合成气直接法制取低碳烯烃铁基催化体系研究进展

合成气直接法制取低碳烯烃因具有原料易得、流程简单和能源效率高等优势,成为了目前合成气应用领域一个新的热门研究方向。直接法转化方式主要有经由费托合成反应直接制取低碳烯烃（FTO）路径和经由氧化物-分子筛（OX-ZEO）过程直接制取低碳烯烃的双功能催化路线。本文简述了合成气制取低碳烯烃的主要工艺流程,重点聚焦在近年来费托合成反应直接制取低碳烯烃过程中铁基催化体系的研究进展,主要讨论了通过费托合成反应制取低碳烯烃中的反应机理,以及活性相、助剂和载体等因素对铁基催化剂反应性能的影响。此外,指出了当前研究存在的高低碳烯烃选择性与高反应活性难以兼得,产物中甲烷选择性过高等不足之处并对合成气直接法制取低碳烯烃的发展方向进行了展望。     

合成气直接催化转化制低碳烯烃研究进展

合成气直接催化转化制乙烯、丙烯等低碳烯烃因具有原料来源广泛、流程较短等优点,成为目前合成气催化转化和烯烃制备技术的一个重要发展方向。本文首先介绍了合成气经费托合成直接制备低碳烯烃的路线（FTO）,简单概括了铁基和钴基催化剂的研究进展以及催化反应机理。随后重点综述了近年来提出并发展的基于双功能催化体系的合成气直接制低碳烯烃路线（STO）,详细阐述了金属氧化物的组成、配比等以及分子筛的酸性、孔道等性质对反应性能的影响,同时讨论了双功能催化体系以乙烯酮或甲醇/二甲醚为关键中间体的催化反应机理。最后对双功能催化体系的研究方向和挑战进行了展望。     

SAPO-34的改性及其在合成气制低碳烯烃中的应用

对金属氧化物与分子筛组成的双功能催化剂中的分子筛进行改性，可进一步提高合成气制低碳烯烃（STO）反应性能。采用水热法合成不同金属Me（Ce、Zn、Zr）及不同Zr掺杂量改性的SAPO-34分子筛，并与GaZrOx金属氧化物物理混合制备GaZrOx/SAPO-34双功能催化剂，考察其催化STO反应性能。采用XRD、TEM、SEM-EDS、BET、FTIR、NH3-TPD、XPS对分子筛表征发现，不同金属改性的分子筛均合成了具有CHA结构的SAPO-34，掺杂Zr提高了分子筛的相对结晶度，减小了颗粒尺寸。Zr掺杂量为1.0%（n(ZrO2)与n(Al2O3)的物质的量比为1:100）时合成的1.0%ZrSP-34分子筛颗粒尺寸最小，平均粒径为0.53 μm，且强酸量适中（1.34 mmol/g）；掺杂2% Zr时导致多余的Zr以ZrO2形式存在于分子筛表面，覆盖了强酸中心。与未改性的SAPO-34相比，采用掺杂1.0% Zr合成的1.0%ZrSP-34制备GaZrOx/1.0%ZrSP-34双功能催化剂，可使CO转化率从14.2%增加到21.2%，低碳烯烃选择性从71.0%提高至82.4%，且该催化剂反应60 h后未出现明显失活。     

低CO2选择性的合成气制轻烯烃双功能催化剂

为开发高活性、高收率的合成气制低碳烯烃（STO）双功能催化剂，通过共沉淀法制备非化学计量尖晶石Zn-Cr-Al氧化物，对其织构性质、晶体结构、形貌特征以及表面电荷性质等进行研究。结果表明添加过量锌能够促进晶体粒径减小，表面氧空位增多。其中Zn/(Cr+Al)摩尔比为1.25时锌含量较为适宜，将其与SAPO-34沸石分子筛结合为双功能催化剂用于STO性能研究。在进气n(H2):n(CO)=2:1，3000 mL/(gcat·h)，3.2 MPa，400 ℃反应条件下，实现46.9% CO转化率，C2-4烯烃收率高达15.9%，高于大部分已有文献报道（8~14%），特别是副产物CO2选择性仅29.2%，低于普遍报道的40~50% CO2选择性。并且催化剂运行100 h后活性良好，稳定的催化性能使其具有工业应用价值。     

Carbon dispersed iron-manganese catalyst for light olefin synthesis from CO hydrogenation

High performance iron-manganese catalysts dispersed with carbon to produce light olefins from CO hydrogenation were prepared by sol-gel method using citric acid as precursor. The effects of carbon content on the bulk structure, the water gas shift reaction, the chain propagation ability and the activity and selectivity of the catalysts were investigated. The results showed that the catalysts were gradually reduced during the decomposition of the precursor when calcined under pure N₂. The formation of iron-manganese mixed crystallites was favored and stabilized because of the enhanced interaction of iron and manganese with increasing carbon content. During the subsequent CO hydrogenation reaction, all the catalysts showed high activity and olefin selectivity. With increasing carbon content, the water gas shift (WGS) reaction was restrained and the chain propagation ability was inhibited. Catalysts with higher carbon content showed much lighter hydrocarbon products; however, the selectivity of CH₄ was almost unchanged. This work was presented at the 7 ^th Korea-China Workshop on Clean Energy Technology held at Taiyuan, Shanxi, China, June 26–28, 2008.     

A new supported Fe-MnO catalyst for the production of light olefins from syngas. I. Effect of support on the catalytic performance

CO-TPD and H₂-TPD and CO/H₂-TPSR were used to study the effect of the support on the performance of Fe-MnO catalysts in CO hydrogenation for the production of light olefins. It was found that a Fe-MnO/MgO catalyst (based on a basic support) is capable of strongly adsorbing CO and H₂ favorable for the production of light olefins and CO conversion. A Fe-MnO/ Al₂O₃ catalyst (based on an acidic support) only showed strong adsorption of H₂, but weaker adsorption of CO, and so, it was a poor catalyst for light olefins from syngas.     

双功能催化剂在合成气一步法制低碳烯烃中的研究进展

双功能催化剂能够有效地突破费托合成中烯烃选择性限制,实现了高的低碳烯烃选择性,成为合成气一步法制低碳烯烃的研究热点。详细综述了近五年来金属氧化物/分子筛双功能催化剂的制备、构效关系、催化机理的研究进展,并对双功能催化剂的进一步发展方向进行了展望。     

聚苯胺衍生碳材料负载的Fe基合成气直接制低碳烯烃催化剂：载体碳化温度的影响

低碳烯烃是重要的基础化工原料,广泛应用于中间体和聚合物的生产。开发非石油路线的合成气直接制取低碳烯烃工艺具有重要的意义。在CO加氢反应中,载体对催化剂的性能影响显著。通过等体积浸渍法制备了不同碳化温度的聚苯胺（PANI）衍生碳材料负载的Fe基催化剂,考察了碳化温度对负载型Fe基催化剂CO加氢性能的影响。结果表明,随着PANI衍生碳材料碳化温度的升高,低碳烯烃选择性和烯烷比均有所升高;Fe₂₀/NC-800催化剂表现出最好的低碳烯烃选择性（41.05%）。通过扫描电子显微镜（scanning electron microscope,SEM）、Raman光谱（Raman spectrum）、X射线光电子能谱（X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS）对载体表面研究,发现随着碳化温度提高,载体形貌变化较小,但载体石墨化程度增高,载体总含氮量减少,吡啶氮增加,季氮减少,吡咯氮小幅降低后再升高。此外,通过XPS和原位X射线衍射（in situ XRD）等对催化剂表面和体相结构的表征发现,碳化温度的提高导致载体表面高结合能N物种减少,对Fe供电子作用增强,弱化了载体-金属间相互作用,促进了活性金属Fe的还原、碳化及团聚能力,进而促进了低碳烯烃的生成。     

合成气制低碳烯烃铁基催化剂制备研究现状

论述了合成气制低碳烯烃铁基催化剂的研究现状,并对未来的发展前景进行展望,以期为铁基催化剂的进一步研究提供参考。     

合成气直接制低碳烯烃铁基催化剂研究进展

综述了近年来合成气直接制低碳烯烃铁基催化剂的研究进展,重点介绍了铁基催化剂的制备方法、载体和助剂等对催化剂活性和选择性的影响,并对未来铁基催化剂的发展方向进行了展望。     

Efficient conversion of benzene and syngas to toluene and xylene over ZnO-ZrO2&H-ZSM-5 bifunctional catalysts

A series of ZnO-ZrO₂ solid solutions with different Zn contents were synthesized by the urea co-precipitation method, which were coupled with H-ZSM-5 zeolite to form bifunctional catalysts. As a new benzene alkylation reagent, syngas was used instead of methanol to realize the efficient conversion of syngas and benzene into toluene and xylene. A suitable ratio of ZnO-ZrO₂ led to the significant improvement in the catalytic performance, and a suitable amount of acid helped to increase the selectivity of toluene/xylene and reduce the selectivity of the by-products ethylbenzene and C₉⁺ aromatics. The highest benzene conversion of 89.2% and toluene/xylene selectivity of 88.7% were achieved over 10% ZnO-ZrO₂&H-ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 23) at a pressure of 3 MPa and a temperature of 450 ℃. In addition, the effect of the zeolite framework structure on product distribution was examined. Similar to the molecular dynamics of aromatic hydrocarbons, H-ZSM-5 zeolites comprise 10-membered-ring pores, which are beneficial to the activation of benzene; hence, the conversion of benzene is higher. H-ZSM-35 and H-MOR zeolites exhibited small eight-membered-ring channels, which were not conducive to the passage of benzene; hence, the by-product ethylbenzene exhibits a higher selectivity. The distance between the active centers of the bifunctional catalysts was the main factor affecting the catalytic performance, and the powder mixing method was more conducive to the conversion of syngas and benzene.     

Selective synthesis of light olefins from syngas over potassium-promoted molybdenum carbide catalysts

In the hydrogenation of CO at atmospheric pressure, unsupported molybdenum carbide catalyst produced mostly C₁-C₅ paraffins. Promotion of the catalyst with K₂CO₃ yielded C₂-C₅ hydrocarbons consisting of 80–100% olefins and reduced the methane selectivity. The selectivity of C₂-C₅ olefins among all hydrocarbon products was 50–70 wt% at CO conversions up to 70%.This work has been supported by Korean Science and Engineering Foundation through a contract 88-03-1302.     

Effects of large pore zeolite additions in the catalytic pyrolysis catalyst on the light olefins production

To increase the light olefins selectivity of catalytic pyrolysis catalyst for heavy oil processing, the effects of large pore zeolite additions on the selectivity to light olefins (ethylene and propylene) were studied in a micro-activity test (MAT) unit at 625 °C by using Daqing heavy oil and n-decene/n-decane as feedstocks. Rare earth containing ultra-stable Y, Hβ and four types of alkali-treated Hβ with different pore size distributions were employed as the large pore zeolite components. The yields of C₂–C₃ light olefins showed a volcano trend with the increasing amount of large pore zeolite additions. They reached up to 24.5 and 26.7 wt%, respectively, when an optimum combination of zeolites ZSM-5 and RE-USY or ZSM-5 and alkali-treated Hβ was used. Moreover, increasing the pore size of large pore zeolites also led to the increases in the yields of light olefins, the maximum total yields of ethylene and propylene reached up to 26.7 wt% when the total pore volume of the zeolite Hβ added was 0.452 cm³ g⁻¹.     

Empirical modeling of normal/cyclo-alkanes pyrolysis to produce light olefins

Due to the complexity of feedstock, it is challenging to build a general model for light olefins production. This work was intended to simulate the formation of ethylene, propene and 1,3-butadiene in alkanes pyrolysis by referring the effects of normal/cyclo-structures. First, the pyrolysis of n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, n-hexane and cyclohexane mixtures, and n-heptane and methylcyclohexane mixtures were carried out at 650-800℃, and a particular attention was paid to the measurement of ethylene, propene and 1,3-butadiene. Then, pseudo-first order kinetics was taken to characterize the pyrolysis process, and the effects of feedstock composition were studied. It was found that chain length and cyclo-alkane content can be qualitatively and quantitively represented by carbon atom number and pseudo-cyclohexane content, which made a significant difference on light olefins formation. Furthermore, the inverse proportional/quadratic function, linear function and exponential function were proposed to simulate the effects of chain length, cycloalkane content and reaction temperature on light olefins formation, respectively. Although the obtained empirical model well reproduced feedstock conversion, ethylene yield and propene yield in normal/cyclo-alkanes pyrolysis, it exhibited limitations in simulating 1,3-butadiene formation. Finally, the accuracy and flexibility of the present model was validated by predicting light olefins formation in the pyrolysis of multiple hydrocarbon mixtures. The prediction data well agreed with the experiment data for feedstock conversion, ethylene yield and propene yield, and overall characterized the changing trend of 1,3-butadiene yield along with reaction temperature, indicating that the present model could basically reflect light olefins production in the pyrolysis process even for complex feedstock.     

Highly effective P-modified HZSM-5 catalyst for the cracking of C4 alkanes to produce light olefins

A series of HZSM-5 zeolites modified by different amounts of phosphorus (P/HZSM-5) were prepared. The physicochemical features of P/HZSM-5 catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, BET, NH₃-TPD, FT-IR spectra of adsorbed pyridine, etc., and their performances for the catalytic cracking of the mixed C₄ alkanes to produce light olefins were investigated. The results indicated that phosphorus (P) modification not only modulated the amount of acidic sites and the percentage of weak acidic sites in total acidic sites, but also regulated the acid type, i.e., the ratio of L/B (Lewis acid/Brönsted acid). The introduction of P also altered the basic characteristics of HZSM-5 which was evidenced by CO₂-TPD analysis. Consequently, P modification with suitable amount was favorable for enhancing the selectivity to light olefins, especially to propene. At the temperature of 650 °C, the maximum yields of propene and ethene were achieved 25.6 and 33.9%, which were higher than those over parent HZSM-5 by 7 and 4.5%, respectively. Aromatics yield was found to be decreased with the increasing P loading due to the reduction of strong acid and the formation of new basic site which inhibited the hydrogen transfer reaction. All this indicates that P-modified HZSM-5 zeolites are effective catalysts for the cracking of mixed C₄ alkanes to produce more light olefins.     

Aromatization of light paraffins over Ga-containing MFI-type catalyst

Aromatization of light paraffins such as propane and butane was investigated on MFI-type catalysts containing Ga as an active component. Even with less amount of Ga loading, Ga ion-exchanged MFI exhibited higher selectivity for aromatics, mainly benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX), than that of H-Ga-Silicate. This may be attributed to the presence of Al in Ga ion-exchanged MFI which increases the catalyst acidity. Further development was done by preparing H-Ga, Al-bimetallosilicate with the purpose of minimizing the catalyst preparation procedure. It has been found that H-Ga, Al-bimetallosilicate having Si/Ga ratio of 155 and Si/Al ratio of 40 exerted considerably high selectivity for aromatics, ca. 64% for BTX. This selectivity was comparable to that of H-Ga ion-exchanged MFI with the same amount of Ga loading. However, the bimetallosilicate catalyst can be prepared in only one step crystallization, which minimizes the catalyst preparation procedure. This paper was presented at the 8th APCChE (Asia Pacific Conferation of Chemical Engineering) Congress held at Seoul between August 16 and 19, 1999.     

Oxidative conversion of methane to syngas over NiO/MgO solid solution supported on low surface area catalyst carrier

Influence of time-on-stream (0.5–15 h), CH₄/O₂ ratio in feed (1.8–8.0), space velocity (6000–510,000 cm³ g⁻¹ h⁻¹), catalyst particle size (22–70 mesh), and catalyst dilution by inert solid particles (diluent/catalyst weight ratio=4) on the performance at different temperatures (600–900°C) of the NiO/MgO solid solution deposited on SA-5205 [which is a low surface area macroporous silica-alumina catalyst carrier] in the oxidative conversion of methane to syngas (a mixture of CO and H₂) has been investigated. The dependence of conversion and selectivity on the space velocity is strongly influenced by the temperature. Both the conversion and selectivity for H₂ and CO are decreased markedly by increasing the CH₄/O₂ ratio in the feed. The catalyst dilution resulted in a small but significant decrease in both the conversion and selectivity for H₂ and CO. The increase in the catalyst particle size had also a small but significant effect on both the conversion and selectivity in the oxidative conversion process. Both the heat and mass transfer processes seem to play significant roles in the oxidative conversion of methane to syngas at a very low contact time or very high space velocity (5.1×10⁵ cm³ g⁻¹ h⁻¹).     

New route for light olefins production from chloromethane over HSAPO-34 molecular sieve

HSAPO-34 molecular sieve was employed in chloromethane conversion and showed high performance in activity and selectivity in production of light olefins. Our detailed IR investigation allowed the identification of the active sites and the adsorbed species and demonstrated that the conversion started from 350 °C with alkoxy group as the intermediate. The fixed-bed catalytic testing evidenced that in the range of 350–500 °C, 70–80% of chloromethane was transferred to ethylene, propylene and butenes. Increasing reaction temperature favors the conversion and enhances the yield of lighter olefins. A very important reversible phenomenon, the breaking of AlOP bonds upon adsorption of HCl, a main product of reaction to generate a large amount of POH groups and the recovery of AlOP upon removal of HCl was revealed.     

CuZnTiO2/SAPO-34双功能催化剂的设计、制备及其用于CO2加氢制烯烃性能

CO₂加氢经甲醇（含氧中间体）制低碳烯烃工艺路线,可实现成醇、脱水两步反应串联协同进行,打破费托合成产物Anderson-Schulz-Flory（ASF）分布限制,高选择性地制取低碳烯烃。传统甲醇合成Cu基催化剂加氢能力较强,在两步反应中产物以CH₄、低碳烷烃为主。实验设计、制备了CuZnTiO₂/(Zn-)SAPO-34复合催化剂,实现了CO₂加氢在Cu基复合催化剂上高选择性合成C₂～C₄烯烃（约60%）。研究表明,两步反应过程中甲醇体积分数较低（＜6%）,且高温下逆水煤气变换反应严重,导致催化剂酸性变化对产物分布的影响较大。调变两类活性位点比例发现,CH₄的产生与串联反应存在竞争关系,SAPO-34酸量的增加抑制了CH₄的生成,促进串联反应正向进行;合适的酸性有助于生成C₂～C₄烯烃。控制成醇、脱水两类活性位点接触距离可调变烯烃的二次反应,降低加氢能力,改善产物分布。     

Fe改性HZSM-5分子筛上甲醇耦合C4烃制低碳烯烃反应性能研究

用等体积浸渍法制备Fe改性HZSM-5分子筛催化剂（Fe/HZSM-5）。考察了Fe/HZSM-5在不同温度下对甲醇耦合C₄烃制低碳烯烃反应性能的影响,并利用紫外-可见漫反射光谱对Fe/HZSM-5进行了表征。结果表明,在低铁含量条件下,Fe改性HZSM-5分子筛上Fe（Ⅲ）主要以高分散隔离的形式存在于HZSM-5分子筛的表面,Fe改性提高了催化剂上的原料转化率以及乙烯和丙烯选择性,从而获得了较高的乙烯和丙烯总收率。在反应温度为550 ℃时,在Fe（Ⅲ）处理的HZSM-5分子筛上,乙烯和丙烯总收率最高可达42.1%,比未改性的HZSM-5提高了7％。