新型引发剂引发乙酸乙烯酯乳液聚合动力学

以十二烷基硫酸钠为乳化剂,采用偶氮二异(N-胺乙基)丁脒引发乙酸乙烯酯低温乳液聚合。考察了引发剂浓度、单体浓度、乳化剂浓度及反应温度对聚合反应速率的影响,测定了反应级数和聚合表观活化能。得到乙酸乙烯酯乳液聚合动力学关系式,该式与经典的乳液聚合动力学模型有较大偏差,聚合表观活化能为56.8 kJ/mol。     

一种水溶性偶氮类引发剂的合成

合成了一种水溶性偶氮引发剂——偶氮二异(N-胺乙基)丁脒,讨论了工艺条件对反应收率的影响,得到其最佳合成工艺条件为反应温度30℃左右,偶氮亚氨甲醚盐酸盐溶液浓度为0.25 mol/L,乙二胺与偶氮亚氨甲醚物质的量比为1.2,反应时间9 h。并研究其热分解反应动力学,得到分解反应级数符合一级反应动力学规律,热分解反应活化能为88 kJ/mol。将此引发剂用于烯丙基胺盐酸盐的聚合得到特性粘数为13.74 mL/g(30℃)的聚合物。     

低聚合度聚乙烯醇的制备

采用甲醇作溶剂,偶氮二异丁腈作引发剂,选用不同链转移剂,用溶液聚合法制备出低聚合度聚乙酸乙烯酯（PVAc）和聚乙烯醇（PVA）。研究了不同的单体与溶剂配比、链转移剂种类、用量及加入方式等因素对产物聚合度和单体转化率的影响。结果表明：以巯基醇为链转移剂,采用均匀滴加的方式,可制得平均聚合度分别为66～296,50—275的PVAc和PVA,单体转化率达70％～80％。     

2，2’-偶氮二（N-环己基异丁基脒）盐酸盐的合成

以偶氮二异丁腈为主要原料制备了2,2’-偶氮二（N-环已基异丁基脒）盐酸盐,研究了2,2’-偶氮二异丁亚胺甲醚盐酸盐及2,2’-偶氮二（N-环己基异丁基脒）盐酸盐的最佳合成工艺条件。以1,2-二氯乙烷为溶剂,n（偶氮二异丁腈）：n（甲醇）：n（氯化氢）=1：2．5：2．6,反应温度15-20℃,反应时间24h,得2,2’-偶氮二异丁亚胺甲醚盐酸盐,收率99．1％;以无水甲醇为溶剂,与环己胺反应合成了2,2’-偶氮二（N-环己基异丁基脒）盐酸盐,n（偶氮亚胺甲醚盐酸盐）：n（环己胺）=1：2．5,反应温度30-35℃,反应时间8h,收率78．2％。产物经IR和^1HNMR等进行了确证。     

胺基双酚钴在合成极性单体与苯乙烯嵌段共聚物中的应用

采用低成本、高活性胺基-双酚钴配合物调控的自由基聚合(CMRP)和催化链转移反应(CCT)对乙酸乙烯酯或丙烯酸叔丁酯与苯乙烯单体进行了共聚反应。以钴配合物为催化剂、偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂,通过溶液聚合方法得到的聚乙酸乙烯酯和聚丙烯酸叔丁酯作为大分子引发剂,引发苯乙烯的分散聚合,从而获得具有较低分子量分布(～1.93)的丙烯酸叔丁酯和苯乙烯的共聚物及乙酸乙烯酯和苯乙烯的共聚物(PVAc-b-PS和PtBA-b-PS),数均分子量随单体转化率线性增加。运用凝胶渗透色谱、核磁共振波谱、扫描电子显微镜等测试手段对合成的嵌段共聚物进行了表征。     

乙烯基吡咯烷酮/乙酸乙烯酯共聚物在发用啫喱的应用

以N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮与乙酸乙烯酯为单体,偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,无水乙醇为溶剂,在氮气氛围下合成乙烯基吡咯烷酮/乙酸乙烯酯(VP/VA)共聚物。结果表明,当N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮与乙酸乙烯酯单体摩尔比1∶1,引发剂用量0.1%(相对于单体质量),70℃下合成的共聚物适用于发用啫喱,其头发卷曲度保持率为86%,光泽度好,易梳理,且梳理时基本无白屑,热稳定性好,12 h不发粘。各项性能符合理想发用啫喱。     

2,2＇-偶氮二异丁基脒盐酸盐的合成

以偶氮二异丁腈（AIBN）为主要原料,经Pinner反应制备了2,2＇-偶氮二异丁亚胺甲醚盐酸盐,再进一步合成2,2＇-偶氮二异丁基脒盐酸盐。最佳合成工艺条件为n（AIBN）：n（甲醇）：n（氯化氢）=1：2.5：2.6,反应温度15～20℃,反应时间24h,得到2,2＇-偶氮二异丁亚胺甲醚盐酸盐,收率99.1%;以无水甲醇为溶剂,与氨气反应合成了2,2＇-偶氮二异丁脒盐酸盐,反应温度10～15℃,反应时间16h,收率85.1%,纯度≥99.5%。产物用红外光谱、核磁共振等进行了确证。     

引发剂用量对本体法丙烯酸酯橡胶结构及性能的影响

以丙烯酸乙酯、氯乙酸乙烯酯为原料,偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,采用本体法合成了丙烯酸酯橡胶(ACM),考察了引发剂用量对其结构和性能的影响。结果表明,随着引发剂用量的增多,ACM相对分子质量下降,分子量分布变宽;生胶中低聚物含量增多;开炼机热处理可脱除生胶中的小分子物质和低聚物,提高硫化胶的拉伸强度、耐热老化性能,使压缩永久变形减小。     

光热双重固化聚丙烯酸酯压敏胶的制备

以丙烯酸酯为主要单体,采用自由基溶液聚合法,以乙酸乙酯为溶剂合成了聚丙烯酸酯胶。考查了引发剂、单体配比、反应温度及反应时间对聚丙烯酸酯性能的影响。结果表明,以偶氮二异丁腈作引发剂,采用滴加的方式,用量为单体总质量的0．6％,反应温度为70℃,反应时间6h,mBA：mMMA为85：15时,聚丙烯酸酯性能及聚合反应最佳。通过红外光谱分析表征了分子结构,采用DSC分析了玻璃化转变温度的变化。     

偶氮引发剂对PAN及其原丝结构和热稳定化行为的影响

以丙烯腈和衣康酸为单体,以二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为溶剂,分别以含脒基的偶氮二异丁脒盐酸盐(AIBA)、偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,采用溶液聚合法,制备了具有不同端基结构的丙烯腈与衣康酸共聚物PAN-AIBA和PAN-AIBN;经湿法纺丝得到聚丙烯腈(PAN)原丝,研究了AIBA,AIBN引发剂的分子结构对PAN相对分子质量、原丝结构、热行为的影响。结果表明:采用溶液聚合的方法,以AIBA为引发剂可制得适于湿法纺丝的PAN-AIBA,其环化反应的起始温度较PAN-AIBN的提前了20℃,放热峰较宽;与PAN-AIBN相比,PAN-AIBA原丝的晶粒尺寸更大、结晶度较高;在低温热稳定化条件下,PAN-AIBA原丝表现出优于PAN-AIBN的较高热环化效率,而在高温热处理时,二者热环化效率相近;通过利用AIBA引发剂在PAN大分子结构中引入脒基,有望改善PAN原丝的低温热稳定化行为。     

Interactions between shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRA) and cement paste's pore solution

Shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRA) have been developed to combat shrinkage cracking in concrete elements. While SRA has been shown to have significant benefits in reducing the magnitude of drying and autogenous shrinkage, it has been reported that SRA may cause a negative side effect as it reduces the rate of cement hydration and strength development in concrete. To examine the influence of SRA on cement hydration, this study explores the interactions between SRA and cement paste's pore solution. It is described that SRA is mainly composed of amphiphilic (i.e., surfactant) molecules that when added to an aqueous solution, accumulate at the solution-air interface and can significantly reduce the interfacial tension. However, these surfactants can also self-aggregate in the bulk solution (i.e., micellation) and this may limit the surface tension reduction capacity of SRA. In synthetic pore solutions, SRA is observed to form an oil-water-surfactant emulsion that may or may not be stable. Specifically, at concentrations above a critical threshold, the mixture of SRA and pore fluid is unstable and can separate into two distinct phases (an SRA-rich phase and an SRA-dilute phase). Further, chemical analysis of extracted pore solutions shows that addition of SRA to the mixing water depresses the dissolution of alkalis in the pore fluid. This results in a pore fluid with lower alkalinity which causes a reduction in the rate of cement hydration. This may explain why concrete containing SRA shows a delayed setting and a slower strength development.     

Influence of bleed water reabsorption on cement paste autogenous deformation

The effects of bleed water reabsorption and subsequent early age expansion on observed autogenous deformation are investigated in this research. Bleeding was induced by varying superplasticizer and shrinkage-reducing admixture dosages and by increasing the water-to-cement ratio. This research revealed that significant early age expansion occurs with increasing chemical admixture dosages and higher water-to-cement ratios, as expected, due to increasing bleeding of those samples. When samples were rotated, negligible early age expansion was observed. Thus, bleed water reabsorption is shown to be the primary mechanism causing initial expansion in sealed autogenous deformation samples. Thermal dilation and ettringite growth appear to have a minimal influence on the observed expansion. Rotating the samples during setting eliminates the potential for bleed water reabsorption and is recommended for all autogenous deformation testing.     

La掺杂(Na0.5Bi0.5)0.82(K0.5Bi0.5)0.18TiO3系统无铅压电陶瓷的制备工艺探讨

采用传统陶瓷工艺，研究了制备[（Na0.5Bi0.5）0.82（K0.5Bi0.5）0.18]1-xLaxTiO3（x=0．00，0．01，0．03，0．05，0．10）无铅压电陶瓷的工艺条件对陶瓷的物相组成、显微结构和压电性能的影响。利用XRD、SEM等技术分析结果表明，合成温度的提高有利于主晶相的形成，且此系统烧成温度范围较窄，故需控制在合适的烧成温度下才能得到高致密度的陶瓷。同时，研究了极化工艺条件对材料压电性能的影响，结果表明，提高极化电场强度、控制适当的极化温度有利于提高材料的压电性能。     

La掺杂(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_(0.82)(K_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_(0.18)TiO_3系统无铅压电陶瓷的制备工艺探讨

采用传统陶瓷工艺,研究了制备[(Na0.5Bi0.5)0.82(K0.5Bi0.5)0.18]1-xLaxTiO3(x=0.00,0.01,0.03,0.05,0.10)无铅压电陶瓷的工艺条件对陶瓷的物相组成、显微结构和压电性能的影响。利用XRD、SEM等技术分析结果表明,合成温度的提高有利于主晶相的形成,且此系统烧成温度范围较窄,故需控制在合适的烧成温度下才能得到高致密度的陶瓷。同时,研究了极化工艺条件对材料压电性能的影响,结果表明,提高极化电场强度、控制适当的极化温度有利于提高材料的压电性能。     

Chemical model for cement-based materials: Thermodynamic data assessment for phases other than C-S-H

In the context of waste confinement, concrete may be used both as a confinement and as a building material. Concerning radwaste, the heat released during radioactive decay will modify the equilibrium constants of the minerals forming the concrete. The present work aims to elucidate the temperature dependency of the thermodynamic functions related to minerals from the concrete or associated with some of its degradation products. A large set of experimental data has been collected, for the chemical systems SO₃-Al₂O₃-CaO-CO₂-Cl-H₂O and SiO₂-Al₂O₃-CaO-H₂O, including iron and magnesium bearing phases. Most of the data collected concern experiments in aqueous media but results from calorimetric studies were also included, when available. Based on selected thermodynamic properties for each phase, predominance diagrams were drawn for the chemical elements listed above. Phase relations reported into predominance diagram appear rather consistent with most of the literature results. The case of katoite has been especially discussed, because it shows inconsistencies with respect to a hydrogarnet-grossular solid solution and with respect to phase relations reported into already published works. Finally, we underline the chemical compatibility of Portland cement pastes with carbonate aggregates, compared to silicates, for long-term storage applications.     

An investigation of microstructure evolution in cement paste through setting using ultrasonic and rheological measurements

The response of hydrating cement paste through setting are monitored using rheological measurements and ultrasonic reflection measurements. Increases in the elastic modulus and yield stress of cement paste with time are obtained from the rheological measurements. Ultrasonic measurements are performed using horizontally polarized shear waves (SH) reflected off of the hydrating cement paste. Changes in the ultrasonic signal through setting are related with changes in the porosity and stiffness of an equivalent water-filled poroelastic material, which provides identical acoustic impedance. The measured changes in the shear modulus obtained from ultrasonic measurement are shown to correlate well with increase in elastic modulus obtained from rheological measurements. The increase in the shear modulus of the porous material obtained from the ultrasonic measurements is shown to correspond well with the observed increase in the yield stress of the cement paste. By combining the information from rheological and ultrasonic measurements, it is found that even in the fluid stage there is sufficient structural integrity in the arrangement of cement grains to support low-amplitude shear stress and the evolution of a continuously connected network of cement particles within the paste is coincident with a rapid increase in the shear modulus of the porous skeleton.     

Nonlinear ultrasonic evaluation of load effects on discontinuities in concrete

The presence of discontinuity surfaces in concrete structures, i.e. two or more layers in contact, may be an existing situation with evident relapses on damage formation and progression. Differences occur depending on the type of discontinuity, which could be a thin weaker layer or a pre-existing crack. The behavior of pre-existing interfaces is here studied by means of the Scaling Subtraction Method, a Nonlinear Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Technique, that revealed to be effective in describing the mechanical evolution of concrete samples with discontinuity surfaces under the effects of compressive loads.     

Assessment of the long-term stability of cementitious barriers of radioactive waste repositories by using digital-image-based microstructure generation and reactive transport modelling

Cement-based grout plays a significant role in the design and performance of nuclear waste repositories: used correctly, it can enhance their safety. However, the high water-to-binder ratios, which are required to meet the desired workability and injection ability at early age, lead to high porosity that may affect the durability of this material and undermine its long-term geochemical performance.In this paper, a new methodology is presented in order to help the process of mix design which best meets the compromise between these two conflicting requirements. It involves the combined use of the computer programs CEMHYD3D for the generation of digital-image-based microstructures and CrunchFlow, for the reactive transport calculations affecting the materials so simulated. This approach is exemplified with two grout types, namely, the so-called Standard mix 5/5, used in the upper parts of the structure, and the “low-pH” P308B, to be injected at higher depths.The results of the digital reconstruction of the mineralogical composition of the hardened paste are entirely logical, as the microstructures display high degrees of hydration, large porosities and low or nil contents of aluminium compounds.Diffusion of solutes in the pore solution was considered to be the dominant transport process. A single scenario was studied for both mix designs and their performances were compared. The reactive transport model adequately reproduces the process of decalcification of the C-S-H and the precipitation of calcite, which is corroborated by empirical observations. It was found that the evolution of the deterioration process is sensitive to the chemical composition of groundwater, its effects being more severe when grout is set under continuous exposure to poorly mineralized groundwater. Results obtained appear to indicate that a correct conceptualization of the problem was accomplished and support the assumption that, in absence of more reliable empirical data, it might constitute a useful tool to estimate the durability of cement-based structures.     

Wavelet-based analysis of ultrasonic longitudinal and transverse pulses in cement-based materials

Ultrasonic pulse velocity has been used for decades to detect localized damage and to estimate concrete properties. More recent applications aim at diffuse damage characterization, such as environmental and mechanical damage. In most applications the methodology to calculate pulse speed is a very important issue. This work, applying continuous wavelet transform (CWT) to construct time-frequency signal representations, calculates frequency-dependent velocity of longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic pulses using wavelet scales. The method is applied to a total of 14 specimens of 5 different mixes and frequency-dependent velocities are calculated using four wavelet families. The CWT capability to decompose the inquiring pulse spectrum and analyze phase velocities is discussed with regard to wavelet, pulse type, and mixture. Frequency-dependent velocity of longitudinal pulses at lower frequencies (from 100 kHz up to 250 kHz) was proven to be much more sensitive to mix proportions than transverse pulses.