DAMPE-PSD读出电子学研制

暗物质粒子探测卫星(dark matter particle explorer, DAMPE)是我国空间科学卫星系列的首发星,用于找出可能的暗物质粒子信号。塑料闪烁体阵列探测器(plastic scintillator detector, PSD)分系统作为卫星有效载荷的主体部件之一,参与承担高能粒子电荷测量和电子/γ射线鉴别任务。PSD由82根塑料闪烁体条和164个光电倍增管（photomultiplier tube, PMT)组成,有328个输出通道,每根塑料闪烁体条的动态范围为2×103,需配备1套完备的读出电子学系统。该电子学系统由4块前端电子学（front-end electronics, FEE）板构成,共具有360个信号处理通道,总功耗6 W。电路主要包括电荷测量电路、模拟调理电路、模数变换电路、刻度电路、环境监测电路、FPGA电路、电源管理电路以及接口电路等,其主要功能是基于32路模拟信号将PMT的电荷信号输入VA160 ASIC芯片,考虑了抗辐照加固、温度设计等一系列关键问题,以确保在严酷的太空中具有长期的可靠性。测试结果表明,该FEE系统工作稳定、性能良好,具有较好的技术指标,每个电子学通道实现了0～12.5 pC的动态范围,通道的随机噪声水平好于2 fC,积分非线性好于0.6%。FEE能适应恶劣的空间环境,具有很高的可靠性。FEE配合PSD样机还分别于2014年和2015年在欧洲核子中心（CERN）的PS和SPS终端成功完成了2次束流试验,验证了PSD的探测能力完全满足任务书中提出的功能和指标要求,能很好实现实际科学任务需求。     

高密度塑料闪烁体探测器的数据获取系统设计

由中国科学院近代物理研究所承担的塑料闪烁体探测器研究项目,其目标是开展空间粒子探测、重构入射电子轨迹、区分电子和光子、鉴别重离子。为配合该探测器测试工作,设计了一套完备的数据获取电路(DAQ)与上位机软件。DAQ接收4块前端电子学(FEE)板的数据,可完成360路电子学通道的数据读出;接收上位机的控制命令并分发给各FEE;接收探测器的击中信息并产生触发信号;接收FEE的遥测数据并传给上位机。该DAQ与上位机通过USB总线和RS232总线实现实时通信。上位机软件基于LabWindows/CVI软件平台开发,实现对FEE电子学系统的控制、数据读取与保存,以及FEE系统运行状态参数信息的实时显示。该数据获取系统电路结构紧凑、功能完善,上位机软件具有良好的人机交互界面。经现场实际运行,DAQ与上位机软件满足设计要求,目前已成功应用于塑料闪烁体探测器读出电子学测试系统。     

用于新型塑料闪烁体阵列探测器的多通道前端读出电子学设计

介绍一种用于新型塑料闪烁体阵列探测器系统的前端读出电子学（FEE）的设计与实现,该前端读出电子学主要基于电荷测量专用的集成电路（ASIC）芯片和现场可编程逻辑门阵列（FPGA）研制,可实现对多路探测器信号的采集、处理、筛选、打包,并通过LVDS差分接口上传到后端的数据获取系统（DAQ）。同时,该电路设有板载线性标定电路,可实现对各通道电子学性能刻度,设有电源电流、关键芯片及电路温度实时监控等电路,使电路具有较完善的功能和较强的自我保护能力。     

A digitalizing board for the prototype array of LHAASO WCDA

In this paper,a digitalizing board for readout of PMT signals in the prototype array of WCDA(water Cerenkov detector array)for LHAASO(Large high altitude air shower observatory)is designed.The prototype array is composed of 9 PMTs,including the pulse time and charge measurement from the PMTs,and clock generation and trigger decision.In the digitalizing board,FPGA reconfiguration and data readout via VME bus are implemented.Test results show that the performances meet well with the requirements of readout electronics.It has been installed in Yangbajing and tests with the prototype array and DAQ is ongoing.     

基于APV25多通道读出电子学系统设计

介绍了基于APV25芯片的多通道读出电子学系统的设计方法,利用ASIC芯片与可扩展读出系统相结合,实现多通道信号的处理。在该系统中,基于PXI机箱的单个读出板可实现2 048路信号的读出及处理,并具有集成度高、低功耗、可扩展等优点。电子学测试结果表明,本系统电荷输入线性动态范围为0~12 fC,APV25等效输入噪声408 e,可适应大型物理实验微结构气体探测器、硅像素探测器等探测器的读出需求。     

高计数率气体探测器读出电子学原型机研制

研制一套可用于高计数率气体探测器的读出电子学原型机系统,包括前端板、数据采集板和上位机。前端板采用一款先进的前端读出专用集成电路(ASIC)芯片实现对探测器信号的测量和模数转换;数据采集板利用现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）实现对数据的分析、处理和传输;上位机实现控制指令发送、PC端数据接收及存储等。在22~99 fC的输入范围内,原型机各通道积分非线性均好于024%;联合探测器使用55Fe放射源测试,结果好于相同条件下的商用电子学。可满足20 kHz计数率下GEM TPC探测器的读出需求。     

γ-γ符合测量系统的新型前端读出电路研制

研制了一种新型前端读出电路,用于重离子治癌装置中符合测量原型系统的研究和测试。电路主要包括能量链、时间链和数据处理单元。能量链由截止频率7 MHz的抗混叠滤波器和模数转换器(ADC)组成,形成波形采样电路;时间链由高速比较器构成的定时甄别电路和时间数字转换器（TDC）组成;数据处理单元基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)设计实现。电路的线性度优于0.8%,噪声小于0.8 mV（RMS）。配合LaBr3单晶体条测试,能量分辨为4.5%（FWHM）,在与LYSO晶体阵列配合测试时,位置映射散点图清晰。该前端读出电路性能优于CAMAC系统,具有较好的实际应用前景。     

RX64DTH -a fully integrated 64-channel ASIC for a digital X-ray imaging system with energy window selection

We report on the multichannel IC (RX64DTH) designed for position sensitive X-ray measurements with silicon strip detectors and dedicated to medical imaging applications. This integrated circuit has a binary readout architecture with a double threshold allowing on selection energy window for measured signals. The design was realized in a 0.8 /spl mu/m CMOS process. The core of the RX64DTH IC consists of 64 readout channels. The single channel is built with four basic blocks: charge sensitive preamplifier, shaper, two independent discriminators, and two independent 20-bit counters. Each readout channel counts pulses which are above the low discriminator threshold and counts pulses independently above the high discriminator threshold. The energy resolution in such architecture is limited by the noise of a single channel and by channel to channel threshold spread. We present the noise and matching performance of a 384-channel module built with a silicon strip detector and six RX64DTH ICs. In the 384-channel module an equivalent noise charge of about 200 el. rms is achieved for the shaper peaking time of 0.8 /spl mu/s and strip capacitance of 3 pF. The deviation of discriminator thresholds for the whole system is only 87 el. rms. The obtained results show that the energy resolution and uniformity of analog parameters (noise, gain, offset) are sufficient for medical diagnostic applications such as dual energy mammography and angiography.     

Stability in the parallel signal transfer mode from a silicon stripfocal plane detector

A parallel signal-transfer method is used for the front-end readout of a silicon strip focal plane detector. This paper focuses on the system stability, in particular the prevention of resonant oscillations using a time-variant method. A similar analysis can be applied to other detector systems that have large numbers of parallel readout channels     

Development of readout electronics for bunch arrival-time monitor system at SXFEL

A bunch arrival-time monitor(BAM) system,based on electro-optical intensity modulation scheme, is under study at Shanghai Soft X-ray Free Electron Laser.The aim of the study is to achieve high-precision time measurement for minimizing bunch fluctuations. A readout electronics is developed to fulfill the requirements of the BAM system. The readout electronics is mainly composed of a signal conditioning circuit, field-programmable gate array(FPGA), mezzanine card(FMC150), and powerful FPGA carrier board. The signal conditioning circuit converts the laser pulses into electrical pulse signals using a photodiode. Thereafter, it performs splitting and low-noise amplification to achieve the best voltage sampling performance of the dual-channel analog-to-digital converter(ADC) in FMC150. The FMC150 ADC daughter card includes a 14-bit 250 Msps dual-channel high-speed ADC,a clock configuration, and a management module. The powerful FPGA carrier board is a commercial high-performance Xilinx Kintex-7 FPGA evaluation board. To achieve clock and data alignment for ADC data capture at a high sampling rate, we used ISERDES, IDELAY, and dedicated carry-in resources in the Kintex-7 FPGA. This paper presents a detailed development of the readout electronics in the BAM system and its performance.     

双面硅条探测器读出系统设计

双面硅条探测器(DSSD)用于实现中国电磁监测试验卫星高能粒子探测器载荷的望远镜系统。为了实现DSSD读出电子学低功耗、高集成度的要求,设计了一种基于ASIC VA64TA2的电子学读出系统,使用²⁴¹Am 5.486 MeV α源对DSSD读出系统进行了测试。DSSD探测器结面分辨率为1%~2%,欧姆面分辨率为3%~4%,达到了探测器额定性能。     

基于SCA波形采样读出电子学的CSNS Back-n中子飞行时间测量

中国散裂中子源(CSNS)反角白光中子束线(Back-n)对中子核数据测量和核技术应用等多个领域均有重要意义。为监测其中子束斑轮廓、束流密度及束流能量,研制了由镀硼微网格气体(Micromegas)探测器构成的束流剖面监测装置,并通过测量中子的飞行时间(TOF)来获得能量信息。采用基于开关电容阵列(SCA)专用集成电路(ASIC)的波形采样电子学系统,实现了128路Micromegas探测器阳极条信号的低噪声放大、成形和波形数字化,在现场可编程逻辑门阵列(FPGA)芯片中实现了对信号过阈时间的实时测量,其量程为650 ns～10 ms,电子学时间分辨好于10 ns。在CSNS Back-n上开展实验,成功获得了中子束流剖面及10.65 μs～10 ms范围的飞行时间谱,对应的中子能量范围约为0.16 eV～0.14 MeV。利用钽、钴等吸收体进行了中子共振吸收峰的检验,验证了读出电子学系统的功能及飞行时间测量的正确性。     

PandaX-nT暗物质探测实验读出电子学预研系统的研制

PandaX-nT升级对电子学系统提出了诸多新的挑战,如更多的通道数、高速高精度的波形数字化、灵活的触发算法和更高的数据带宽要求等。本文介绍一种为未来PandaX-nT暗物质直接探测升级实验预研的读出电子学系统。该电子学系统主要由前置放大电路模块、波形数字化模块（FDM）、数据获取模块（DAQ）和时钟分发模块等组成。FDM集成8路14 bit@ 1 GS/s ADC,具有较高集成度,可实现对探测器信号波形数字化,并通过光纤与DAQ通信。DAQ可汇总多块FDM数据,实现全数字化的触发算法,并通过基于TCP协议的千兆以太网与计算机通信,保证了数据传输的可靠与稳定。目前已完成了整个读出电子学系统设计,并对整个电子学系统进行了功能验证,以及与探测器进行了初步的联合测试。整个电子学系统具有较高的可扩展性,并能实现更复杂的触发算法,能满足下一代升级的需求。     

A real-time data transmission method based on Linux for physical experimental readout systems

In a typical physical experimental instrument, such as a fusion or particle physical application, the readout system generally implements an interface between the data acquisition (DAQ) system and the front-end electronics (FEE). The key task of a readout system is to read, pack, and forward the data from the FEE to the back-end data concentration center in real time. To guarantee real-time performance, the VxWorks operating system (OS) is widely used in readout systems. However, VxWorks is not an open-source OS, which gives it has many disadvantages. With the development of multi-core processor and new scheduling algorithm, Linux OS exhibits performance in real-time applications similar to that of VxWorks. It has been successfully used even for some hard real-time systems. Discussions and evaluations of real-time Linux solutions for a possible replacement of VxWorks arise naturally. In this paper, a real-time transmission method based on Linux is introduced. To reduce the number of transfer cycles for large amounts of data, a large block of contiguous memory buffer for DMA transfer is allocated by modifying the Linux Kernel (version 2.6) source code slightly. To increase the throughput for network transmission, the user software is designed into formation of parallelism. To achieve high performance in real-time data transfer from hardware to software, mapping techniques must be used to avoid unnecessary data copying. A simplified readout system is implemented with 4 readout modules in a PXI crate. This system can support up to 48 MB/s data throughput from the front-end hardware to the back-end concentration center through a Gigabit Ethernet connection. There are no restrictions on the use of this method, hardware or software, which means that it can be easily migrated to other interrupt related applications.     

用于GEM探测器的电容积分式读出芯片的研究

介绍了GEM探测器阵列结构的一种读出方案,重点介绍了该读出方案中开关阵列芯片的设计.主要内容包括PAD前端读出电子学结构,开关电容阵列结构工作原理,开关阵列芯片设计,文章的最后给出了芯片测试结果.该10通道开关电容阵列芯片可以扩展为更多的通道,以满足更大规模的GEM探测器的阵列方式读出需要.     

基于APV25读出电子学系统的GEM探测器的位置分辨与X射线成像研究

采用3层GEM膜制作了有效面积为10 cm×10 cm的GEM探测器,该探测器采用二维条读出方式,条间距为400 μm,每个维度有256个读出通道。探测器的读出采用APV25读出电子学系统,根据GEM探测器的需要,设计并改进了电子学系统使用的背板连接器。实验测得GEM探测器空间分辨为76 μm。进行了X射线二维成像研究,获得了清晰的二维图像,探测器与电子学运行稳定可靠。     

Data acquisition for the Combined Ion and Neutron Spectrometer (CINS)

The CINS (Combined Ion and Neutron Spectrometer) consists of three detector systems: a boron-loaded plastic scintillator for medium energy neutrons, a silicon detector system for high-energy neutrons, and a charged particle stack containing both silicon detectors and scintillators. A readout system built for the charged particle stack is described here. The stack must be able to detect particles over a wide range of charge and energy. It contains 7 detectors, including 4 silicon detectors that each have two output paths. The readout must have a large usable dynamic range and must be able to handle the relatively high event rates that occur when the stack is placed in an accelerator beam. The data acquisition system detects events (that is, compares incoming signals to user-supplied trigger definitions), proceeds to capture waveform data from the preamplifiers, and saves the data to a hard drive. Although only used with the charged particle stack to date, the system can also be used with the other elements of CINS.     

硅多条阵列探测器多路电荷灵敏前置放大器研制

本文简要介绍了应用于阵列探测器特别是硅多条阵列探测器的高密度多路前置放大器和前端电子学的发展现状、工作原理、设计要求和设计思路.同时,介绍了一套新开发的用于硅多条探测器中的48路电荷灵敏前置放大器的电路设计和实际测量结果,它具有低成本、高密度、好于1%的能量分辨和良好的长期稳定性.     

北京谱仪漂移室读出电子学2×576个通道的研制

本文概述了北京谱仪漂移室读出电子学的任务,特点,比较详细地介绍了电路框图,工作原理及设计考虑,给出了作为大系统的一部分——已研制成功的576个时间通道和576个电荷通道的测试结果,收到了预期的效果。     

RG64—High Count Rate Low Noise Multichannel ASIC With Energy Window Selection and Continuous Readout Mode

We report on the performance of a low noise and high count rate readout ASIC with binary architecture and energy window selection for X-ray imaging applications using semiconductor detectors. The ASIC called RG64 is designed in 0.35 mum CMOS process and its total area is 3900times5000 mum². The core of RG64 consists of 64 readout channels. Each channel is built of a charge sensitive amplifier with a second order shaper of peaking time 75 ns, two independent discriminators with an 8-bit offset correction circuit and two independent 20-bit counters with RAM memory buffers. The ENC of the circuit reaches the value of about 126 el. rms with 1 pF input load and 5 mW power consumption per single channel. The mean gain in the multichannel ASIC is about 50 muV/el., with the dispersion from channel to channel of 0.9% (on one sigma level). The deviation of the effective threshold voltage spread for given energy can be reduced to less than 7 el. rms (calculated to the charge sensitive amplifier input). High count rate measurements have been performed up to 2 Mcps of average rate of input pulses, both for AC and DC coupled silicon strip detectors with X-ray photons of energy 8.04 keV. The RG64 can operate both in the continuous readout mode and in the readout mode separate from exposure.