滤波器组的各参数,对图像进行滤波和特征提取。设计并实现了一个基于Gabor纹理...     

Texture classification and discrimination for region-based image retrieval

In RBIR, texture features are crucial in determining the class a region belongs to since they can overcome the limitations of color and shape features. Two robust approaches to model texture features are Gabor and curvelet features. Although both features are close to human visual perception, sufficient information needs to be extracted from their sub-bands for effective texture classification. Moreover, shape irregularity can be a problem since Gabor and curvelet transforms can only be applied on the regular shapes. In this paper, we propose an approach that uses both the Gabor wavelet and the curvelet transforms on the transferred regular shapes of the image regions. We also apply a fitting method to encode the sub-bands’ information in the polynomial coefficients to create a texture feature vector with the maximum power of discrimination. Experiments on texture classification task with ImageCLEF and Outex databases demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Texture classification using logical operators

In this paper, a new algorithm for texture classification based on logical operators is presented. Operators constructed from logical building blocks are convolved with texture images. An optimal set of six operators are selected based on their texture discrimination ability. The responses are then converted to standard deviation matrices computed over a sliding window. Zonal sampling features are computed from these matrices. A feature selection process is applied and the new set of features are used for texture classification. Classification of several natural and synthetic texture images are presented demonstrating the excellent performance of the logical operator method. The computational superiority and classification accuracy of the algorithm is demonstrated by comparison with other popular methods. Experiments with different classifiers and feature normalization are also presented. The Euclidean distance classifier is found to perform best with this algorithm. The algorithm involves only convolutions and simple arithmetic in the various stages which allows faster implementations. The algorithm is applicable to different types of classification problems which is demonstrated by segmentation of remote sensing images, compressed and reconstructed images and industrial images.