Effect of peanut protein isolate on functional properties of chicken salt-soluble proteins from breast and thigh muscles during heat-induced gelation

In this study, we investigated the impact of peanut protein isolate (PPI) on the functional properties of chicken salt-soluble protein (SSP) prepared from breast and thigh muscles during heat-induced gelation. The addition of PPI increased the water-holding capacity, gel strength and elasticity of heat-induced chicken SSP mixed gel. Breast and thigh SSP had the best gel properties at the addition of 2.5% and 3.5% PPI, respectively. Rheology indicated that thigh SSP showed higher storage modulus (G') than breast SSP. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the addition of PPI changed transition temperatures (Tmax) and enthalpy of denaturation (ΔH) of chicken SSP. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the PPI-treated SSP gels had more compact ultrastructures than controls. The results suggested that PPI may be a potential protein additive for improve the characteristics of SSP gelations.     

热处理及转谷氨酰胺酶对糖基化燕麦蛋白凝胶性质的影响

对燕麦蛋白及其乳糖糖基化燕麦蛋白进行热诱导和转谷氨酰胺酶诱导凝胶改性,探究2 种不同诱导方式对燕麦蛋白及其糖基化产物凝胶性质及结构的影响。结果表明：与燕麦蛋白热诱导凝胶相比,其他3 种燕麦蛋白凝胶的弹性、硬度和持水性均显著提高（P＜0.05）;酶诱导凝胶的质构性质（弹性、硬度、胶黏性）与持水性优于热诱导凝胶;糖基化改性蛋白凝胶的质构性质与持水性显著高于未糖基化改性蛋白凝胶（P＜0.05）。酶诱导蛋白凝胶的表面疏水性分别高于两种热诱导蛋白凝胶;而糖基化改性蛋白凝胶的表面疏水性分别低于未糖基化改性蛋白凝胶。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、傅里叶变换红外光谱、荧光光谱分析、微观结构分析进一步证明了转谷氨酰胺酶能引起燕麦蛋白发生分子间或分子内交联而形成大分子质量的交联产物,转谷氨酰胺酶诱导的燕麦蛋白凝胶具有更为致密的微观三维网络结构。研究表明,与热处理相比,转谷氨酰胺酶更能诱导燕麦蛋白及糖基化产物形成良好的凝胶,为燕麦粉的多元开发提供了一定理论基础。     

Properties of gels from whey protein concentrate and honey at different pHs

Structural and functional properties of heat-induced gels from whey protein concentrate (WPC)-honey prepared at pHs 3.75, 4.2 and 7.0 were analyzed. Gel structure was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the apparent transition temperature for protein denaturation was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The solubility of the protein components in different extraction media, and the water-holding capacity, firmness, elasticity, relaxation time, adhesivity, cohesiveness and color of gels were determined. Results show that disulfide interchange reactions are important in determining the elasticity, water-holding capacity, relaxation time and cohesiveness of WPC gels. Honey decreases the relaxation time of gels prepared at pHs 7.0 and 4.2, and increases the browning and the water-holding capacity of gels, the apparent transition temperature of WPC dispersions at the three pHs assayed, and the adhesivity of acidic gels. The solubility of the protein constituents of gels in a pH 8.0 buffer increases slightly at honey concentrations of 27.5% or more, which correlates with a decrease in the gel cohesiveness, having these gels a structure with smaller pores. The products obtained could be utilized in the formulation of different desserts, such as flans and cake and tart fillings.     

咸味肽（鸟胺牛磺酸）添加量对低钠肉糜热凝胶特性的影响

研究咸味肽（鸟胺牛磺酸）添加量对低钠肉糜热凝胶特性的影响。采用单因素试验研究pH值（6.0～7.2）对50%咸味肽替代后的肉糜热凝胶质构特性和保水性能的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,利用完全随机排列试验,研究咸味肽替代比例（30%、40%、50%）和pH值（6.0、6.5、7.0）对肉糜热凝胶质构特性和保水性能的影响。结果表明：在2.5%的离子强度和50%咸味肽替代比例下,pH值的变化（6.0～7.2）对肉糜热凝胶的质构有显著影响,对保水性影响不显著。咸味肽使用会对肉糜的质构及保水性质产生不利的影响,但调节pH值至偏中性条件在一定程度上可降低咸味肽的不利作用。     

蛋白质量浓度对鸡蛋热诱导凝胶特性的影响

以蛋清、蛋黄和全蛋液为原料,研究蛋清、蛋黄和全蛋蛋白热诱导凝胶的形成能力以及蛋白质量浓度对蛋清、蛋黄和全蛋蛋白热诱导凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：蛋清、蛋黄和全蛋形成热诱导凝胶的最低蛋白质量浓度分别为50、55、50mg/mL;在50～135mg/mL范围内,随蛋白质量浓度的增加,蛋清、蛋黄和全蛋蛋白的凝胶强度和保水性不断增大,蒸煮损失整体呈下降趋势;蛋白质量浓度对蛋清、蛋黄和全蛋凝胶的弹性也有显著影响。     

Effect of High Pressure Processing at Different Temperatures on Protein Functionality of Porcine Blood Plasma

Samples of porcine blood plasma were treated by high hydrostatic pressure at 450 MPa, for 15 min at 5 and 40 °C. The effects of these treatments on the structure and the solubility of plasma proteins and on the water-holding capacity, the strength, and the microstructure of heat-induced gels were compared.
Although the calorimetric and solubility data showed that structural protein modifications had occurred as a consequence of pressurization, the functional properties of heat-induced gels were not significantly affected. The water-holding capacity and the hardness of the gels from pressurized plasma were similar to those from the nontreated plasma (control). There were no differences between the microstructure of pressurized plasma gels related to the processing temperature, but their appearance was always different from that of the untreated plasma gels.     

尿素对肌原纤维蛋白热诱导凝胶非共价键作用力及特性的影响

研究尿素对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶非共价键作用力和特性的影响及其调控机制,揭示凝胶作用力和特性之间的关系,并探讨通过添加尿素研究凝胶氢键和疏水作用方法的科学性。分别用0.0~0.4 mol/L尿素处理肌原纤维蛋白并加热制成凝胶,用Zeta电位仪测定其静电相互作用;利用拉曼光谱仪测定其疏水相互作用与氢键;用离心法和质构仪测定相应尿素浓度条件下热诱导凝胶的保水性、硬度和弹性。结果表明,随着尿素浓度增大,热诱导凝胶的Zeta电位绝对值由7.83 m V下降到5.55 m V;S_0-ANS从698.5逐渐增大到885.3;I_(760 cm~(-1))/I_(1 003 cm~(-1))由0.957 1降到0.849 3;I_(850 cm~(-1))/I_(830 cm~(-1))先下降后上升;随着尿素浓度增大,凝胶保水性、硬度和弹性都存在下降的现象。相关性分析表明静电相互作用、表面疏水性和疏水相互作用显著影响肌原纤维蛋白热诱导凝胶保水性和质构特性。     

食用胶对虾蛄中磷酸化肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响

将魔芋胶、卡拉胶、黄原胶分别添加到虾蛄磷酸化肌原纤维蛋白中,在不同食用胶、三聚磷酸钠添加量及不同温度下形成凝胶,研究食用胶对磷酸化蛋白凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：随着三聚磷酸钠添加量的增加,3 种食用胶形成的蛋白凝胶强度和保水性均提高;随着食用胶添加量的增加,卡拉胶与黄原胶形成的蛋白凝胶强度和保水性提高,魔芋胶添加量为0.1%时,其蛋白凝胶强度最高;随着温度的升高,魔芋胶与卡拉胶均对蛋白凝胶强度和保水性有显著性影响（P＜0.05）,但黄原胶对凝胶强度和保水性无显著影响（P＞0.05）。     

小麦麸膳食纤维对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白凝胶功能特性的影响

为开发低脂肪多纤维的健康肉制品,明确膳食纤维添加对肉制品品质的影响,以猪肉肌原纤维蛋白为研究对象,利用单因素分析法研究肌原纤维蛋白热诱导凝胶性质及小麦麸膳食纤维对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响。结果表明：肌原纤维蛋白变性聚集的温度范围是40～70 ℃;肌原纤维蛋白凝胶硬度和保水性随肌原纤维蛋白质量浓度增加而增大,当质量浓度到达70 mg/mL时,凝胶硬度和保水性趋于稳定;pH值为5.5时肌原纤维蛋白凝胶硬度达到最大,凝胶保水性在pH 7.0时趋于稳定;离子强度为0.6 mol/L时凝胶的硬度和保水性趋于稳定。随着小麦麸膳食纤维添加量的增加,肌原纤维蛋白乳化性有所升高但是不明显,当添加量为5%时,乳化性增加7.4%,肌原纤维蛋白乳化稳定性降低;蛋白的弹性模量增大;凝胶硬度和保水性提高,添加量为4%时变化趋于平缓。随着膳食纤维粒径的减小,肌原纤维蛋白凝胶硬度和保水性逐渐提高;微观结构更加致密;蛋白弹性模量降低。由此可见,膳食纤维能够明显改变肌原纤维蛋白功能特性,通过在肉制品中添加适量的膳食纤维可以明显改良肉制品的风味,并替代脂肪,减少人体热量的摄入。     

Emulsifying and gelling properties of porcine blood plasma as influenced by high-pressure processing

The emulsifying properties and the characteristics of heat-induced gels (texture and water-holding capacity) prepared from pressurised blood plasma solutions of different pH (5.5–7.5) were investigated. Changes in the plasma, that affected its behaviour as an emulsifier, occurred after pressurisation. The highest emulsifying activity was found for samples treated at 400 MPa. At pressures above 400 MPa, the emulsifying activity and stability, at all pHs, decreased with increasing pressure. The hardness of heat-induced gels decreased significantly as the pressure increased above 400 MPa, this effect being more noticeable with decreasing pH. However, although a 600 MPa pressurisation induced a further decrease in the firmness of gels from solutions at pH 6.5 and 7.5, it increased the hardness of gels at pH 5.5. For treatments up to 500 MPa, the highest elasticity was found in gels from solutions at pH 7.5. Pressure treatments above 400 MPa improve the water-holding capacity of heat-induced gels prepared from plasma solutions at pH ⩾6.5.     

猪肉盐溶性蛋白热诱导凝胶特性的研究

盐溶性蛋白是影响猪肉制品的保水性及凝胶特性的一类最主要蛋白质,其中对蛋白质热凝胶起决定作用的是肌球蛋白.本试验以猪肉为原料,首先通过单因素试验研究贮藏时间、离子强度、磷酸盐等因素的影响,再通过正交试验得出猪背最长肌(P1d)盐溶蛋白最合适的提取条件:MgCl2浓度0.01 mol/L、NaCl浓度0.5 mol/L、焦磷酸钠及多聚磷酸钠的比例均为0.4%.     

Effect of feed texture, meal frequency and pre-slaughter fasting on carcass and meat quality, and urinary cortisol in pigs

The gelation characteristics of myofibrillar proteins are indicative of meat product texture. Defining the performance of myofibrillar proteins during gelation is beneficial in maintaining quality and developing processed meat products and processes. This study investigates the impact of pH on viscoelastic properties of porcine myofibrillar proteins prepared from different muscles (semimembranosus (SM), longissimus dorsi (LD) and psoas major (PM)) during heat-induced gelation. Dynamic rheological properties were measured while heating at 1 °C/min from 20 to 85 °C, followed by a holding phase at 85 °C for 3 min and a cooling phase from 85 to 5 °C at a rate of 5 °C/min. Storage modulus (G′, the elastic response of the gelling material) increased as gel formation occurred, but decreased after reaching the temperature of myosin denaturation (52 °C) until approximately 60 °C when the gel strength increased again. This resulted in a peak and depression in the thermogram. Following 60 °C, the treatments maintained observed trends in gel strength, showing SM myofibrils produced the strongest gels. Myofibrillar protein from SM and PM formed stronger gels at pH 6.0 than at pH 6.5. Differences may be attributed to subtle variations in their protein profile related to muscle type or postmortem metabolism. Significant correlations were determined between G′ at 57, 72, 85 and 5 °C, indicating that changes affecting gel strength took effect prior to 57 °C. Muscle type was found to influence water-holding capacity to a greater degree than pH.     

影响猪血浆蛋白热诱导凝胶质构特性及持水性因素的研究

本实验研究在一定的加热条件下猪血浆蛋白质量浓度、加热温度、加热时间、离子种类、离子强度和pH 值对猪血浆蛋白热诱导凝胶的质构、持水性等性质的影响。利用质构仪测定猪血浆蛋白热诱导凝胶的硬度和黏附性,利用离心的方法测定凝胶的持水性。结果表明,在80℃下加热45min,猪血浆蛋白质量浓度超过6g/100mL可以形成凝胶,并且随蛋白质量浓度的增大,凝胶强度和持水性也增大;凝胶强度随pH 值(3～9)增加而增大,pH5 时凝胶的持水性最小,pH3 时最大;NaCl 浓度0.2mol/L,CaCl2 浓度0.6mol/L 时,凝胶硬度最大。实验得出,猪血浆蛋白热诱导凝胶的质构特性及持水性受许多因素影响,在实际生产中应该控制加热条件,以获得高质量的凝胶。     

不同温度下亚麻籽胶对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响及机制

本实验研究了不同加热温度下,添加亚麻籽胶对肌原纤维蛋白保水性、凝胶强度、流变特性、二级结构、微观结构的影响及其作用机制。结果表明,随着温度升高,肌原纤维蛋白凝胶保水性显著下降（P＜0.05）,凝胶强度显著上升（P＜0.05）,加热温度高于50 ℃时添加亚麻籽胶显著提高了肌原纤维蛋白凝胶保水性（P＜0.05）,同时显著降低了凝胶强度（P＜0.05）;拉曼光谱结果表明随着温度从30 ℃上升至80 ℃,凝胶α-螺旋含量显著下降,β-折叠含量显著上升;添加亚麻籽胶使得肌原纤维蛋白存在α-螺旋含量下降,β-折叠含量上升现象,影响凝胶的形成及性质。流变学特性结果显示高于50 ℃时添加亚麻籽胶后肌原纤维蛋白储能模量G’下降。从微观结构发现,添加亚麻籽胶后肌原纤维蛋白在50 ℃出现更多凝胶孔洞,且在70、80 ℃时形成的凝胶三维网络结构更为致密均一。     

辐照剂量率对牛肉脂肪和蛋白氧化及蛋白特性的影响

为研究电子束辐照剂量率对冷却牛肉脂肪和蛋白氧化及蛋白理化特性的影响,试验分析了电子束辐照处理不同剂量率对脂肪和蛋白氧化程度及其蛋白溶解性、疏水性与持水力等特征指标的影响。结果表明:2 k Gy电子束辐照后牛肉脂肪及蛋白氧化程度显著加剧,蛋白溶解性及持水力显著降低,疏水性显著增加(p0.05);在0~2500 Gy/s剂量率范围内,随着剂量率的增大,牛肉的TBARS、酸价、过氧化值、羰基和二硫键含量降低,巯基含量上升,脂肪及蛋白氧化程度减弱;剂量率与蛋白溶解性和持水性呈显著正相关,而与疏水性呈显著负相关(p0.05)。试验结果进一步证明了电子束辐照剂量率会显著影响牛肉脂肪及蛋白氧化。辐照氧化导致蛋白结构的破坏,引起蛋白理化特性的显著变化(p0.05),这为电子束辐照过程中冷却牛肉的氧化控制提供理论参考。     

沙蒿胶对虾蛄肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响

为了提高虾蛄中肌原纤维蛋白凝胶的品质,从虾蛄中提取肌原纤维蛋白,分别添加质量分数0%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%的沙蒿胶,研究沙蒿胶在不同Na Cl浓度(0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 mol/L)和不同加热温度(60、70、80、90℃)条件下对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响。结果表明:相同沙蒿胶添加量条件下,90℃时肌原纤维蛋白凝胶保水性显著高于60℃和70℃(P0.05);80℃时凝胶硬度和弹性最大且显著高于60℃和70℃(P0.05);但对凝胶白度的影响差异并不显著。随着Na Cl浓度的增加,凝胶保水性和硬度呈先上升后下降趋势,在0.3 mol/L时达到最大值;凝胶的弹性和白度呈现上升趋势。在90℃时添加1.0%沙蒿胶的凝胶保水性最佳;在同一温度条件下,随着沙蒿胶添加量增加,凝胶弹性增强,添加0.6%沙蒿胶的凝胶硬度最大,白度呈下降趋势。本研究结果为进一步研究沙蒿胶在虾蛄制品中的应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

高压和食盐对鸡肉肠品质特性的影响

在不同压强条件（0.1、200、400 MPa）下对不同食盐添加量（质量分数0%、1%、2%）的生鸡肉肠加热（60 ℃）处理30 min,测定处理后鸡肉肠的持水力、水分分布、质构特性和微观结构,分析高压和食盐对鸡肉肠热诱导凝胶特性的影响。结果发现：常压下,减少食盐添加量会降低鸡肉肠的保水性和质构特性,但高压处理能降低食盐对鸡肉肠的影响。相比常压组,200 MPa高压处理能显著提高产品的保水性和质构特性（P＜0.05）,而400 MPa的高压处理则显著降低产品的保水性和质构特性（P＜0.05）。高压能促进肉糜中的肌纤维分解,使不易流动水的比例升高,自由水比例下降;200 MPa下能形成致密的凝胶网络,而400 MPa则阻碍凝胶网络的形成。高压结合加热处理可用于提高低盐鸡肉肠的品质特性。     

Whey protein concentrate gels with honey and wheat flour

Structural and functional properties of whey protein concentrate (WPC) gels with different honey and wheat flour contents, prepared at pHs 3.75, 4.2 and 7.0, were analysed. Gel structure was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The apparent transition temperatures for protein denaturation and starch gelatinization were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Gels were characterised through solubility assays in different extraction solutions and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the soluble protein components. The firmness, elasticity, relaxation time, adhesivity and cohesiveness of gels were determined, and the water-holding capacity and superficial colour of gels were also studied. Results suggest that wheat flour could interact with whey proteins, and produces a decrease in the protein solubility of WPC gels, and in the temperature of whey protein denaturation. The effect of wheat flour on the functional properties of WPC gels was different at acidic than at neutral pH: the presence of wheat flour produced an increase in the relaxation time and in the cohesiveness of gels prepared at pH 3.75, whereas at neutral pH a decrease in both properties was observed. Honey and flour content increased the water-holding capacity and browning of WPC gels.     

Protein extractability and thermal gel formability of myofibrils isolated from skeletal and cardiac muscles at different post-mortem periods

The effects of the post-mortem ageing period on the extractability of myofibrillar proteins from pork cardiac and rabbit skeletal muscles under various conditions of pH and ionic strength were studied with particular reference to the changes in the solubility of individual myofibrillar proteins and their denaturation characteristics. The ultimate influence of these changes on the heat-induced gel forming ability of myofibrils isolated from cardiac and skeletal muscles at different post-mortem stages was also investigated. Results showed that pork cardiac myofibrils always exhibited lower solubility than those from rabbit skeletal muscles under identical conditions of pH, ionic strength and temperature. SDS-PAGE profiles indicated several quantitative differences in the relative proportion of individual protein species present in cardiac and skeletal myofibrils. The solubility of various proteins present in myofibrils was also affected differently on heating in 0-1 and 0-6 _M NaCl solution at various pH values. Thermal denaturation of cardiac myofibrils occurred at about 10°C higher than that of skeletal myofibrils as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry. Cardiac myofibrils formed much weaker heat-induced gels than those produced by skeletal myofibrils under identical conditions of temperature, pH, ionic strength and protein content.     

Modification of the properties of milk protein films by gamma radiation and polysaccharide addition

This study has demonstrated that gamma radiation induced an improvement of barrier properties and tensile strength of films containing calcium caseinate, whey protein isolate and glycerol (1:1:1) through creation of a crosslinked β‐structure. Up to 32 kGy the effect was accompanied by an increase in rigidity and was larger with increasing radiation dose. The irradiation of protein solutions also caused improvement of puncture strength of films prepared with potato starch, soluble potato starch or sodium alginate addition (at a level of 50 g kg^?1 of total proteins). Addition of potato starch did not influence mechanical properties of films but significantly improved barrier properties. Addition of sodium alginate resulted in improvement of both puncture strength and barrier properties. Addition of sodium alginate to irradiated protein solution resulted in films revealing the greatest improvement in properties. Gels prepared using irradiated protein solutions mixed with calcium salt were stronger than gels prepared using non‐irradiated solutions owing to the preferred binding of calcium ions to the crosslinked protein network. Presence of sodium alginate and potato starch weakened the interaction of proteins with calcium ions owing to entrapment of proteins in the polysaccharide network, while addition of soluble potato starch promoted these interactions. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry