稀土对铜及铜合金组织和性能影响的研究进展

综述了稀土对铜及铜合金组织和性能影响的国内外研究进展情况,主要介绍了稀土在铜及铜合金中的热力学性质,以及稀土对铜及铜合金组织的净化,细化及改变夹杂物的形态与分布的作用和影响,并阐述了稀土对铜及铜合金的加工性能、机械性能、导电性能、抗氧化性能、耐腐蚀性能和耐磨性能等方面的影响.     

稀土在铜及铜合金中的作用

本文就近年来国内外开展铜及铜合金中稀土应用与作用机理工作做一综述。指出:稀土在铜中有净化、微合金化及变质作用,可改善铜及铜合金的物理性能、机械性能及高温性能。     

稀土在国内铜及铜合金加工中的作用

从热力学的角度阐述了稀土在铜中的反应,综述了国内对稀土在铜及铜合金加工中的应用.适量的稀土在铜和铜合金熔铸中主要起净化作用、变质作用和合金化作用,可以提高热处理温度,增强塑性加工的效果.     

稀土在銅合金中的应用現状

铜和铜合金是工业上的重要材料。随着科学技术的飞跃发展,对材料的性能提出了越来越高的要求。稀土具有它独特的性质,能改善铜合金的物理机械性能,早在五十年代就引起了各国的重视,并着手开展这方面的研究。国内在六十年代初,有不少单位开始了稀土在铜合金中的应用工作,有些已在生产中应用。各国在铜合金中应用的稀土有不同的类型,大多数采用纯稀土、稀土合金和混合稀土,     

稀土添加剂在铜及铜合金中的应用与展望

本文介绍了铜-稀土添加剂的生产工艺，综述了稀土添加剂在铜及铜合金中的应用概况，并展望了稀上添加剂发展前景。     

新技术，新产品——稀土铜晶粒细化剂

稀土铜晶粒细化剂是铜及铜合金中最理想的晶粒细化剂和脱氧剂 (专利号 :96 11912 9 5)。稀土铜晶粒细化剂细化晶粒效果显著 ;脱氧及脱硫、去除杂质、净化基体的效果好 ;能明显提高铜及导电用铜合金的导电性、拉抗强度、延伸率及软化温度 ;适用于多种铸造方式 ,对上引法铸坯效果颇佳新技术,新产品——稀土铜晶粒细化剂     

稀土在铜银合金导线生产中的应用

介绍了稀土银铜合金导线的生产工艺，重点介绍了稀土的添加方法和分析了稀土的作用。在铜熔体中加入微量稀土元素，稀土能对铜银合金熔体中的氧、硫有较强的脱除能力，使铜熔体得到净化。同时，稀土的加入还能减少铸造过程中铜银合金线杆的表面裂纹缺陷和细化晶粒。从而，使铜银合金导线的各种性能得到很大程度的改善和提高，即稀土的加入使铜银合金线杆的延伸率、抗拉强度、导电率均得到提高。     

高性能铜合金带在汽车连接器中的应用

概述了设计汽车连接器时对铜及铜合金带的性能要求。介绍了几种典型铜及铜合金带的弯曲性能、抗高温软化性能、抗应力松弛性能和抗疲劳性能。给出了在设计汽车连接器选用铜及铜合金带阶段,适合汽车连接器各项性能要求的建议高性能铜合金。     

铜加工及引线框架材料的研究开发现状

本文概述了我国及国际铜加工业的发展现状、铜合金引线框架材料的研究开发现状及稀土在铜合金中的应用,介绍了引线框架是集成电路(IC)中的重要部件。同时,提出了今后铜加工及引线框架材料的研究方向及发展趋势。     

稀土在铜及铜基合金中的作用

稀土作为一种重要的工业原料在铜和铜合金中有着重要的价值，稀土在铜及铜基合金中能起脱气除杂的作用。能改善铜及铜基合金显微结构，提高其强度和硬度及增强热稳定性，还能增强铜合金的耐腐蚀和耐磨性能。     

Entrainment behavior of copper and copper matte in copper smelting operations

In copper smelting, the loss of copper to the slag due to entrainment is largely influenced by the flotation of copper metal and/or matte in the slag phase. To evaluate this behavior, the surface tension of copper as a function of temperature and oxygen pressure and the interfacial tension of the copper-iron matte-slag system as a function of matte grade were measured. From the surface and interfacial tension values, the spreading and flotation coefficients of the copper, matte, and slag system were calculated. Ternary interfacial energy diagrams were also con-structed using these data. It is shown that matte droplets containing higher than 32 mass pct Cu will not form a film on rising gas bubbles when they collide in the slag phase. However, matte droplets will attach to gas bubbles upon collision and thus can be floated over the entire range of matte composition. Spreading of copper on bubbles is not possible at oxygen pressures between 10⁻¹² and 10⁻⁸ atm. Flotation of copper by gas bubble in slag is possible at oxygen pressure higher than 10⁻⁹ atm. However, it is feasible for rising matte droplets (attached to rising bubble) to trap and float copper irrespective of the matte grade.     

Nanotechnology for copper and copper alloys

This article surveys and analyzes the literature data on nanotechnologies for copper and copper alloys. It describes the main methods used to obtain nanomaterials, including powder metallurgy, crystallization from the liquid state with a controlled rate of cooling, intensive plastic deformation, dispersion hardening, and dispersion strengthening with internal oxidation. Preference is given to nanophase materials in the discussion. __________ Translated from Metallurg, No. 8, pp. 40–46, August, 2007.     

Atmospheric corrosion of copper and some copper alloys

Abstract

Two-year atmospheric corrosion tests in an urban environment were conducted on specimens of copper, Muntz metal, and copper-zinc-aluminum alloys. X-ray diffraction and X-ray spectrographic studies were made of the films on the top surface and underside of the exposure coupons which were exposed facing south but inclined at a 45° angle to the vertical. Differences between the two surfaces are attributed to the leaching action of rain as well as the possible effect of direct sunlight. The corrosion products of copper were found to consist predominantly of Cu₂O, but also included a substance of undetermined composition, copper chloride and basic copper chloride. The zinc-containing alloys formed similar products, along with zinc sulphates, and showed considerable dezincification. A preoxidation treatment improved the tarnished appearance of the ternary alloy.

Résumé

Des essais de corrosion atmosphérique en milieu urbain ont été exécutés sur du cuivre, du métal Muntz et des alliages Cu-Zn-Al. Les échantillons étaient placés à un angle de 45°, face au sud et des mesures de diffraction aux rayons-X et de spectrographie X ont été faites sur chacune des faces. Les differences entre les deux faces d'un même échantillon peuvent étre attribuables à la pluie et peut-être aussi au solell. Les produits de corrosion du cuivre sont surtout formés de Cu₂O et également du chlorure de cuivre, du chlorure basique de cuivre et un composé non identifié sur les alliages contenant du zinc des produits semblables se sont formés avec aussi des sulfures de zinc; on y notait aussi une dézincification. Dne oxydation avant les essais améliorait l'apparence finale des alliages ternaires.     

浅谈德兴铜矿矿石性质与铜精矿品位

简述了德兴铜矿的矿石性质特点和生产现状,并从工艺矿物学角度,分析探讨了德兴铜矿的矿石性质与铜精矿品位之间的关系,为现场生产操作和进一步开展提高铜精矿品位的选矿试验研究提供了参考。     

铜精矿与铜冶炼渣的物相鉴别

按国别收集我国主要进口铜精矿及铜冶炼渣样品,采用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、矿相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等多仪器联用的方法检测铜精矿、铜冶炼渣物相特点,判断两者是否存在显著的差异。结果表明,铜冶炼渣主要物相是硅酸铁,其颗粒表面有分布均匀、大小一致的气孔等外观特征。进口铜精矿的主要物相为硫化铁铜或氧化铜,颗粒表面平滑、不规则的分布一些形态各异的气孔。铜冶炼渣与铜精矿相比在物相及颗粒特征方面有明显的差异,可以作为鉴别依据。按比例在铜精矿中混入铜冶炼渣,制备含有不同含量梯度铜冶炼渣的混合样品11个,用上述4种检测手段进行鉴别,发现X射线荧光光谱仪无法确定样品中是否掺杂铜冶炼渣;电子显微镜、矿相显微镜、X射线衍射光谱仪可鉴别出铜精矿掺杂铜冶炼渣,检出限分别为1%、5%、10%。最终确定铜精矿与铜冶炼渣的物相鉴定方法为应用X射线荧光光谱仪初查,辅以X射线衍射仪、矿相显微镜及扫描电子显微镜找到铜冶炼渣的特征物相和颗粒。鉴别方法的确立达到了从源头堵住入境铜冶炼渣易名铜精矿和铜精矿掺杂铜冶炼渣闯关的目的,为海关监管和资源利用提供了技术支持。     

Oxidation rates of liquid copper and liquid copper sulfide

The kinetics of oxidation of liquid copper and copper sulfide were determined when the rate was controlled by the diffusion of the oxidizing gas to the melt interface. The method incorporated a capillary tube sample holder and the flux rate was measured by a quartz spring and cathetometer. The sample of copper sulfide was suspended from the balance in a tube furnace through which was passed a mixture of oxygen and argon gas. The oxidation of molten copper sulfide was found to proceed by the formation of copper followed by the formation of copper oxide. From the results, the diffusion coefficients of SO₂ and O₂ in argon were calculated over a temperature range of 1150° to 1350°C. The data compare well with the empirical equations for the diffusion of these gases. At lower temperatures, a different oxidation behavior is observed due to solidification of the sample.     

水淬铜渣还原熔分回收粒铁和铜

采用煤基还原熔分技术研究了熔分温度、熔分时间、氟化钙配比,煤粉配比对铜渣熔分后铁、铜回收率的影响,并运用 XRD及 SEM等分析手段对熔分产物进行了详细的研究。结果表明,在1380~1450℃之间进行熔分,通过对铁、铜的综合收得率计算,熔分温度应该控制在1430℃,在此基础上确定最佳熔分时间为20 min,此时金属铜的回收率达到最高,为90％左右。配入一定比例的煤粉和氟化钙均能提高铁的回收率,尤其以添加氟化钙的效果最好,适宜的添加比例不应超过2％(质量分数)。对分离后的渣铁分别进行表征分析,表明粒铁中的主要组织为铁素体和浮氏体,炉渣主要呈非晶态,其中夹杂有尚未凝聚的铁晶粒。最后,在最优条件下进行了转底炉半工业试验。     

含铜原矿石中铜物相的快速分离与测定

经分相后的溶液不需用硝硫混酸处理,直接加入盐酸,调节酸度后即可用空气-乙炔原子吸收法测定,方法操作简便,测定速度快,结果满意.     

Arsenic activities in molten copper and copper sulfide melts

In recent years, the concentration of the group Va elements such as arsenic, antimony, and bismuth has been increasing in copper concentrates. The elimination and recovery of these elements during the copper smelting process have presented serious problems. While the distribution of minor elements has been studied extensively, very little knowledge exists on the activities of these minor elements in copper mattes. Consequently, in this study the activities of arsenic were measured to determine activity coefficients of arsenic in the dilute solution region of molten copper, in Cu₂S saturated copper, and in copper mattes equilibrated with copper at 1423 K by a mass spectrometric Knudsen effusion technique. Formerly with the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada