热疲劳裂纹网的屏蔽规律及主裂纹应力强度因子的计算方法

热疲劳裂纹网中主裂纹的应力强度因子可反映构件的损伤程度,然而由于裂纹间的屏蔽效应,直接计算裂纹网中主裂纹的应力强度因子是困难的。根据热疲劳试验提出假设：① 主裂纹不会位于裂纹网的边缘;② 裂纹网中的裂纹互相平行,且垂直于约束方向。定义主裂纹的屏蔽剩余百分数s,裂纹的比间距n,裂纹长度比f。分别研究两条长度相等裂纹、两任意长度裂纹、三条裂纹和多条裂纹屏蔽效应的规律。发现s-f-n有确定的关系,这一关系由裂纹网的结构确定,而与边界条件、裂纹尺寸等因素无关。利用屏蔽效应的规律可由单条裂纹时的应力强度因子推算裂纹网中屏蔽效应发生时主裂纹的应力强度因子。算例表明此方法精确、简便、快捷。     

带有两个共线裂纹载流薄板的温度场及热应力强度因子

采用复变函数的方法,给出带有两个等长度共线穿透裂纹的无限大载流薄板在瞬间电流作用下,裂纹尖端附近产生的温度场的表达式,得到温度在裂纹尖端的奇异特征.在通入垂直于裂纹的均匀电流作用下,由于裂纹的存在,裂纹尖端出现绕流现象,产生焦耳热,瞬时高温形成点热源.通过点热源在金属薄板内形成的温度场,可以导出裂纹尖端产生的热应力强度因子表达式.将其与外载荷产生的应力强度因子叠加,可建立通电状态下的断裂判据.算例分析表明,点热源在裂纹尖端附近产生的热应力强度因子为负值,可以部分抵消无穷远处施加的拉应力产生的应力强度因子的作用,进而达到止裂的目的.文中建立带有两个等长度共线穿透裂纹载流薄板的热应力强度因子的概念.其研究结果对工程结构实施电磁热效应裂纹止裂具有理论意义和实用价值.     

Crack propagation behavior based on the characteristic of the interaction between two fatigue cracks

Stress interaction fields, which are caused by propagating cracks and other defects, can weaken structures. In this study, crack behavior in the interaction field caused by two different cracks is experimentally studied. In the experiment, the vertical distance between two cracks and the applied stresses are varied to craate different stress interaction fields. In addition, the effect of the plastic zone is used to examine the crack propagation path and rate. Three types of crack propagation in the interaction field were found, and the crack propagating path and rate of two cracks were significantly affected according to different applied stresses as each crack propagates. These results are attributed to the effect of the size and shape of the plastic zone.     

压电材料中螺型位错和偶极子与半椭圆槽表面裂纹的干涉效应

运用弹性复势方法,研究纵向剪切和面内电场共同作用下无限半平面压电材料中螺型位错和偶极子与半椭圆槽表面裂纹的电弹干涉效应,得到该问题复势函数的封闭形式解答,并由此导出广义应力场、裂纹尖端的广义应力强度因子以及作用在螺型位错上的位错力.算例结果表明:增大材料压电常数会相应增大位错力、位错对裂纹尖端的屏蔽和反屏蔽效应;增大位错离裂纹尖端的距离,位错力会相应减小;变化φ(偶极子臂与x轴正半轴夹角)值会出现一个改变位错偶极子对应力强度因子作用方向的临界值.     

多条滚动接触疲劳裂纹共存时的瞬态扩展行为分析

利用有限元法建立考虑轮轨瞬态滚动接触载荷的三维滚动接触疲劳斜裂纹扩展分析模型,分析现场中成群出现的钢轨滚动接触疲劳裂纹之间的相互影响。该模型可以准确反映高频轮轨瞬态滚滑行为对裂纹载荷边界和裂纹面接触的影响,突破了以往研究中基于赫兹接触的稳态接触载荷边界假设带来的种种局限。基于实测,模型中裂纹扩展角度取典型值30°,长度和深度分别取10～20 mm和2～4 mm (长深比固定为5),考虑间距在5～20 mm范围内变化,分析多至5条裂纹共存情况下的裂尖应力场强度因子。300 km/h运行速度下的计算结果表明:相同尺寸的多裂纹共存时某一裂纹尖端的节点力相较于单裂纹时低,但多裂纹时的接触刚度更低,使得裂纹尖端附近两裂纹面间的相对位移较单裂纹更大,最终使得多裂纹工况的裂尖应力场强度因子随裂纹数量的增多而增大;对于特征尺寸(长度)为15 mm的等间距多裂纹,当裂纹间距大于5 mm时,3条裂纹共存模型即足以将裂纹间相互影响精确考虑在内,较5条裂纹共存模型的误差仅为1.7%。对于文中所研究的多裂纹,当裂纹间距大于裂纹特征尺寸时,裂纹间的相互影响可以忽略,即可采用单裂纹模型进行计算。     

How fine a surface crack can you see in a scanning acoustic microscope?

Surface cracks can be detected with great sensitivity in an acoustic microscope, even when the width of the crack is much less than the acoustic wavelength. This is because of the strong excitation and scattering of Rayleigh waves. Cracks in a variety of materials, including cracks from indents in several different ceramics, have been studied by acoustic microscopy, and the results compared with images from light and scanning electron microscopes. No crack or part of a crack that was seen by the other two techniques failed to be seen by acoustic microscopy. The contrast of a crack in an acoustic microscope showed no sign of fading as the crack became thinner towards its tip, and diffraction from tips suggests that they are acoustically well-defined points on the surface. Although theoretically the acoustic contrast from a crack might be expected to diminish when the crack width is smaller than the shear-wave decay length in the fluid, in practice this is so small that for many purposes it may be considered that there is almost no limit to how fine a crack can be and still be detected in an acoustic microscope.     

固体发动机药柱表面裂纹分析

为确保含表面裂纹的固体发动机能正常点火发射，基于线粘弹性三维有限元。确定发动机药柱点火发射时的危险部位，在危险部位设置不同深度的裂纹，于裂纹尖端构建奇异三维裂纹元。模拟裂纹扩展，分别计算随着裂纹扩展所对应裂纹深度的各类应力强度因子，由此判断裂纹的稳定性。通过对某翼锥柱组合型并含前后伞盘的固体发动机药柱在点火发射时的数值分析，评估了药柱表面裂纹的稳定性。     

双排交错铆钉连接对接结构裂纹尖端应力强度因子分析

双排交错铆钉连接对接结构是飞机进行损伤容限设计的重要结构件之一,其应力强度因子分析一直受到工程上的广泛关注。文中采用有限元方法,充分考虑不同开裂模式造成裂纹面上铆钉传力作用不同的特点,建立合理的铆钉传力模型,对双排交错铆钉对接结构进行裂尖应力强度因子分析,给出计算曲线。分析中讨论了裂纹垂直与平行于对接缝两种开裂模式以及单向与双向两种受载模式,并分析了铆钉特定传力作用下的柔度效应。所得计算结果及分析结论对飞机结构损伤容限设计具有直接参考价值。     

奇异裂纹单元在固体导弹发动机药柱裂纹分析中的应用

为评估含裂纹的固体导弹发动机能否正常点火发射，利用奇异裂纹单元进行固体发动机药柱的裂纹分析。在发动机点火增压与轴向过载作用下，于发动机药柱危险截面的翼锥根部构建二维奇异裂纹单元，模拟裂纹扩展。随着裂纹的扩展，分别计算对应裂纹深度的应力强度因子，由此判断裂纹的稳定性。     

Vibrations of rectangular plates with internal cracks or slits

This work applies the famous Ritz method to analyze the free vibrations of rectangular plates with internal cracks or slits. To retain the important and useful feature of the Ritz method providing the upper bounds on exact natural frequencies, the paper proposes a new set of admissible functions that are able to properly describe the stress singularity behaviors near the tips of the crack and meet the discontinuous behaviors of the exact solutions across the crack. The validity of the proposed set of functions is confirmed through comprehensive convergence studies on the frequencies of simply supported square plates with horizontal center cracks having different lengths. The convergent frequencies show excellent agreement with published accurate results obtained by an integration equation technique, and are more accurate than those obtained by a previously published approach using the Ritz method combined with a domain decomposition technique. Finally, the present solution is employed to obtain accurate natural frequencies and mode shapes for simply supported and completely free square plates with internal cracks having various locations, lengths, and angular orientations. Most of the configurations considered here have not been analyzed in the previously published literature. The present results are novel, and are the first published vibration data for completely free rectangular plates with internal cracks and for plates with internal cracks, which are not parallel to the boundaries.     

使用恒Kmax方法测试物理小裂纹门槛值研究

大量研究表明长裂纹和物理小裂纹扩展行为差异的主要原因是由于裂纹闭合程度不同造成的,消除裂纹闭合效应影响后的长裂纹与小裂纹的裂纹扩展行为应趋于一致.文中使用恒Kmax/增Kmin值降低△K的试验方法来测试裂纹扩展门槛值.此方法在测出△Kth时应力比R已经很高,实际上已不存在裂纹闭合效应的影响.通过对比试验结果表明,恒Kmax法测试长裂纹扩展门槛值能有效去除裂纹闭合效应的影响,用测得的门槛值近似表述小裂纹门槛值,能给出偏于保守的结果.     

老龄飞机多部位损伤结构的剩余强度研究

对老龄飞机的多部位损伤壁板进行剩余强度估算时,应同时考虑裂纹间的相互影响和裂纹的扩展问题。基于Dugdale型裂纹的Swift连通准则,结合扯裂断裂准则,论文提出了应用应力函数交互迭代方法来研究MSD壁板的剩余强度问题,并做了算例阐明。本文所提方法的分析结果与试验值相比平均相对误差和标准差分别为-1.46%和0.069,符合得较好。     

Analysis of a cracked lug loaded by an interference fit pin

In the present study, a lug joint fitted with an interference fit (oversized) pin is considered with radial through cracks situated at diametrically opposite points perpendicular to the loading direction. A finite element contact stress algorithm is developed with linear elastic assumptions to deal with varying partial contact/separation at the pin-plate interface using a marching solution. Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) at the crack tips is evaluated using the Modified Crack Closure Integral (MCCI) method. The effect of change in crack length and edge distance on the load-contact relation, SIFs and stress distributions are studied. A rigorous plane stress elasticity solution of the pin-plate interface at the crack mouth confirmed the existence of the stress concentration leading to a local peak in the radial stress at the crack mouth and provided a method of estimating it quantitatively.     

纳米尺度孔边裂纹裂尖Ⅲ型应力强度因子研究

研究了纳米尺度圆孔孔边裂纹在远场反平面剪切载荷作用下的断裂性能。基于Gurtin-Murdoch表面弹性理论和保角映射技术,利用复变弹性理论获得了该类非均匀材料应力场的解析解,给出了裂尖Ⅲ型应力强度因子的闭合解。基于所得解答,研究了孔边的应力场分布规律,讨论了裂尖应力强度因子的尺寸依赖效应以及圆孔相对尺寸对应力强度因子的影响。研究结果表明：孔边应力场呈现非单调分布,表面效应对孔边不同位置应力的影响程度不同;当圆孔裂纹的尺寸在纳米量级时,裂尖应力强度因子具有显著的尺寸依赖效应;圆孔相对裂纹尺寸对裂尖应力强度因子的影响规律受表面性能的制约,同时表面性能对应力强度因子的影响也取决于圆孔的相对尺寸。     

The interference effect of double symmetrical cracks on general yield strength

The interference effect of double symmetrical cracks of either equal or unequal crack depth on the plane-strain general yield strength under tension is analyzed based on the upper and lower bound theorems. Theoretical results are compared with experimental results. The experimentally obtained range of crack pitch as influenced by the interference effect can be predicted accurately by the theory. The discrepancy is recognized at each crack pitch, especially for the single symmetrical crack, between the experimental value of the ratio of mean tensile stress in the net section at general yielding to the lower yield point and the constraint factor calculated from the theory. Strain figures obtained by Fry's etching method show that plastic deformation occurs approximately along the line of velocity discontinuity employed in the upper bound considerations.     

干涉预应力释放对三维裂纹尖端应力强度因子的影响研究

以冷挤压孔三维裂纹为讨论对象,应用ANSYS大型工程有限元计算软件,在线弹性条件下,模拟由于干涉产生的预应力释放的真实过程,研究预应力释放对裂纹尖端应力强度因子的影响规律。文中将干涉预应力考虑为内部载荷,分别对不同裂纹长度下的含裂纹体进行挤压,在不同的挤压状态下直接求解应力强度因子,以此等效地模拟裂纹扩展过程中干涉预应力释放的应力强度因子求解。文中通过计算分析,给出了考虑干涉预应力释放的真实情况下裂纹尖端的应力强度因子随裂纹长度及模型厚度的改变趋势和规律,并与不考虑干涉预应力释放的情况下裂纹尖端的应力强度因子进行对比分析。     

带有空间双裂纹的金属拉伸试件脉冲放电止裂与力学性能

为解决电磁热裂纹止裂技术应用的学性能.应用热-电耦合的分析方法模拟研究带有预制双裂纹的标准合金钢拉伸试件脉冲放电止裂瞬时的温度场,并为实施止裂试验提供了工艺参数;应用ZL-2超强脉冲电流发生装置实现了空间双裂纹的止裂试验,放电后两个裂纹尖端附近均熔化形成焊口,裂尖的曲率半径在放电瞬间增大了几个数量级,可达到止裂的目的;借助微机控制电子万能试验机对止裂后的合金钢试件进行拉伸试验,并对止裂后裂尖处金相组织进行分析,研究断口的形态.研究结果表明:在合适的脉冲放电电压下,电磁热效应可以实现空间裂纹止裂,并有效地提高试件的力学性能.     

车轮多边形激励下的滚动接触疲劳裂纹瞬态扩展行为研究

利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立带车轮多边形的三维轮轨滚动接触疲劳裂纹扩展模型,将真实轮轨间瞬态滚滑和高频动力作用考虑在内,分析车轮多边形和连续钢轨裂纹造成的瞬态接触载荷对钢轨裂纹动态扩展行为的影响。速度250 km/h牵引工况的结果表明:零间隙多裂纹对法向轮轨力的影响甚微,但会造成切向轮轨力不可忽略的波动;车轮多边形会造成法向和切向轮轨力显著的周期性波动,如0. 1 mm波深23阶多边形会使得各裂纹面最大法向和切向接触力较圆顺工况分别增长19. 6%、34. 1%;任一裂纹面内法向和切向接触应力在接触斑滚过的0. 22 ms内发生了复杂的瞬态变化,进一步导致各裂纹的最大裂尖应力场强度因子的周期性波动,影响裂纹动态扩展行为;随着车轮多边形波深和阶数的增加,上述各种波动的幅度均会变大,加速裂纹扩展。     

Four-beam model for vibration analysis of a cantilever beam with an embedded horizontal crack

As one of the main failure modes, embedded cracks occur in beam structures due to periodic loads. Hence it is useful to investigate the dynamic characteristics of a beam structure with an embedded crack for early crack detection and diagnosis. A new four-beam model with local flexibilities at crack tips is developed to investigate the transverse vibration of a cantilever beam with an embedded horizontal crack; two separate beam segments are used to model the crack region to allow opening of crack surfaces. Each beam segment is considered as an Euler-Bernoulli beam. The governing equations and the matching and boundary conditions of the four-beam model are derived using Hamilton's principle. The natural frequencies and mode shapes of the four-beam model are calculated using the transfer matrix method. The effects of the crack length, depth, and location on the first three natural frequencies and mode shapes of the cracked cantilever beam are investigated. A continuous wavelet transform method is used to analyze the mode shapes of the cracked cantilever beam. It is shown that sudden changes in spatial variations of the wavelet coefficients of the mode shapes can be used to identify the length and location of an embedded horizontal crack. The first three natural frequencies and mode shapes of a cantilever beam with an embedded crack from the finite element method and an experimental investigation are used to validate the proposed model. Local deformations in the vicinity of the crack tips can be described by the proposed four-beam model, which cannot be captured by previous methods.     

拉伸载荷下穿透双裂纹干涉行为与合并准则研究

多裂纹的扩展与合并行为显著影响工程构件的剩余强度与使用寿命。为获得裂纹合并规律,对含不同长度和不同相对位置的非等长穿透双裂纹平板试样进行了拉伸试验,并基于延性损伤模型开展了有限元分析。结果表明,数值模拟中裂纹张口位移变化、扩展与合并行为与试验结果一致。此外,非等长穿透双裂纹长度及相对位置的变化,显著影响裂纹尖端的应力三轴度分布,进而影响双裂纹的合并行为。通过大量数值模拟分析,提出一种基于裂纹长度和相对位置的新合并准则。对照71组试验结果发现,新合并准则预测准确率高达84.5%;对照274组数值模拟结果发现,准确率高达91.2%。所提出的拉伸载荷下裂纹合并准则不仅具有显著高于现行含缺陷结构安全评定标准中合并准则的准确率,并且具有必要的保守性,可为工程构件中多裂纹合并与否提供有效判断。