Miniature broadband bandpass filters using double-layer coupled stripline resonators

A novel double-layer coupled stripline resonator structure is introduced to realize miniature broadband bandpass filters. Filters with relative bandwidth up to 60% and size less than /spl lambda//8/spl times//spl lambda//8/spl times/h (/spl lambda/ is wavelength at the midband frequency; h is the substrate height, which is much smaller than /spl lambda//8) can be fulfilled using such resonators. Two possible filter configurations are proposed in this paper: combline and interdigital. The filter synthesis procedure follows the classical coupling matrix approach that generates very good initial responses. Optimization by the mode-matching method and fine tuning in Ansoft's High Frequency Structure Simulator are combined to improve the filter performance. Two filter design examples are given to validate the feasibility. Low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology is employed to manufacture the filters. Experimental results of the two manufactured filters are presented. The effects of LTCC manufacturing procedure on the filter performance are also discussed.     

Miniaturization of wide-band VHF filters by using spiral resonators

The miniaturization of a wide-band VHF filter composed of distributed resonators has been studied. The miniaturized filter was realized with spiral resonant lines and lumped capacitors. The filter was designed using a prototype filter circuit composed of only series-resonant lumped-constant circuits. Each resonant circuit is transformed to another resonant circuit consisting of a spiral resonant line and two capacitors. One capacitor is connected to each end of the spiral resonant line. With this technique, the line length becomes very short, e.g., one-twentieth wavelength, in comparison with the line length in conventional resonant lines of one-half or one-quarter wavelength. A filter which has a 160-185 MHz passband and a volume of 3 × 4 × 10 cm³was realized with 10 spiral resonators. The filter exhibits superior characteristics with very little volume.     

Microstrip filters using new compact resonators

Compact two-pole and four-pole passband filters in 900 MHz frequency band using novel square microstrip resonators are presented. The measured filters' responses demonstrate the feasibility of selective filters using these new resonators     

Narrow bandpass filters using dual-behavior resonators

This paper reports on a new concept of narrow bandpass filters leading to perfectly controlled electrical responses within both the required operating bandwidth and adjacent undesired bands. A specific topology is considered for such a "global synthesis": in comparison with conventional filter performances, it provides significant improvements in terms of rejection control. The attenuated frequencies are each located apart from the bandpass frequencies and controlled by means of n transmission zeros introduced through original dual-behavior resonators (DBRs). These resonators are based on the association of different parallel open-ended stubs and allow the designer to independently control the in-band and out-of-band responses of the filter. A global synthesis approach is also discussed on a simplified architecture based on stepped impedance stubs, and the experimental results shown clearly validate the proposed concept. This simplification reduces the number of degrees of freedom when designing a DBR, and consequently the two transmission zeros become dependent.     

Dielectric-waveguide filters using parallel-coupled grating resonators

Results for a new class of dielectric-waveguide bandpass filters are presented. The filters use pairs of gratings on a guide to make a resonator, and the resonators are coupled by side-by-side placement. Attenuation is by reflection around the passband and by absorption elsewhere.     

Temperature-stable low-loss microwave filters using dielectric resonators

Recently developed high-permittivity low-loss temperature-stable dielectric materials have been used as resonators in microwave filters. The resulting low-loss filters possess extremely good temperature stability. Proper design and the use of metal-screw mode suppressors have eliminated the further problem in dielectric-resonator filters of spurious modes just above the passband.     

Compact bandpass filters using stepped impedance resonators

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of, and experimental results given by, stepped impedance (SI) resonators constructed and used as high-Q resonators in the UHF band. These results made it clear that the Q-factor is higher than conventional capacitor-loaded resonators. Three types of bandpass filters were designed and fabricated using the SI resonators. The filters mentioned in this paper show that excellent performance has been obtained.     

Miniature and tunable filters using MEMS capacitors

Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) bridge capacitors have been used to design miniature and tunable bandpass filters at 18-22 GHz. Using coplanar waveguide transmission lines on a quartz substrate (/spl epsiv//sub r/ = 3.8, tan/spl delta/ = 0.0002), a miniature three-pole filter was developed with 8.6% bandwidth based on high-Q MEMS bridge capacitors. The miniature filter is approximately 3.5 times smaller than the standard filter with a midband insertion loss of 2.9 dB at 21.1 GHz. The MEMS bridges in this design can also be used as varactors to tune the passband. Such a tunable filter was made on a glass substrate (/spl epsiv//sub r/ = 4.6, tan/spl delta/ = 0.006). Over a tuning range of 14% from 18.6 to 21.4 GHz, the miniature tunable filter has a fractional bandwidth of 7.5 /spl plusmn/ 0.2% and a midband insertion loss of 3.85-4.15 dB. The IIP/sub 3/ of the miniature-tunable filter is measured at 32 dBm for the difference frequency of 50 kHz. The IIP/sub 3/ increases to >50 dBm for difference frequencies greater than 150 kHz. Simple mechanical simulation with a maximum dc and ac (ramp) tuning voltages of 50 V indicates that the filter can tune at a conservative rate of 150-300 MHz//spl mu/s.     

结构紧凑的高选择性宽带滤波器

摘 要：为实现结构紧凑和高选择性的宽带滤波器,在传统平行耦合线结构的基础上,作了适当改进,设计了三种结构新颖的三线耦合结构,均能够实现具有三个传输零点的宽带响应,且其中两个零点分别紧靠通带的上下边缘。加工并测试了基于其中一种结构的宽带滤波器,工作频率为2.6GHz,3dB相对带宽为63%,三个传输零点分别位于1.46GHz,3.77GHz和5.13GHz,介质基板采用Rogers 4003,厚度0.813mm。实测结果与仿真结果吻合良好,验证了结构的有效性。     

Bandpass filters using dual-mode and quad-mode Mobius resonators

Compact bandpass filters are being developed using Mobius wire-loaded cavity resonators. Initial results on tuned filters indicate that excellent filter characteristics can be attained in devices that are significantly smaller than traditional wire-loaded cavity technologies. A novel quad-mode Mobius resonator is presented which occupies the same volume as a dual-mode Mobius resonator. A four-pole bandpass filter is demonstrated using a single quad-mode Mobius resonator. Precisely controlled dielectric loading of dual-mode Mobius wire resonators has been implemented to realize bandpass filters. Two-pole and four-pole bandpass filters are demonstrated using one and two dual-mode dielectric-loaded Mobius resonators, respectively     

Low-pass and high-pass filters using coaxial-type dielectric resonators

This paper proposes new low-pass and high-pass filters using coaxial-type dielectric resonators. The low-pass filter has a LC-type circuit structure and is composed of three inductances and two resonance circuits. The resonance circuits are the open-ended coaxial-type dielectric resonators whose length is λg/4. The high-pass filter has a CL-type circuit structure. Two high-pass filters are described, one of them is composed of three capacitances andtwo resonance circuits, the other is composed of five capacitances and four resonance circuits. The operating frequency range of the low-pass filter is 0.13–0.9 GHz and the cutoffency is 900 MHz, and the insertion loss is 0.3 dB. The corresponding quantities of the high-pass filter are 0.9–2.5 GHz, 900 MHz, and 0.3 dB, respectively.     

Miniature surface-acoustic-wave filters

An introduction to Surface-Acoustic-Wave (SAW) devices-their operation, advantages, and applications--is presented. The process of design and realization of high-performance SAW filters is examined from initial specifications to final device operation. Several techniques drawn from a variety of disciplines illustrate the implementation of finite impulse response SAW frequency functions. Material properties, transducer weighting, and computer-aided design are treated. An example of the design and testing of a 321-MHz 0.35-percent bandwidth, 65-dB sidelobe, 15-dB insertion loss filter is presented.     

Passive CCD resonators [for high Q bandpass filters]

The passive CCD resonator is a recursive CCD building block which is well suited for the realization of high Q bandpass filters. Its realization is compatible with the standard double-poly NMOS technology. Advantages of the new approach are an extremely low sensitivity of the center frequency which is determined by an external clock frequency, a relative bandwidth which does not depend on the center frequency but is controlled by a capacitance ratio, and signal frequencies at least up to some hundred kHz. The analysis, design considerations, and performance results are presented. A loaded Q factor of 30, a maximum stopband attenuation of 26 dB, and a negligible insertion loss in the passband are typical for a single CCD resonator. The maximum overall center frequency deviation /spl Delta/f/f due to fabrication tolerances is proportional to the transfer inefficiency of the CCD and has the value of about 2/spl times/10/SUP -4/.     

Tunable optical filters using compound ring resonators for DWDM

The device is based on a loop mirror in a ring resonator. The loop mirror allows tuning by changing the coupling coefficient of a directional coupler. The loop mirror is implemented using a Sagnac configuration to have the same optical path between the signals to be interfered (copropagating and counterpropagating ones). The filter structure allows optical integration for having higher free-spectral ranges. Simple design equations for the filter parameters and the tuning are reported. Measurements on a passive optical fiber tunable filter are presented. There is a good agreement between measurements and theory.     

High-Q channel-dropping filters using ring resonators with integrated SOAs

The filter response of single-ring resonators with integrated semiconductor optical amplifiers based on GaInAsP-InP is presented. The devices with free spectral ranges of 25 and 50 GHz have the form of a racetrack. An on-off ratio of 20 dB, a full-width at half-maximum of 12 and 24 pm, a finesse of 17, and a Q factor of 130,000 and 65,000, respectively, have been achieved. The tuning to a specific wavelength is performed by using integrated Pt-resistors.     

脊双模波导滤波器的研究

介绍了一种利用脊谐振器产生的正交准TEM简并模实现脊双模波导滤波器的新方法。通过分析脊谐振器放置在主模传输波导中不同位置的特性,建立了耦合拓扑结构图,实现了三种不同类型的频率响应。利用全波仿真软件AnsoftHFSS,分别以方形和十字交叉这两种脊谐振器作为基本单元,设计出了两腔四阶的脊双模波导滤波器,两个滤波器的插损均小于0.2 dB,回波损耗小于–23 dB,仿真结果与预期吻合。     

Wide-stopband microstrip bandpass filters using dissimilar quarter-wavelength stepped-impedance resonators

Wide-stopband and compact microstrip bandpass filters (BPFs) are proposed using various dissimilar quarter-wavelength (/spl lambda//4) stepped-impedance resonators (SIRs) for multiple spurious suppression. The use of /spl lambda//4 SIRs is essential in widening the filter stopband and reducing the circuit size. By properly arranging the individual /spl lambda//4 SIR, which has the same fundamental resonance frequency f/sub 0/, but has different spurious (harmonic) resonance frequencies, and also carefully misaligning the maximum current density nodes, several higher order spurious resonances may be suppressed so that a BPF with wide stopband may be realized. In this study, the basic concept of multiple spurious suppression is demonstrated by thoroughly investigating the spurious characteristics of the fourth-order interdigital BPFs, which consist of two different types of /spl lambda//4 SIRs. To widen the rejection bandwidth, the fourth-order coupled-resonator BPFs based on three and four different types of /spl lambda//4 SIRs are implemented and carefully examined. Specifically, a very wide-stopband microstrip BPF composed of four dissimilar /spl lambda//4 SIRs is realized and its stopband is extended even up to 11.4f/sub 0/ with a rejection level better than 27.5 dB.     

Miniaturized coplanar waveguide bandpass filters using multisection stepped-impedance resonators

We report several types of coplanar waveguide tri-section stepped-impedance resonator (SIR) structures that offer further size reduction compared to the conventional two-section SIRs. In addition, the tri-section SIRs provide flexibility of introducing effective capacitive coupling to the ground lines for realizing slow-wave structures. The slow-wave effect can be used to implement more compact bandpass filters. The principles of achieving size reductions using tri-section SIRs are described and confirmed by simulation results. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed tri-section SIRs in size reduction, the tri-section SIRs with slow-wave effects were implemented in a two-pole directly coupled bandpass filter and a fourth-order quasi-elliptic bandpass filter with reduced size. The measured results matched well with the theoretical prediction.     

Compact Millimeter-wave filters using distributed capacitively loaded CPW resonators

In this paper, a method for reducing the size of coplanar-waveguide (CPW) resonators, used in the design of compact bandpass filters, is presented. This is accomplished by incorporating a distributed array of capacitive loads along a resonant CPW line. Design of a miniaturized bandpass filter using capacitively loaded CPW resonators, which are inductively coupled, is presented. Inductively coupled bandpass filters with the proposed capacitively loaded CPW line resonators are designed and a size reduction of 25%, compared with filters using a standard CPW line resonator, is demonstrated. It is shown that, through this size reduction, the insertion loss is minimally increased (<0.4 dB). A hybrid algorithm, combining the method of moments (MOM) and circuit simulation is used to facilitate design process. Few filters using this technique are designed, fabricated, and measured at W-band. An excellent agreement between the simulation and measurement responses of these filters is presented.     

Compact VDTA-based current-mode electronically tunable universal filters using grounded capacitors

This paper presents a compact current-mode three-input single-output (TISO) type universal filter. Only one voltage differencing transconductance amplifier (VDTA) and two grounded capacitors are employed in the proposed filter. The circuit can realize lowpass, bandpass, highpass, bandstop and allpass biquadratic filter outputs by connecting the appropriate inputs, and offers electronic control of the natural angular frequency (ω₀) and quality factor (Q) by means of adjusting the transconductance gain of the VDTA. In addition, by slight modification of the proposed scheme, another more useful TISO construction with orthogonal ω₀–Q tuning has been obtained. Both the discussed universal filters have been shown to have low incremental active and passive sensitivities. To demonstrate the performances of the filters and verify the theoretical analysis, computer simulations are accomplished with the PSPICE program.