基于局部Zernike矩的RST不变水印

旋转、缩放和平移(RST)等几何攻击能够破坏水印检测的同步性,而使常规水印检测失败,提出了一种基于图像局部Zernike矩的RST不变水印算法.利用图像归一化后的Zernike矩幅度具有RST不变的性质,将由Zernike矩重构的水印图像在空域嵌入原始图像的局部中,并提取该区域的Zernike矩幅度矢量作为水印矢量.水印检测时,计算局部区域的Zernike矩,并与已知Zernike矩矢量计算均方误差根(RMSE)判断水印存在与否.与使用图像全局Zernike矩相比,使用局部矩使得水印具有更好的旋转不变性,同时水印对于缩放、JPEG压缩和噪声等攻击也具有较好的检测性能.     

DCT-domain watermarking techniques for still images: detectorperformance analysis and a new structure

A spread-spectrum-like discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain watermarking technique for copyright protection of still digital images is analyzed. The DCT is applied in blocks of 8x8 pixels, as in the JPEG algorithm. The watermark can encode information to track illegal misuses. For flexibility purposes, the original image is not necessary during the ownership verification process, so it must be modeled by noise. Two tests are involved in the ownership verification stage: watermark decoding, in which the message carried by the watermark is extracted, and watermark detection, which decides whether a given image contains a watermark generated with a certain key. We apply generalized Gaussian distributions to statistically model the DCT coefficients of the original image and show how the resulting detector structures lead to considerable improvements in performance with respect to the correlation receiver, which has been widely considered in the literature and makes use of the Gaussian noise assumption. As a result of our work, analytical expressions for performance measures, such as the probability of errors in watermark decoding and the probabilities of false alarms and of detection in watermark detection, are derived and contrasted with experimental results.     

基于双通道检测的多比特盲水印最优检测器的设计

水印检测错误会严重损害水印系统的可信度。该文提出基于双谱和能量检测的双通道检测来实现最优盲水印检测器的设计,并给出了一种在小波域中的具体实现。传统检测方法检测概率会随着信噪比的下降而急剧下降。双通道检测时信噪比很小时只要有足够大的双谱信息,即可得到较高的检测概率。即使双谱信息很小时双通道检测系统退化为似然比检测系统,仍是最优的。检测器检测到指定的水印后利用独立分量分析技术进行水印盲恢复。实验过程中攻击由通用水印测试软件Stirmark产生,实验数据证明所设计的最优盲检测器对Stirmark提供的各种攻击(如剪切、JPEG压缩、删行/列、旋转、尺度变换、随机几何攻击等)具有很好的鲁棒性。实验结果说明这种最优检测器的性能优越于现有的水印检测器。     

用于CMOS图像传感器芯片的多功能盲水印算法

提出了一种在小波域中同时嵌入鲁棒水印和脆弱水印的算法。根据相邻小波系数间的关系在JPEG压缩后大多不发生变化的事实,首先对原始载体图像进行一级小波分解,然后将鲁棒水印嵌入到小波的低频系数LL中,脆弱水印嵌入到小波的高频子带HL中,水印提取和图像认证均不需要原始图像参与,很好实现了水印的盲检测。实验结果表明:本文算法对常见的非恶意攻击提取的鲁棒水印和半脆弱水印的归一化相关系数(NC)值几乎都在0.8以上;对恶意的图像操作可以精确检测和定位;算法嵌入容量大,抗JPEG压缩性能高和计算简单,可以集成于CMOS图像传感器芯片中。     

数字水印相关检测的可靠性研究

目前大多数图像水印算法根据经验值确定水印相关检测时的检测门限,并且只能通过实验结果检验算法性能.本文分析了图像和水印的随机过程模型,给出了水印相关检测的统计特性,在此基础上描述了水印能量、检测门限及水印检测器误码率之间的关系,从理论上确定为保证一定的误码率而应嵌入的水印能量;对于退化的水印图像,也可根据所期望的误码率确定判决门限.因此本文对水印的相关检测的可靠性分析具有一定的普遍性.     

Self Embedding Watermarking Using Halftoning Technique

This paper proposes a self-embedding watermarking scheme for digital images. It exploits a digital halftoning technique to transform the host image to a halftone image, in which the content features of the host image are well preserved. This halftone image is utilized as an approximate or compressed version of the host image and further adopted as a watermark. Unlike most available self-embedding watermarking techniques, in which watermark embedding, tamper detection and image recovery are block-wise-based, our scheme is a pixel-wise and block-wise composite scheme. That is, the watermark is pixel-wise permuted and embedded in the least-significant-bit plane of the host image, while in tamper detection and image recovery, a block-wise strategy is employed. This pixel-wise and block-wise complementary mechanism can overcome a common disadvantage of previous block-wise-based self-embedding watermarking techniques. Our scheme can be used for tamper detection and alteration location. Moreover, the tampered area can be approximately recovered using the extracted watermark. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

基于匹配滤波的有意义图像水印算法

图像隐形水印是解决数字媒体版权保护的有效手段.目前的大多数水印算法采用伪随机序列构成水印,因而只能给出"Yes"(有水印)或"No"(无水印)的回答.嵌入有意义的水印在一些应用场合更加重要,但同时也带来了更多的困难.嵌入有意义的水印必须解决二个问题:(1)嵌入的水印具有一定的数据量;(2)从有失真的水印图像中正确地提取嵌入的水印.本文应用数字通信的理论和方法,提出了一个嵌入有意义字符串的DCT域隐形水印算法.该算法采用BCH编码和匹配滤波来降低误码率.应用所提出的算法,把一个32个字符组成的水印嵌入到256×256的图像中并达到了较好的稳健性.在水印图像信噪比受Gaussian加性噪声干扰下降到26dB时,仍实现了对嵌入水印零错误概率的检测.     

基于混沌映射的鲁棒性图像水印算法

本文提出一种基于混沌映射的强鲁棒性数字图像水印算法,首先用一混沌动态系统对水印信息进行预处理,而后将其扩频调制在图像空间域,并且使水印嵌入强度自适应于图像;通过预置已知模板和嵌入多块水印可实现水印检测位置的几何校准.实验结果表明,采用该算法实现的水印对常见的图像处理和几何变换具有很好的鲁棒性.     

Digital watermarking robust to geometric distortions.

In this paper, we present two watermarking approaches that are robust to geometric distortions. The first approach is based on image normalization, in which both watermark embedding and extraction are carried out with respect to an image normalized to meet a set of predefined moment criteria. We propose a new normalization procedure, which is invariant to affine transform attacks. The resulting watermarking scheme is suitable for public watermarking applications, where the original image is not available for watermark extraction. The second approach is based on a watermark resynchronization scheme aimed to alleviate the effects of random bending attacks. In this scheme, a deformable mesh is used to correct the distortion caused by the attack. The watermark is then extracted from the corrected image. In contrast to the first scheme, the latter is suitable for private watermarking applications, where the original image is necessary for watermark detection. In both schemes, we employ a direct-sequence code division multiple access approach to embed a multibit watermark in the discrete cosine transform domain of the image. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed watermarking schemes are robust to a wide range of geometric attacks.     

基于差错控制编码的水印检测

提出了一种基于差错控制编码(ECC)的水印检测方法,并且依据编码原理提出了进行水印检测的门限值的确定方法.基本思想是利用ECC对原始水印信息进行编码,水印检测时把提取出的待测编码水印与反馈水印进行比较,将其差值与设定的门限值进行比较,从而来判断水印存在与否.实验是基于DWT,采用的是ECC的Turbo码进行水印检测.仿真结果表明,该方法大大减少了水印图像在传输中的错误,水印的鲁棒性得到了极大的提高.     

抵抗几何攻击的数字图像水印

该文实现了一种抵抗几何攻击的数字图像水印方案。水印信号为根据密钥产生的服从正态分布的实数序列,对水印信号作预处理并进行周期化之后在空域将其嵌入数字图像中。检测端不需要原始图像,根据预测水印的自相关函数(ACF)判断水印图像遭受的几何变换攻击并进行逆变换,然后进行水印检测。实验表明该方案对压缩、滤波、剪切等常见的图像处理攻击同样具有很高的鲁棒性。     

Circularly symmetric watermark embedding in 2-D DFT domain

In this paper, a method for digital image watermarking is described that is resistant to geometric transformations. A private key, which allows a very large number of watermarks, determines the watermark, which is embedded on a ring in the DFT domain. The watermark possesses circular symmetry. Correlation is used for watermark detection. The original image is not required in detection. The proposed method is resistant to JPEG compression, filtering, noise addition, scaling, translation, cropping, rotation, printing and rescanning. Experimental results prove the robustness of this method against the aforementioned attacks.     

版权保护和内容认证的全盲双功能数字水印算法

针对现有大部分水印算法功能单一且无法实现完全盲检测的局限性,提出一种同时进行版权保护和内容认证的全盲双功能数字水印算法.算法采取子块区域分割的思想,水印产生和嵌入分别利用同一个子块的不同区域.通过判别两个最大奇异值均值的最高位奇偶性产生特征水印,然后自适应地调整相邻区域相同位置的两个离散余弦变换交流系数的大小,实现水印的嵌入.检测端通过产生的特征水印和盲提取的认证水印实现全盲的版权鉴别和内容认证.相比于已报道的一些水印方案,本文提出的水印算法对于常见的攻击具有更好的顽健性,可以实现版权保护功能,同时对于恶意的图像篡改又有较好的敏感性,可以准确定位篡改的区域.     

一种小波域自适应鲁棒闭环数字盲水印技术

本文提出了一种基于小波域的闭环自适应图像鲁棒数字盲水印技术.水印的嵌入过程是一个闭环过程,且其嵌入的位置及强度均与原始图像有关.水印嵌入的初始强度由小波域图像压缩的量化因子决定,并根据检测要求不断的进行调整,从而达到水印的最佳嵌入.本文证明了这种闭环系统的收敛性,并且给出了水印检测过程中正确检测概率和虚警检测概率的求解公式,可用于闭环系统的检测性能判决条件.水印的检测过程中不需要任何原始图像和原始水印信号的信息,采用独立分量分析实现对水印信号的盲检测.检测过程中不仅可以检测到水印的存在,而且可以提取出嵌入到图像中的多个水印信号.实验结果证实了本文提出的闭环自适应数字盲水印技术优于传统的自适应水印技术,水印检测过程中在不需要考虑水印图像所经历的攻击类型及攻击参数的情况下可以正确的提取水印信号.本文提出的水印算法对通用水印测试软件Stirmark具有很好的鲁棒性.     

DCT域下采样视频水印技术

根据DCT域Watson模型提出了一种抵抗下采样攻击的不可感知水印模型.用DCT域准卷积下采样方法得到图像的下采样版本,利用亮度特征和图像感知失真限制自适应确定被嵌入水印序列的区域、长度和强度,以使上采样水印图像具有良好的视觉效果和鲁棒性.实验结果表明该算法对噪声干扰及视频下采样具有较好的鲁棒性,而且不使用原始图像,就可进行水印的相关检测.     

一种基于ICA的图像水印方法

本文提出了一种结合离散小波变换(DWT)、离散余弦变换(DCT)和独立分量分析(ICA)的图像数字水印方法。该方法把原始图像进行二维小波分解，保留其高频细节信息，然后对小波逼近子图进行离散余弦变换并嵌入水印。水印的检测使用了ICA方法。实验结果表明该水印方案很好的实现了水印的鲁棒性与不可见性的统一，对各种攻击具有很好的鲁棒性。同时由于ICA方法的引入，较好的改善了水印的检测效果。     

饱和检测器在数字水印方案中的应用

本文利用饱和检测器在离散余弦变换(DCT)域水印方案中进行水印检测.饱和检测器无须事先了解原始图像和水印,实现盲水印检测.在加入噪声、滤波以及压缩图片中进行水印检测,体现出了算法的鲁棒性.     

基于归一化和Bessel–Fourier矩的鲁棒水印算法

为了增强水印的抗几何攻击能力,提出了一种基于归一化和Bessel-Fourier矩的鲁棒水印算法。首先对图像进行归一化,使图像的Bessel-Fourier矩具有旋转、缩放和平移(RST)不变性;然后通过使用Bessel-Fourier多项式直接将水印添加到图像的空域强度中,嵌入强度由一个迭代特征修改和验证程序控制,可以避免在水印嵌入和检测过程中引入错误。大量的实验结果表明,本文提出的水印算法对几何攻击以及一般的信号处理具有很好的鲁棒性。     

Geometrically robust image watermarking based on Jacobi-Fourier moments

Rotation, scaling and translation （RST） attacks can desynehronize the watermark detection so that many watermark systems failed. A geometrically robust image watermarking strategy based on Jacobi-Fourier moments （JFMs） is proposed. The Jacobi moments of the original image are first extracted as original moments; then the watermark image is embedded into the global or local area of the original image, and the Jacobi moments of the area are extracted. When the watermarked image is not attacked, the watermark can be retrieved by using the margin of the original moments and the moments of the embedded area. When it is attacked, the watermark can also be got in that way, and the original moments need to be transformed. It can be concluded that Jacobi- Fourier moments perform better than Zemike moments （ZMs） for small images. Meanwhile, the watermark is also robust to scaling and rotation as well as regular attacks such as added noises.     

Oblivious robust watermarking method by image pre-processing

A method of image watermarking which requires no original image for detection is introduced. The proposed scheme pre-processes the original image and embeds the watermark in some parts of the transform coefficients. It is shown that the watermark can be successfully detected after applying various attacks