Coordinated Synthesis of Multimachine Power System Stabilizer Using an Efficient Decentralized Modal Control (DMC) Algorithm

This paper presents a new method for simultaneously selecting the power system stabilizer (PSS) parameters in multimachine power systems. Design of local output feedback power system stabilizer using local signal of the generator (e.g. speed or power) is formulated as a decentralized modal control (DMC) problem. Exact model reduction based on modal control theory is proposed to make the determination of PSS parameters highly efficient. Results obtained from the coordinated tuning of the parameters of three power system stabilizers equipped on a multimachine power system show that exact assignment of the eigenvalues associated with the poorly damped electromechanical modes can be achieved in a very efficient manner.     

基于极点配置的线性最优励磁控制设计方法

本文将电力系统稳定器(PSS)复数频率设计方法引人到线性最优励磁控制(LOEC)当中来,提出了基于极点配置的线性最优励磁控制设计方法.通过满足一定的阻尼比确定系统的闭环极点,然后采用极点配置的方法确定反馈系数矩阵.单机无穷大系统的数字仿真结果表明,用这种方法设计出来的极点配置LOEC能够适应系统运行方式的大范围变化,在大小扰动下均表现出良好的控制性能.     

基于鲁棒方差优化的电力系统频率控制研究

随着新能源发电大规模并网,随机负荷扰动给电力系统稳定优化运行提出了新的挑战。针对自动发电控制过程中存在的随机扰动和参数摄动的问题,提出了一种基于鲁棒方差约束的状态反馈控制器的参数优化方法。根据鲁棒方差控制(Robust Variance Control,RVC)中不等式约束条件,分析了闭环系统在抑制随机扰动和提高阶跃扰动响应动态性能之间的博弈关系。构造了融合稳态状态方差和控制能量输出约束的优化问题,利用线性矩阵不等式(Linear Matrix Inequality,LMI)获得了鲁棒方差控制器参数。在此基础上,对配置的区域极点圆心坐标值和正标量两个参数进行遗传优化,得到性能指标最优的控制策略。以两区域电力系统模型为例,表明该方法能够有效抑制随机扰动并保持良好的控制性能和鲁棒性能。     

Optimal coordinated design of UPFC and PSS for improving power system performance by using multi-objective water cycle algorithm

This paper presents an optimal design for simultaneously locating unified power flow controller (UPFC) and power system stabilizer (PSS). The parameters of their controllers are also tuned coordinately to enhance the power system stability. A mixed integer nonlinear problem is obtained for the design procedure due to the characteristics of selected objective functions. A new population-based meta-heuristic algorithm, called water cycle algorithm (WCA) is used to solve this problem. The best Pareto optimal set is also attained by defining this problem as a multi-objective function. The simulations results on IEEE 39-bus power system confirm the efficiency and the superior performance of the proposed method when compared with other algorithms.     

输出函数在单输入单输出非线性控制系统设计中的重要作用

深入研究了输出函数在非线性控制设计中的作用，指出输出函数在非线性控制设计中的一个重要功能是对闭环系统进行极点配置。并提出了一个对非线性控制系统具有一定普适性的输出函数形式。讨论了如何选择和确定该输出函数以及如何通过该输出函数来实现对系统闭环极点进行配置的方法。文中主要针对单输入单输出系统进行讨论，并以发电机励磁控制系统为例，给出应用实例。仿真结果表明按文中提出的观点选择输出函数，所设计的控制律能很好地协调发电机励磁控制系统各状态量的动、静态性能，不仅提高了发电机的动态稳定性，而且能准确地将发电机的端电压Uf控制在其给定值上运行，不会因受扰而发生静态偏移。     

基于线性最优控制的交直流低频振荡附加阻尼控制器设计

对于低频振荡抑制问题,提出了一种新的电力系统稳定器(PSS)及直流附加控制的设计方法。通过改进的总体最小二乘-旋转不变(TLS-ESPRIT)辨识技术分析系统振荡特性,再对各个振荡模态分别辨识出相应的被控传递函数,最后利用带观测器的线性最优控制(LQR)方法设计出相应控制器,达到抑制低频振荡的目的。在设计过程中,利用基于LQR的PSS抑制区域内低频振荡,区域间低频振荡通过基于LQR的直流附加控制完成。     

电力系统鲁棒非线性控制研究

本文结合状态反馈精确线性化方法和线性Ｈ∞控制理论提出了一种新的鲁棒非线性控制器的设计方法，依据这种方法设计了电力系统的鲁棒非线性控制器（励磁控制器和汽轮机调速），并就其特性及作用给予了讨论。     

Coordinated Design of Power System Stabilizers and Static Phase Shifters Using Genetic Algorithm

Coordinated design of a power system stabilizer (PSS) and a static phase shifter (SPS) using genetic algorithm (GA) is investigated in this paper. The design problem of PSS and SPS controller is formulated as an optimization problem. An eigenvalue-based objective function to increase the system damping is proposed. Then, GA is employed to search for optimal controller parameters. Different control schemes have been proposed and tested on a weakly connected power system with different disturbances, loading conditions, and parameter variations. It was observed that although the PSS enhances the power system stability, the SPS controller provides most of the damping and improves the voltage profile of the system. The nonlinear simulation results show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control schemes over a wide range of loading conditions and system parameter variations.     

基于ESO-backstepping的多机电力系统非线性鲁棒励磁解耦控制

通过构造扩张状态观测器(extended state observer,ESO)对发电机励磁系统模型误差和不确定外扰进行动态补偿,并运用反步法对补偿后的模型设计非线性解耦控制律。由于该方法对系统模型的非线性部分有选择地利用ESO进行动态补偿,既避免了运用反步法设计时自适应参数的引入,又能充分利用系统的特性,减轻ESO的估计负担,有效地兼顾了控制器鲁棒性及控制精度这两方面的要求。仿真表明：该方法鲁棒性强,参数易于选取,与比例–积分–微分(proportion-integration- differentiation,PID)+电力系统稳定(power system stabilizer,PSS)控制器励磁控制器相比较,具有更为优秀的动态品质,方法简单有效。     

Decentralized robust adaptive-output feedback controller for power system load frequency control

In this paper, a new model reference-decentralized robust adaptive-output feedback controller is proposed for the load frequency control (LFC) of large-scale power systems with unknown parameters. This control strategy requires only local input–output data and can follow random changes in the operating conditions. The controller is designed such that the trajectory errors and the control gains of each area remain uniformly bounded. In the proposed method, firstly an adaptive observer is designed to estimate the state variables and system parameters using local data only. Then a locally linear combination of the estimated states and the model reference states are used to design a robust adaptive-output feedback controller for each area. Simulation results for a three-area power system show that the proposed controller achieves good performance even in the presence of plant parameter changes and system non-linearities. Received: 18 October 2001/Accepted: 24 October 2001     

Design of stabilizers by pole assignment with output feedback

Large interconnected power systems are provided with power system stabilizers to damp out the low frequency rotor oscillations introduced by fast and high gain excitation systems. Stabilizing signals from rotor speed, frequency and accelaration are commonly used. Classical control techniques have been widely used in the design of power system stabilizers although modern control theory has been applied recently.Three methods for stabilizer design using pole assignment technique with output feedback are presented. The first method uses modal control techniques with a least-square minimization method. The second and third involve static optimization. An algorithm for pole assignment by Sirisena and Choi is used in the second method, while a new algorithm for placing the closed loop poles inside a sector is used in the third method. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the methods.     

Robust PID based power system stabiliser: Design and real-time implementation

This paper addresses a new robust control strategy to synthesis of robust proportional-integral-derivative (PID) based power system stabilisers (PSS). The PID based PSS design problem is reduced to find an optimal gain vector via an H∞ static output feedback control (H∞-SOF) technique, and the solution is easily carried out using a developed iterative linear matrix inequalities algorithm. To illustrate the developed approach, a real-time experiment has been performed for a longitudinal four-machine infinite-bus system using the Analog Power System Simulator at the Research Laboratory of the Kyushu Electric Power Company. The results of the proposed control strategy are compared with full-order H∞ and conventional PSS designs. The robust PSS is shown to maintain the robust performance and minimise the effect of disturbances properly.     

Robust hierarchized controllers using wide area measurements in power systems

In this paper, we present a new method for robust centralized controller design using LMI’s with applications to power systems. This method makes possible to increase the damping rate of the decentralized system (that is, power system with PSS’s). It considers delays added to the signals that travel from the generators to the central controller. The robust hierarchized controller is composed by two control layers: the first one consists on decentralized controllers, that are applied independently to each machine of the system, what guarantees the stability and a minimum damping rate; the second one is composed by a centralized controller, that receives delayed information from all machines of the system, and it sends control signals to all generators. The centralized controller algorithm is robust, once it considers various operative conditions for the power system, and it also permits the choice of the communication delays.     

Decentralized robust adaptive load frequency control using interactions estimation

In this paper, a new model reference decentralized adaptive output feedback controller is proposed for load-frequency control (LFC) of large-scale power systems with unknown parameters. The main problem with a decentralized robust LFC is that the interactions are treated as disturbances. This results in a conservative control action to maintain stability in the worst-case scenario. Furthermore, to improve the performance of the decentralized LFC, the proposed method estimates the interactions from other subsystems to modify the adaptive controller so that the interactions are effectively neutralized. The other important features of the proposed controller are: (1) no prior information about the system parameters is required, (2) random changes in the operating conditions are traced, (3) only the local input–output data are needed, (4) the robustness of the overall system against the system parameter uncertainties is guaranteed. To show the effectiveness of the proposed controller, a three-area power system is studied. The simulation results are promising and highlight the remarkable performance of the controller even in the presence of both plant parameter changes and high interactions.     

UPFC状态反馈精确线性化潮流控制策略

统一潮流控制器(unified power flow controller,UPFC)传统线性控制器的性能可能因运行点的大范围变化而恶化,针对该问题提出了一种基于微分几何状态反馈精确线性化理论的UPFC非线性潮流控制策略。通过选择李雅普诺夫型输出函数、适当的非线性坐标变换和状态反馈将UPFC的5阶非线性系统完全转化为一个线性系统,然后采用线性极点配置方法设计了UPFC内部潮流控制器。IEEE 118节点系统的仿真对比结果表明,所提UPFC潮流控制策略改进了传统PI控制近似线性化的缺陷,有效适应了UPFC控制范围的大幅度变化,在提高电力系统暂态稳定性方面的效果明显优于传统PI控制。此外,该控制策略设计过程可以应用于所有基于电压源型换流器(voltage source converter,VSC)的柔性交流输电系统(flexibleAC transmission system,FACTS)装置。     

Time delay approach for PSS and SSSC based coordinated controller design using hybrid PSO–GSA algorithm

In this work we present a novel approach in order to improve the power system stability, by designing a coordinated structure composed of a power system stabilizer and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)-based damping controller. In the design approach various time delays and signal transmission delays owing to sensors are included. This is a coordinated design problem which is treated as an optimization problem. A new hybrid particle swarm optimization and gravitational search algorithm (hPSO–GSA) algorithm is used in order to find the controller parameters. The performance of single-machine infinite-bus power system as well as the multi-machine power systems are evaluated by applying the proposed hPSO–GSA based controllers (PSS and damping controller). Various results are shown here with different loading condition and system configuration over a wide range which will prove the robustness and effectiveness of the above design approach. From the results it can be observed that, the proposed hPSO–GSA based controller provides superior damping to the power system oscillation on a wide range of disturbances. Again from the simulation based results it can be concluded that, for a multi-machine power system, the modal oscillation which is very dangerous can be easily damped out with the above proposed approach.     

Decentralized bounded input bounded output stabilization of perturbed interconnected time-delay power systems with energy storages

This paper presents a new decentralized bounded input bounded output (BIBO) stabilization problem for a class of interconnected time-delay systems and its application to power systems with energy storages. We first provide conditions for the derivation of an ellipsoid that bounds a given linear functions of the state vector. Then, a design procedure is proposed to synthesize decentralized static output feedback controllers. The designed controllers guarantee that a given linear functions of the state vector, starting from any initial condition, converges exponentially to its prescribed zones. To deal with the time-delay issue, we use an improved weighted integral inequality recently reported in the literature to derive less conservative exponential stability conditions. Then, our presented control approach is applied to an interconnected power system integrated energy storages with multiple time delays. We synthesis decentralized static output feedback load frequency controllers to guarantee that the system frequency and interchanged power converge to their prescribed zones exponentially from any initial conditions. The controller’s construction is simpler and easier for implementation due to only the local output measurements are required. In order to systematically obtain the controller gains, an effective procedure using linear matrix inequality based stabilisation criteria, which can be solved by various computation tools, is provided. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by comprehensive simulations.     

Decentralized output feedback controller design for nonlinear interconnected systems with unknown control direction and time‐varying delays

The decentralized output feedback control problem is considered for a class of large‐scale systems with unknown time‐varying delays. The uncertain interconnections are bounded by general nonlinear functions with unknown coefficients. The control direction parameters are unknown for each subsystem, which brings a challenging issue for decentralized controller design. To deal with this problem, we propose a new decentralized control scheme with the help of Nussbaum function. The decentralized filter is designed at first. By constructing Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, we design the dynamic output feedback controller. It is rigorously proved that the closed‐loop system is asymptotically stable. Finally, the simulation is performed, and the results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparative performance analysis of teaching learning based optimization for automatic load frequency control of multi-source power systems

This paper presents a new population based parameter free optimization algorithm as teaching learning based optimization (TLBO) and its application to automatic load frequency control (ALFC) of multi-source power system having thermal, hydro and gas power plants. The proposed method is based on the effect of the influence of teacher on the output of learners and the learners can enhance their knowledge by interactions among themselves in a class. In this extensive study, the algorithm is applied in multi area and multi-source realistic power system without and with DC link between two areas in order to tune the PID controller which is used for automatic generation control (AGC). The potential and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is compared with that of differential evolution algorithm (DE) and optimal output feedback controller tuning performance for the same power systems. The dynamic performance of proposed controller is investigated by different cost functions like integral of absolute error (IAE), integral of squared error (ISE), integral of time weighted squared error (ITSE) and integral of time multiplied absolute error (ITAE) and the robustness of the optimized controller is verified by its response toward changing in load and system parameters. It is found that the dynamic performance of the proposed controller is better than that of recently published DE optimized controller and optimal output feedback controller and also the proposed system is more robust and stable to wide changes in system loading, parameters, size and locations of step load perturbation and different cost functions.     

A QFT-based robust SVC controller for improving the dynamic stability of power systems

A new design technique for an SVC-based power system damping controller has been proposed. The controller attempts to place all plant poles within a specified region on the s-plane to guarantee the desired closed loop performance. The use of Horowitz's quantitative feedback theory (QFT) permits the design of a `fixed gain controller' that maintains its performance in spite of large variations in the plant parameters during its normal course of operation. The required controller parameters are arrived at by solving an optimization problem that incorporates the control specifications. The performance of this robust controller has been evaluated on a single machine infinite bus system equipped with a mid point SVC, and the results are shown to be consistent with the expected performance of the stabilizer.