MODELING OF TURBULENT, NEUTRALLY BUOYANT DROPLET SUSPENSIONS IN LIQUIDS

The mixing of neutrally buoyant, immiscible droplets in suspension in a turbulent liquid is being studied. In a statistically homogeneous field, it is anticipated that the droplets will affect the turbulent eddies, and that the turbulence will cause the droplets to break-up and coalesce. A cascade model is constructed by extension of the Desnyansky and Novikov equation, accounting for the wavenumber dependence of the fluctuating energy, for the intermittency factor of the turbulence and for the droplet population. In the absence of breakage and coalescence, interactions between eddies and droplets are assumed to be of collision type, so that the exchange of energy and the modifications to the eddy and droplet populations can be described. The resulting equations are solved for a fixed droplet population, showing the effect of droplet size on the turbulent energy spectrum. Continuation of the work is discussed, including droplet breakage and coalescence, as well as the introduction of non-homogeneous distributions.     

Study on airflow field and fiber motion with new melt blowing die

In this study, a new melt‐blowing die was studied with the computational fluid dynamic approach. A bead‐viscoelastic element fiber model was established to model three‐dimensional paths of the fiber motion with the standard linear solid (SLS) constitutive equation in different airflow fields. The effects of this newly designed die on the velocity field, temperature field, and turbulence fluctuation field at the centerline were studied and compared with the traditional melt blowing die. The fiber motion was simulated and compared with the airflow field of different dies. The simulations results demonstrated that the new die was able to reduce the velocity fluctuations of the air flow near the outlet of the polymer capillary and generate the higher centerline air velocity and temperature. The fiber attenuation and motion were related to the centerline air velocity, temperature, and turbulent fluctuation in the melt blowing process. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:1182–1189 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Optimal design of drainage channel geometry parameters in vane demister liquid–gas separators

Vane liquid–gas demisters are widely used as one of the most efficient separators. To achieve higher liquid disposal and to avoid flooding, vanes are enhanced with drainage channels. In this research, the effects of drainage channel geometry parameters on the droplet removal efficiency have been investigated applying CFD techniques. The observed parameters are channel angle, channel height and channel length. The gas phase flow field was determined by the Eulerian method and the droplet flow field and trajectories were computed applying the Lagrangian method. The turbulent dispersion of the droplets was modeled using the discrete random walk (DRW) approach. The CFD simulation results indicate that by applying DRW model, the droplet separation efficiency predictions for small droplets are closer to the corresponding experimental data. The CFD simulation results showed that in the vane, enhanced with drainage channels, fewer low velocity sectors were observed in the gas flow field due to more turbulence. Consequently, the droplets had a higher chance of hitting the vane walls leading to higher separation efficiency. On the other hand, the parameters affect the liquid droplet trajectory leading to the changes in separation efficiency and hydrodynamic characteristic of the vane. To attain the overall optimum geometry of the drainage channel, all three geometry parameters were simultaneously studied employing 27 CFD simulation cases. To interpolate the overall optimal geometry a surface methodology method was used to fit the achieved CFD simulation data and finally a polynomial equation was proposed.     

EPVC-IA旋风管的流场分析

本文用五孔球探针测定了EPVC-IA型旋风管流场,对该旋风管的三维速度分布和压降进行了较深入的分析和计算.所得的计算公式包含的结构参数较全面,形式也较简单,其计算结果与实测结果吻合较好.     

Modelling of droplet breakage probabilities in an oscillatory baffled reactor

The breakage of droplets dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase determines the performance of many mixing devices and reactors that rely on effective contact between two phases, e.g. emulsion mills, liquid-liquid extraction columns, stirred tank reactors and Oscillatory Baffled Reactors. Quantitative knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the breakage provides parameters for design and prediction. In the work presented here, oil was dispersed in water in a continuous OBR, and a High Speed Camera was used to record the events of breakage of individual oil droplets and probabilities of breakage were estimated. It was confirmed that breakage was more sensitive to changes in the amplitude of oscillation than in the frequency of oscillation. A novel integral model was developed based on an analysis of the total work effected on the deforming droplet in order to interpret the results. The quantitative results from direct observation were compared to the model predictions. The model with fitted parameters was finally extrapolated to smaller diameters, in an attempt to predict the critical drop diameter for breakage.     

液-液水力旋流器中的液滴破碎

在总结前人研究成果的基础上,分析了液-液水力旋流嚣中液滴破碎产生的原因,指出流场的湍流特性是产生液滴破碎的主要原因。对水力旋流器中的湍流度、雷诺切应力及颗粒的湍动能进行了分析,给出了水力旋流器中液滴破碎可能性较大的几个部位,并对旋流器边壁液滴破碎的可能性进行了讨论。分析了水力旋流器中液滴破碎的机理,阐明了液滴破碎判据——临界Weber数的表达式,并对理想球形液滴的破碎进行了分析。     

Spray and mixing characteristics of liquid jet in a tubular gas–liquid atomization mixer

For the design and optimization of a tubular gas–liquid atomization mixer,the atomization and mixing characteristics of liquid jet breakup in the limited tube space is a key problem.In this study,the primary breakup process of liquid jet column was analyzed by high-speed camera,then the droplet size and velocity distribution of atomized droplets were measured by Phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA).The hydrodynamic characteristics of gas flow in tubular gas–liquid atomization mixer were analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation.The results indicate that the liquid flow rate has little effect on the atomization droplet size and atomization pressure drop,and the gas flow rate is the main influence parameter.Under all experimental gas flow conditions,the liquid jet column undergoes a primary breakup process,forming larger liquid blocks and droplets.When the gas flow rate (Q_g) is less than 127 m~3·h~(-1),the secondary breakup of large liquid blocks and droplets does not occur in venturi throat region.The Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of droplets measured at the outlet is more than 140μm,and the distribution is uneven.When Q_g127 m~3·h~(-1),the large liquid blocks and droplets have secondary breakup process at the throat region.The SMD of droplets measured at the outlet is less than 140μm,and the distribution is uniform.When 127Q_g162 m~3·h~(-1),the secondary breakup mode of droplets is bag breakup or pouch breakup.When 181Q_g216 m~3·h~(-1),the secondary breakup mode of droplets is shear breakup or catastrophic breakup.In order to ensure efficient atomization and mixing,the throat gas velocity of the tubular atomization mixer should be designed to be about 51 m·s~(-1)under the lowest operating flow rate.The pressure drop of the tubular atomization mixer increases linearly with the square of gas velocity,and the resistance coefficient is about 2.55 in single-phase flow condition and 2.73 in gas–liquid atomization condition.     

NGD反应器气相流场及能耗特性研究

高倍率灰钙循环脱硫(NGD)技术具有投资和运行成本低、占地面积小、节水和可避免有色烟羽等优点,在燃煤工业锅炉领域具有较好的发展前景,而已有研究主要关注脱硫反应过程及其影响因素,尚缺乏对NGD反应器内流场和能耗的认识。笔者基于熵产分析方法建立了NGD反应器能耗的定量分析模型,NGD反应器能耗包含因烟气散热引起的能耗和黏性流体流动引起的能耗,其中,黏性流体流动引起的能耗包含湍流耗散和壁面摩擦,此外,由于NGD反应器高度达20 m以上,其进、出口压降还应考虑位置势能变化,因此,NGD进、出口压降包含位置势能变化、湍流耗散和壁面摩擦引起的压降。以某30 t/h煤粉工业锅炉配套的NGD反应器为研究对象,采用CFD方法模拟脱硫反应器内的流场分布,并在此基础上通过能耗分析模型研究脱硫反应器内的能耗组成和分布。结果表明,CFD方法和能耗分析模型计算的NGD进、出口压降与测量值的偏差分别为0.4%和9.6%,因此,CFD方法和能耗分析模型能较为准确地预测脱硫反应器内黏性流体流动引起的能耗,NGD反应器内黏性流体流动和烟气散热引起的能耗分别占NGD总能耗的96.2%和3.8%,可见黏性流体流动对NGD能耗起主导作用,位置势能变化、湍流耗散和壁面摩擦引起的压降分别为237.6、347.4和57.5 Pa,可见湍流耗散对NGD反应器能耗起主导作用。将NGD反应器划分为上部主体反应区、中部加速区和下部烟气入口区,由于黏性流体流动过程中的能量耗散来自不同流层速度差引起的摩擦耗散,因此能耗大小主要取决于不同流层间的速度梯度,而中部加速区平均速度较大且流场分布极不均匀,导致单位体积湍流熵产远高于其他区域,因此其体积虽仅占3.6%,但其熵产占NGD反应器总熵产的53.8%;上部主体反应区速度分布较为均匀且平均速度较小,但其体积占NGD反应器体积的83.3%,因此中部的熵产仍然较大,占总熵产的40.1%;下部烟气入口区流场分布极为不均匀但平均流速较小,单位体积熵产率从下往上逐渐增大,其体积比为13.1%,熵产占总熵产的比值为6.1%。可见,上部和中部是能耗的主要区域,尤其是中部加速区是降低NGD反应器能耗的主要目标区域。     

Numerical Investigation of Three‐Dimensional Bubble Column Flows: A Detached Eddy Simulation Approach

Numerical simulations were performed employing detached eddy simulation (DES) in a three‐dimensional transient Euler‐Euler framework for bubble columns, and all the computational fluid dynamics results were compared with a k‐? model and available experimental data. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experiments in predicting the time‐averaged axial velocity and turbulent kinetic energy profiles. The flow‐resolving capabilities of the DES model are highlighted, and it is shown that the DES turbulence model can be efficiently used for simulating flow field and turbulent quantities in the case of bubble columns.     

旋风静电除尘器单相三维流场数值模拟

建立了旋风静电除尘器单相准三维湍流的K-ε模型.采用控制容积法对其进行离散,用SIMPLE法求解流场分布.得出一定条件下除尘器内三维速度数值模拟结果,并经实验验证.结果表明,供电电压的大小对流场分布形状影响不大, 但对其速度大小的影响比较明显;在相同入口风速下,随着筒体直径的增加,三维速度的分布曲线都变平缓.     

Hydrodynamic Instabilities of Adhering Droplets Due to a Shear Flow in a Rectangular Channel

This paper reports on the hydrodynamic droplet instabilities of different sizes and viscosities due to shear forces in a rectangular channel. Water‐glycerine droplets of different volumes are investigated. A new and nonambiguous definition for the critical velocity of droplet detachment and a new mathematical correlation between the critical velocity v_crit and the fluid properties are presented. The measurements show that v_crit decreases with the droplet volume but at the same time the contour deformation increases. With increasing viscosity of the liquid droplet, i.e., higher glycerine mass fraction, the contour deformation becomes more prominent and an increase in v_crit can be observed. With respect to the fluid properties and droplet volumes, three different motion patterns are detected.     

Numerical simulations of airflow and droplet transport in a wave-plate mist eliminator

In this paper, the droplet transport and deposition in the turbulent airflow inside a wave-plate mist eliminator was studied using an Eulerian–Lagrangian computational method. The Reynolds Stress Transport Model (RSTM) with standard wall functions and with enhanced wall treatment was used for simulating the airflow field. A computer code for solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations in conjunction with the RSTM on two-dimensional collocated unstructured meshes was developed. For droplet trajectory analysis, another computer code was developed that accounts for the drag and lift forces action on the droplets. The Eddy Interaction Model (EIM) was used to model the droplet dispersion in turbulent airflow. The gas flow code was validated by comparing the computational model results for a fully developed asymmetric channel turbulent flow with the experimental data. Then the airflow and droplet trajectory analysis were performed for a mist eliminator with smooth walls and the resultant removal efficiency curves were evaluated and compared with the available experimental data. The results showed that the enhanced wall treatment improved the predictions of the droplet removal efficiency especially for small droplets in which the removal efficiency was lower than 50%. On the other hand, the Reynolds Stress Transport Model (RSTM) with standard wall functions cannot predict the removal efficiency correctly, especially for low gas velocities.     

斜板沉降器内油粒运动规律分析

在对斜板间连续流场的研究基础上,采用离散相模型结合自编程对在错流、并流和逆流的3种流动形式中Stokes油滴运动规律进行模拟计算:该油滴在垂直于板方向上浮速度相同,与流动形式无关,其上浮时间正比于分离场的高度,在板间距相同条件下,上浮到上板所需时间相同,但逆流时油滴迁移距离最短,与流动形式有关;油滴运动位移和浮升时间随斜板倾角α增大而增长。     

加料速度对分级机内部流场的影响

用Fluent软件模拟仿真分析了FTW型涡轮空气分级机内部流场的动态压力、湍动能、流动速度的分布, 对比分析不同加料速度对分级机内部流场的影响。结果表明:加料速度增加, 动态压力降低, 但分布曲线的对称性更好;湍动能降低, 但分布更为均匀;径向速度增加, 切向速度和轴向速度都降低, 且分布更为均匀, 其中轴向速度较大, 对流场影响更大;有利于流场稳定, 更有利于物料分级。实验测试了分级粒径分布部分支持这些效果。     

水包油型乳化液油滴的管内节流破碎行为与机理

实验研究了水包油型乳化液油滴在管内节流元件处的破碎行为,分析了破碎机理. 结果表明,液滴破碎主要发生在节流元件内壁及下游附近,其概率是施于液滴上湍流应力与液滴表面能之比的递增函数,是流体韦伯数及节流元件两侧最大压差的递增函数;在湍流状态(Re>4000)下,液滴充分振荡且受到较大的水流惯性力和速度梯度剪切力,更易破碎;由苏丹红IV染色的正庚烷体系界面张力由非染色时的47 mN/m降到23.6 mN/m,黏性力对液滴破碎的影响程度下降,受流速、压差等影响的惯性力起决定性作用,液滴破碎程度更大;流速决定流体对分散相油滴的湍流剪切破碎力,流速增大则油滴粒径破裂程度加大,而流速取决于流量和节流比;注入染色正庚烷油相体积增大(0.5~5 mL),削弱了节流元件的液滴破碎作用,两相流体系倾向于形成更大直径的液滴,中位径一般为20~35 mm.     

HYDRODYNAMIC STUDIES ON LOOP REACTORS(Ⅱ) AIRLIFT LOOP REACTORS

Hydrodynamics of airlift loop reactors was studied in detail experimentally andtheoretically.An internal airlift loop reactor was designed and set up for this study.An instru-mentation system based on the electrochemical method was adapted to measure local gas holdup andliquid velocity.A two-dimensional two-fluid model based on the first principles was established andimplemented to model the flow in airlift loop reactors.A corrected turbulent model was incorporatedin the simulation.The shear rate,shear stress and energy dissipation are evaluated from the flowfield.The numerically predicted results and experimental data obtained from this work as well as thesereported in literature are analyzed and compared.     

Determination of Breakage Parameters in Turbulent Fluid‐Fluid Breakage

Numerous sets of single‐particle breakage experiments are required in order to provide a sufficient database for improving the modeling of fluid particle breakage mechanisms. This work focuses on the interpretation of the physical breakage events captured on video. In order to extract the necessary information required for modeling the mechanisms of the fluid particle breakage events in turbulent flows, a well‐defined image analysis procedure is necessary. Two breakage event definitions are considered, namely, initial breakup and cascade breakup. The reported breakage time, the number of daughter particles created, and the daughter size distribution are significantly affected by the definition used. For each breakage event definition, an image analysis procedure is presented.     

静电除尘器数值模拟

针对静电除尘器建立了其流场、电晕电场、颗粒荷电与运动的三维数值模型,流场采用时均Navier-Stokes方程和雷诺应力标准湍流模型,电晕电场采用非结构有限容积法,颗粒运动采用拉格朗日方法,颗粒荷电采用对荷电率方程进行积分的方法,颗粒湍流扩散采用随机轨道模型,颗粒的粒径分布采用Rosin-Rammler分布描述,模拟计算了实验电除尘器电场分布、流场分布以及颗粒运动,极板上的电流密度分布计算值与实验值符合良好,颗粒向极板运动的速度在距离极板面5 mm处的实验值与计算值也符合良好,在模型验证基础上,进一步分析了电除尘器内部流场的分布、颗粒的荷电特性与运动轨迹以及各个粒径的除尘效率。     

错流型超重力旋转填料床中液滴的运动模型

首次从气体的流场、液滴的碰合出发,用液滴粒径-位置联合分布模型描述了液滴群运动的特征,提出了错流型超重力旋转填料床中液滴的运动模型.采用四阶Runge-Kutta法计算,模型计算值与实测值吻合良好.     

射流撞击过程中的高频压力脉动特性

引　言利用两束射流相互撞击或单射流撞击靶在微细颗粒制备、多相流快速微观混合及团聚颗粒单分散过程中具有特殊优点。用作预混合器或反应器 ,能够强化微细颗粒的成核与生长环境在微观尺度上的均匀性 ,尤其对于快速反应体系 ,可实现液液或液固多相流快速微观混合 ,有效控制反应过程和产物指标 .Ｍａｈａｊａｎ等[1] 利用两束撞击流实现流体的快速微观混合以合成超细微粉 ,并用萘酚与重氮苯磺酸两步反应表征两束撞击流体数十毫秒的微观混合时间 ,关联微观混合时间与射流速度的关系 ,通过控制射流的微观混合时间控制合成超细微粉的粒度分布 .…