HF催化快速制备SiO2气凝胶

ＳｉＯ２气凝胶晃一种新型轻质纳米多孔泡沫材料,本文以正硅酸乙酯（ＴＥＯＳ）为原料,以乙醇为溶剂,以ＨＦ为催化溶胶－凝胶法快速制备出了ＳｉＯ２气凝胶。ＨＦ的加入大大加速了溶胶－凝胶反应速度,使凝胶时间减少至几分钟甚至更短;同时使凝胶温度降低至室温。ＢＥＴ及ＴＥＭ测试结果表明所制备的ＳｉＯ２气凝胶具有大比表面积（６７３．８ｍ＾２ｇ＾－１）、纳米多孔结构（骨架颗粒为几纳米,孔洞尺寸为５～３０ｎｍ）。     

疏水型SiO2气凝胶

以多聚硅为硅源,通过溶胶、凝胶、表面修饰及超临界干燥过程制备出了疏ｉＯ２气凝胶,表面修饰后ＳｉＯ２气凝胶孔洞由修饰前的２３．１ｎｍ减小到１８．２ｎｍ,比表面积由有的４７７ｍ＾２ｇ＾－１增加到５６３ｍ＾２ｇ＾－１,骨架颗粒比修饰前略大,饱和水蒸汽吸附量由吸附前的０．０４（重量比）降低到０．００１２,且与水不浸润。     

疏水型SiO2气凝胶

以多聚硅为硅源,通过溶胶-凝胶、表面修饰及超临界干燥过程制备出了疏水型ＳｉＯ_２气凝胶．表面修饰后ＳｉＯ_２气凝胶孔洞由修饰前的２３．１ｎｍ减小到１８．２ｎｍ;比表面积由修饰前的 ４７７ｍ２ｇ^－１增加到 ５６３ｍ２ｇ^－１,骨架颗粒比修饰前略大,饱和水蒸汽吸附量由吸附前的０．０４（重量比）降低到０．００１２,且与水不浸润．     

二元炭质-二氧化硅干凝胶和气凝胶前驱体的制备

以正硅酸乙酯和炭质水性中间相为原料,分别制得了炭质醇溶胶和硅醇溶胶,将二者进行混合后再利用常压干燥法和超临界流体干燥法分别制备了二元炭质－二氧化硅干凝胶和气凝胶粉末．并采用氮吸附、ＦＴ－ＩＲ、ＴＥＭ和ＸＲＤ等测试手段对所制得的干凝胶和气凝胶粉末的ＢＥＴ表面积、表面形貌、结构和组成进行了表征．结果表明二元干凝胶由几乎球形的、团聚的、无定形二元炭质－二氧化硅颗粒组成,其颗粒尺寸为８０～２２０ｎｍ．而二元气凝胶具有较疏松的外观结构和良好的流动性,并且由球形的、分散性较好的、无定形二元炭质－二氧化硅颗粒组成,其颗粒尺寸为１０～６０ｎｍ．     

乙二醇甲醚体系中α-Fe_2O_3纳米晶制备与结构分析

研究了在硝酸铁乙二醇甲醚溶液体系中,用溶胶－乳化－凝胶法制备氧化铁纳米晶,首次将表面活性剂（ＳＤＳ）引入溶胶－凝胶化过程,并采用一种高效缩合催化剂来加速此过程．结合ＴＥＭ、ＸＲＤ和ＴＧ－ＤＴＡ分析手段对产物进行了表征,结果表明,加入的表面活性剂（ＳＤＳ）有助于纯相α－Ｆｅ２Ｏ３纳米晶的生成,而缩合催化剂钛酸了酯的加入则大大缩短凝胶时间,所得粉体的原始晶粒尺寸为３０ｎｍ左右．若以常用的硅酸乙酯代替钛酸丁酯,则胶凝时间明显延长,最终产物为β和α氧化铁的混晶相（γ－Ｆｅ２Ｏ３为主晶相）,晶粒尺寸约为１０ｎｍ,并从中提出了一条改进γ－Ｆｅ２Ｏ３基气敏材料性能的新思路．     

溶胶－凝胶法制备SiO_2气凝胶及其特性研究

本文以ＴＥＯＳ为原料，采用溶胶－凝胶法和超临界干燥工艺制备了轻质纳米多孔材料ＳｉＯ２气凝胶．研究了溶剂用量及ｐＨ值对溶胶的凝胶化过程和最后制成的气凝胶的特性的影响．并用ＢＥＴ、ＸＲＤ、ＳＥＭ等实验手段研究了这些气凝胶的结构和一些基本物理现象．     

溶胶—凝胶法制备二元炭质—TiO2气凝胶前驱体

以炭质水笥中间相和四氯化钛为原料,分别制取了炭质溶胶－凝胶和钛溶胶０－凝胶,然后将二者充分搅拌混合后,再进行超临界干燥制得了二元炭质／二氧化钛气凝胶粉末前驱体,利用ＦＴ－ＩＲ,ＸＥＤ和ＴＥＭ技术对二元炭质／氧化钛粉末进行了表征。研究结果表明,二元炭质／氧化钛粉末具有小于１０ｎｍ的颗粒尺寸,炭和氧化钛混合均匀且具有较高的比表面和疏松的表观结构。     

炭气凝胶及其有机气凝胶前驱体的吸附性能

间苯二酚和糠醛的醇溶液在六次甲基四胺催化下经溶胶-凝胶过程合成醇凝胶,常压干燥后得到有机气凝胶,经炭化获得炭气凝胶.利用TEM和N2吸附表征了炭气凝胶及其有机气凝胶前驱体的结构,并通过有机蒸汽吸附实验研究了气凝胶的结构-吸附性能关系.实验结果表明：有机气凝胶和炭气凝胶对极性有机蒸汽的静态饱和吸附量高于对非极性有机蒸汽的静态饱和吸附量;提高热处理温度,有利于气凝胶对低浓度极性有机蒸汽和各种浓度非极性有机蒸汽的吸附,但不利于对高浓度极性有机蒸汽的吸附;随着有机蒸汽浓度的提高,气凝胶对极性有机蒸汽的吸附量明显增大,但对非极性有机蒸汽的吸附量影响不大,仅略微上升.此外,气凝胶的室温脱附率高达60 %～85 %.     

蜜胺-酚醛树脂-甲醛基有机气凝胶纳米孔在裂解过程中的稳定性研究

热固型酚醛树脂、蜜胺、间甲酚和甲醛水溶液在碳酸钠催化下,经溶液-溶胶-凝胶过程合成了有机水凝胶,有机水凝胶经溶剂置换和超临界干燥形成了有机气凝胶.研究了裂解条件、固形物浓度、蜜胺/酚醛树脂比和间甲酚/酚醛树脂比对有机气凝胶纳米孔在裂解过程中稳定性的影响.结果表明:在相同的反应物配比下,随裂解温度的升高和时间的延长,气凝胶纳米骨架烧结程度增加,炭气凝胶的中孔分布向小孔方向移动.在酚醛树脂浓度为7.5g/100mL时,有机气凝胶的纳米骨架稳定性好,耐烧结性能好.在蜜胺/酚醛树脂比大或间甲酚/酚醛树脂比小时,有机气凝胶的纳米骨架的稳定性和耐烧结性好.这是由于构成有机气凝胶中孔的纳米骨架稳定性与其连续性及分子间作用力有关.     

溶胶—凝胶法制备纯PbTiO3超细粉的研究

以金属醇盐和无机盐为原料，用溶胶－凝胶法制备合成了粒径小于５０ｎｍ的纯ＰｂＴｉＯ３超细粉，探讨了溶胶－凝胶过程反应机理，并对制备过程中的一些主要因素如ｐＨ值、溶液浓度和温度等进行了讨论，采用热分析、Ｘ－Ｒａｙ衍射分析和ＴＥＭ等测试手段对ＰｂＴｉＯ３超细粉进行了分析。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...