燃油涡轮流量传感器故障仿真及试验研究

在进行无人机燃油流量检查过程中,发动机在低转速下试车,燃油流量测量结果与理论值相差甚远。为定位并分析故障产生原因,基于simulink建立了燃油涡轮流量传感器数学逻辑模型进行故障仿真。仿真结果表明,外界磁场通过燃油涡轮流量传感器内部线圈耦合产生干扰信号,进而转换为干扰脉冲,使得脉冲频率增大。在燃油测试台上利用线圈瞬间通/断电模拟外界磁场干扰进行验证试验,进一步验证了仿真结果的正确性。对磁-电式涡轮流量传感器排故工作具有指导意义。     

高精度智能浮子流量计的研制

介绍了一种利用磁阻传感器对浮子高度进行检测的新方法,在此基础上设计了以STM32为核心微处理器的智能金属管浮子流量计.鉴于磁场分布的复杂性,很难通过理论的方法得到传感器输出信号与浮子高度(或流量)之间的对应关系,以实验数据为基础,分别采用拟合曲线法和分段线性修正法得到传感器输出与流量之间的关系表达式.通过对比实验表明,拟合曲线法测量精度优于分段线性修正法.此外为减小温度漂移对磁阻传感器输出信号的影响,系统在流量修正前增加了温度补偿环节,提高了系统的测量精度.     

基于Ansys有限元法的电涡流位移传感器分析

为了满足磁悬浮飞轮系统高精度的位置检测要求,必须进行传感器性能的分析与设计。从涡流传感器的原理出发,利用Ansys软件进行有限元建模仿真,得到涡流传感器的阻抗与检测距离的关系,从而可得到经过测量电路后的输出电压受位移变化的影响。按照线圈仿真模型和电路中各元件的参数制成实际的传感器线圈检测回路,实验结果与仿真结果的一致性表明:基于Ansys的有限元分析法对涡流传感器设计有重要指导意义。     

磁弹耦合扭转波位移传感器输出电压理论研究

磁弹耦合位移传感器感应线圈电压是由应力波引起的磁化强度变化决定的,而应力与偏置磁铁处的材料磁导率密切相关,因此磁导率与磁化强度变化率的确定是建立输出电压模型的关键.根据铁磁材料的弹性力学理论和磁机耦合模型,确定了扭转波运动方程;建立材料等效场分布模型,并结合麦克斯韦方程和磁化强度进动方程,确定波导丝磁导率;根据磁机效应的Jiles-Atherton理论,建立了波导丝弹性形变感应磁化强度模型.根据磁导率及磁化强度模型,并借助电磁感应定律构建了感应线圈的输出电压模型.利用实验平台验证了接收线圈匝数和激励脉冲的脉宽、频率对输出电压的影响,为磁弹耦合位移传感器的研究提供了理论依据.     

磁铁粉品位测量系统的研究

对磁铁粉品位测量方法进行了研究,提出了基于PIC单片机的磁铁粉品位测量系统.系统传感器以正弦信号为激励信号,采用向量的方法测量传感线圈两端的正弦电压值,彻底避免了线圈内阻的影响,提高了测量精度,这在以线绕漆包线圈作为信号传感器的场合有较好的利用价值.实验结果表明,系统能够满足磁铁粉在生产过程和贸易中准确且迅速测定的需求.     

基于虚拟正交试验的磁感应测速线圈参数优化

为提高磁感应线圈传感器测量弹丸高速运动的动态响应性能,研究了磁感应测速线圈系统特性与线圈几何参数之间的关系.根据正交试验设计的方法,基于Ansoft仿真软件,计算出不同几何参数下线圈特性的输出,并最终确定了一组用相对最优的线圈几何参数.实验测试结果表明:优化后的磁感应线圈提高了线圈输出的信噪比和输出灵敏度,有利于提高测速精度.     

外力对逆磁致伸缩索力传感器影响研究

基于索力传感理论模型和环式结构的索力传感器,对索力测量原理做了推导,传感器输出感应电压与激励磁场变化、外力变化、某一激励磁场下的材料磁导率及空气间隙尺寸、线圈密度等有关.重点分析了加载外力对传感器输出的影响.在稳恒直流激励下,当外力缓慢变化时可通过感应积分电压反映外力;当外力交流变化时,可通过感应电压求得外力,感应电压幅值与加载外力的频率成正比.最后,确定模拟实验参数,对传感器进行了仿真.结果表明当外力缓慢变化时,感应积分电压与外力成线性关系,传感器的灵敏度与线圈匝数.材料逆磁致伸缩系数成正比.     

闭环霍尔电压传感器增益温漂补偿技术

闭环霍尔电压传感器作为一种低成本、高可靠的电压测量器件,在轨道交通和工业控制领域应用广泛.其原边线圈由漆包线绕制,匝数为数万匝,原边线圈阻值的温度漂移造成传感器的增益温漂和全温度范围精度的下降.为了提高传感器全温度范围的精度,文章基于原边线圈阻值温漂特性提出了一种新型温度补偿电路,应用仿真工具,结合闭环霍尔电压传感器进...     

流量传感器的制备及检测电路的研制

本文介绍了一种利用流体的热效应来测量流体流速的热式传感器。由两个二极管组成的电桥电路为测量探头,一定温度的流体以不同流速流过测量探头,使测量探头周围产生不同的温度场,转换为电压进行输出。放大输出电压,A／D转换成数字信号,单片机处理后通过数码管显示出来。流体流速与输出电压进行非线性拟合,得到流体流速与电压的函数关系式,最终通过采集到的任意输出电压值求得对应流量值。输出电压值与流体环境温度也有关。输出电压与流速,及输出电压与环境温度的关系通过归十法拟合出来,它依据多次迭代结果得到一个允许误差范围的电压-流量、电压-温度的反演拟合多项式。     

基于有限元分析的间隙检测线圈间距优化研究

针对中低速磁浮列车间隙传感器通过轨道缝隙时悬浮间隙值测量存在较大误差的问题,采用有限元分析的方法对间隙传感器内的检测线圈间距进行优化。利用ANSYS软件建立双线圈过40 mm轨道缝隙的三维仿真模型,对间隙传感器在不同线圈间距下进行垂向检测特性和额定悬浮间隙时横向过轨道缝隙的检测特性进行仿真。得到了不同线圈间距下的误差分布曲线,仿真结果表明:检测线圈间距为87 mm是满足误差要求的最小线圈间距,为最优的线圈间距。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).