煤化学链燃烧载氧体研究进展

煤的化学链燃烧是清洁煤燃烧的重要技术之一。化学链中载氧体的使用可以避免煤和空气直接接触,从而避免氮氧化物等污染物的产生并提高能量转化效率。一般来说,煤的化学链燃烧有2种反应途径:煤气化化学链燃烧和氧解耦化学链燃烧;不同反应途径将极大影响载氧体组分以及结构设计。详细论述了2015-2020年煤化学链燃烧中固态金属载氧体的研究进展,包括铁基、锰基、铜基、镍基、硫酸钙以及其他复合金属载氧体。总结了不同金属载氧体的优缺点、反应路径、气-固和固-固反应机理、金属与载体的相互作用以及载氧体失活原理。铁基载氧体被广泛应用于气化化学链燃烧中,但单一铁基载氧体的反应速率较低。适量添加碱金属或碱土金属可以提升载氧体的反应活性。锰基载氧体在化学链燃烧中具有两面性:一方面可以在高温缺氧气氛中释放气态氧,另一方面也可以与还原性气体发生气-固反应。通过使用惰性载体以及碱金属添加剂可以提高锰基载氧体的机械强度和氧解耦能力。含铜载氧体具有出色的氧解耦能力和反应活性而被广泛关注,然而铜及其氧化物低熔点所带来的金属聚集导致载氧体的失活问题亟需克服。研究发现使用铁、锰和铜矿石制得的载氧体具有良好的反应性能。硫酸钙载氧体具有较好的反应活性,但煤的化学链燃烧时潜在的二氧化硫和硫化氢副产物需要引起重视。镍基载氧体虽然在煤的化学链燃烧中反应性能较好,但硫毒化、成本较高和环保性能不佳等缺点导致近年来镍基载氧体的研究较少。新型双金属或多金属载氧体可以同时结合2种金属的反应特性,从而显著提高载氧体的整体反应活性。基于载氧体的研究现状,对未来的发展方向提出了4点建议:结合2种煤的化学链燃烧机理设计新型氧解耦辅助化学链燃烧载氧体;发展新型材料和金属组分的载氧体;利用冶金工业废料制得载氧体;开发新型结构的载氧体。     

Chemical - Looping with oxygen uncoupling using Mn/Mg-based oxygen carriers - Oxygen release and reactivity with methane

Chemical-looping combustion with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) is a method for combustion of solid and gaseous fossil fuels, which enables easy separation of carbon dioxide from the gaseous product mixture. In contrast to the related chemical-looping combustion (CLC) technology where gaseous or gasified fuels react directly with oxygen carriers, CLOU processes require oxygen carrier materials to be able to release oxygen in the fuel reactor and to regenerate by re-oxidation in oxygen-rich atmosphere in the air reactor at elevated temperature. Oxygen uncoupling properties and reactivities for methane combustion of 12 oxygen carrier particles, produced from mixtures of manganese and magnesium oxides with optional addition of titanium dioxide or calcium hydroxide, are investigated in a quartz batch reactor at 810 °C, 850 °C, 900 °C and 950 °C. All investigated oxygen carriers have oxygen release characteristics. The addition of calcium hydroxide facilitates oxygen release and combustion of methane, whereas addition of titanium dioxide does not have a pronounced effect on either oxygen uncoupling or reactivity of the oxygen carrier. In general, particles with greater extent of oxygen release have superior methane combustion properties.     

Chemical-looping with oxygen uncoupling using CuO/ZrO2 with petroleum coke

Oxygen carrier particles of CuO/ZrO₂ were reacted with petroleum coke using chemical-looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU). The fuel was burnt in gas-phase oxygen released from the oxygen carrier particles during the fuel oxidation. The particles were then regenerated in 5-21% oxygen. In this process, the carbon dioxide from the combustion is inherently separated from the rest of the flue gases without the need for an energy intensive air separation unit. Copper oxide has thermodynamic characteristics that make it suitable as an oxygen carrier in CLOU. Particles were prepared by freeze granulation and were exposed cyclically with petroleum coke and oxygen in a laboratory fluidized bed reactor of quartz. The reaction temperature and oxygen concentration during the oxidation were varied. The average conversion rate of petroleum coke was a function of temperature and varied between 0.5%/s and 5%/s in the set-point temperature interval 885-985 °C. The conversion rate is considerably higher than rates obtained with the same fuel using iron-based oxygen-carrier in chemical-looping combustion. As for the regeneration with oxygen, the reduced particles reacted at low oxygen concentrations, with a considerable part of the reaction occurring near the thermodynamic equilibrium.     

CuO修饰的赤泥载氧体废弃活性炭化学链燃烧

以拜耳法赤泥为基体,采用浸渍法制备了CuO修饰的赤泥载氧体（Cu0.5RM1、Cu1RM1）。利用SEM-EDSmapping、XRD对其进行物化表征,并在高温流化床反应器及热重分析仪中考察了赤泥载氧体的废弃活性炭化学链燃烧特性。结果表明,浸渍法可准确制备定量CuO修饰的赤泥载氧体;相比于纯赤泥载氧体,CuO修饰的赤泥载氧体具有化学链燃烧载氧体与化学链氧解耦燃烧载氧体的双重特性,能够加快碳转化速率,有效提高出口气体中CO₂浓度;Cu1RM1反应活性较高,875℃为其较优的反应温度,此时t₉₅为28min,出口气体中CO₂浓度为92.9%（体积分数）,燃烧效率达93.0%。10次循环实验表明Cu1RM1载氧体具有相对稳定的循环反应特性。     

铁基载氧体对煤中汞释放行为的影响

采用Ontario-Hydro方法,在管式炉中考察了煤化学链燃烧/气化过程中Fe₄Al₆载氧体对煤中汞释放率、气态汞形态分布及汞在两反应器内释放行为的影响。结果表明,载氧体对煤中汞释放率具有显著的影响,在500~700℃,与无载氧体相比,化学链燃烧过程煤中汞释放率减少,化学链气化过程煤中汞释放率增大,而在900℃时,无论化学链燃烧过程还是化学链气化过程,煤中汞释放率均减小。Fe₄Al₆载氧体能够显著增加燃料反应器出口气态Hg²⁺的相对含量,其含量随温度的升高而逐渐升高。燃料反应器的温度也是影响煤中汞在两反应器中的分布以及空气反应器中不同价态汞百分含量的重要因素。此外,相同条件下不同煤种的汞释放率不同,主要与煤的组成不同有关。该研究对揭示载氧体对煤中汞迁移的影响机理以及煤化学链转化过程汞的控制提供了实验依据。     

Feasibility of a Co Oxygen Carrier for Chemical Looping Air Separation: Thermodynamics and Kinetics

Chemical looping air separation (CLAS) is based on the chemical looping principle: oxygen carriers release oxygen to carrier gas in a reduction reactor and absorb oxygen from air in an oxidation reactor. High oxygen transport capacity, high reactivity in reduction and oxidation reactions, and resistance to attrition and agglomeration are some of the criteria that feasible oxygen carrier materials should fulfill. Thermodynamic analysis was applied to prove the potential of Co₃O₄ as oxygen carrier. ZrO₂ served as binder to improve the anti‐sintering property and reactivity. Kinetic experiments were performed to determine the reaction rate and conversion of the oxygen carrier. Stability and durability of the oxygen carrier were characterized before and after cyclic experiments. The Co/Zr oxygen carrier proved to be a suitable candidate for the CLAS process.     

Migration of sulfur in in-situ gasification chemical looping combustion of Beisu coal with iron-and copper-based oxygen carriers

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is an energy conversion technology with high efficiency and inherent separation of CO2.The existence of sulfur in coal may affect the CO2 purity and the performance of oxygen carrier due to the interactions between sulfur contaminants and oxygen carrier.The migration of sulfur in Beisu coal during the in-situ gasification chemical looping combustion (iG-CLC) process using two oxygen carriers (iron ore and CuO/SiO2) was investigated respectively.The thermodynamic analysis results showed the formation of metal sulfides was thermodynamically favored at low temperatures and low oxygen excess coefficients,while they were obviously inhibited and the production of SO2 was signifi-cantly promoted with an increase in temperature and oxygen excess coefficient.Moreover,part of sulfur was captured and fixed in the forms of alkali/alkaline earth metal sulfate due to the high amount of alkali/alkaline earth metal oxides in the coal ash or/and oxygen carrier.The experimental results showed that the sulfur in coal mainly released in the form of SO2,and the sulfur conversion efficiency (Xs) in the reduction stage were 51.04％ and 48.24％ when using iron ore and CuO/SiO2 respectively.The existence of metal sulfides was observed in the reduced oxygen carriers.The values of Xs in the reoxidation process reached 3.80％ and 7.64％ when using iron ore and CuO/SiO2 respectively.The residue and accumulation of sulfur were also found on the surfaces of two oxygen carriers.     

CuO修饰Fe基载氧体的锡盟褐煤化学链燃烧特性分析

为提高Fe基载氧体性能以及研究锡盟褐煤化学链燃烧特性,以硝酸盐试剂及CuO粉末为原料,通过共沉淀法制备了不同质量分数CuO修饰的Fe基载氧体且使用固定床制备褐煤焦样,对制得的载氧体进行表征分析,并在小型流化床反应器中进行了褐煤及其煤焦的化学链燃烧实验。结果表明:实验制得的载氧体完成了良好的结晶过程,且经CuO修饰后的载氧体中出现了CuFe₂O₄;在褐煤化学链燃烧实验中,相比于不经CuO修饰的Fe基载氧体,修饰后的载氧体具有更好的反应活性,具体表现在碳转化率方面,通过对不同质量分数CuO修饰的Fe基载氧体进行实验分析,10%CuO修饰的载氧体褐煤化学链燃烧中碳转化率为94.84%,较不修饰情况下的89.49%提升明显,同时碳转化速率峰值为23.81mol·%·min^-1,在相同时间内较不修饰情况提升4.21mol·%·min^-1,使用10%CuO修饰的载氧体进行褐煤焦化学链燃烧实验时碳转化率高达95.80%;循环实验中,15次化学链燃烧实验循环后,褐煤化学链燃烧碳转化率为88.69%,对反应后的载氧体表征分析表明,10%CuO修饰的Fe基载氧体仍保持了较为稳定的性能。     

(MnzFe1—z)yOx combined oxides as oxygen carrier for chemical‐looping with oxygen uncoupling

Oxygen carrier particles with the composition (Mn_0.8,Fe_0.2)₂O₃ were found to readily release gas phase oxygen at 850°C, and were capable to oxidize CH₄ completely and convert wood char rapidly to CO₂ during experiments in a batch fluidized bed reactor. The particles were able to release oxygen corresponding to more than 3% of their mass in less than 40 s. Because of the low price and favourable environmental properties of manganese and iron oxides, this finding could be of great importance for the development of chemical‐looping combustion with oxygen uncoupling. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 582–588, 2013     

10 kWth级串行流化床中木屑化学链燃烧试验

设计并建立了10 kW_th级串行流化床化学链燃烧反应器系统,以NiO/Al₂O₃为载氧体,在该系统上进行生物质（松木木屑）化学链燃烧分离CO₂的试验研究,探讨了燃料反应器温度T、水蒸气/生物质比率S/B对两个反应器（空气反应器和燃料反应器）气体产物组成以及燃烧效率的影响。试验结果表明,燃料反应器温度是影响生物质化学链燃烧过程的重要因素,随着温度的升高,燃料反应器气体产物中CO₂浓度不断上升,CH4浓度显著降低,CO浓度先升高而后迅速下降;较高的反应器温度有助于燃烧效率的提高。随着S/B的增加,燃料反应器气体产物中CO和CH₄浓度均会增大,CO₂浓度以及燃烧效率有所降低。在100 h的连续试验过程中,采用共沉淀法制备的NiO/Al₂O₃载氧体展现出良好的氧化-还原性能和较强的持续循环能力,是生物质化学链燃烧理想的载氧体。     

煤化学链转化技术研究进展

化学链技术为化石能源的清洁高效利用提供了新思路。本文在综述煤化学链燃烧和气化转化工艺现状及特点的基础上,对煤化学链转化的载氧体以及煤-载氧体反应和化学链反应器强化等进行了评价及展望。指出煤化学链转化的研究重点为以下3方面：①载氧体-煤-煤灰-气化剂等反应体系中氧传递过程及反应机理;②载氧体应围绕多活性组分载氧体、耦合催化-载氧-捕C/S多功能复合载氧体和具有特定储氧功能和高稳定性结构载氧体等3方面进行研究;③针对载氧体和煤反应慢的瓶颈,应揭示反应器优化和操作强化的理论基础。     

基于CoFe2O4载氧体的生物质化学链气化反应特性

在热重分析仪和固定床反应器上对基于CoFe₂O₄载氧体的生物质化学链气化反应特性进行了研究，考察了载氧体与生物质质量比、水蒸气、反应温度对生物质化学链气化反应特性的影响，同时也对载氧体的循环反应性能进行了研究。通过XRD及SEM对新制备的和反应后的载氧体进行了表征。热重结果表明：CoFe₂O₄能够提供晶格氧，有效促进生物质气化。当CoFe₂O₄与生物质质量比为0.8，水蒸气体积分数为50%，温度为900 ℃时，气化反应效果最好。5次循环反应后，仍能获得较高品质的合成气，载氧体能够循环再生且未出现明显烧结团聚。     

Interaction of mineral matter of coal with oxygen carriers in chemical-looping combustion (CLC)

The chemical-looping combustion (CLC) and chemical-looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) processes are novel solutions for efficient combustion with direct separation of carbon dioxide. These processes use a metal oxide as an oxygen carrier to transfer oxygen from an air to a fuel reactor, where the fuel reacts with the solid oxygen carrier. When utilizing coal in CLC, the oxygen carrier particles could be affected through interaction with the ash-forming mineral matter found in coal, causing deactivation and/or agglomeration. In this work, possible interactions between minerals commonly encountered in coal and several promising oxygen carriers that are currently under investigation for their use in CLC are studied by both experiment and thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Possible interaction was studied for both highly reducing and oxidizing conditions at 900 °C. Under highly reducing conditions pyrite was found to have by far the most deteriorating effect on the oxygen carrier particles, as the sulfur in the pyrite reacted with the oxygen carrier to form sulfides. Quartz and clay minerals were found to have a rather low influence on the oxygen carriers. Out of the oxygen carriers investigated, CuO/MgAl₂O₄ and the Mn₃O₄/ZrO₂ oxygen carriers tended to be quite reactive towards mineral matter whereas ilmenite has been shown to be the most robust oxygen carrier. Although sulfur can clearly deactivate Ni, Cu and Mn based oxygen carriers under sub-stoichiometric conditions, when the fuel is converted fully to CO₂ and H₂O, sulfides are only expected for Ni-based oxygen carriers.     

基于NiO载氧体的煤化学链燃烧实验

采用流化床反应器并以水蒸气作为气化-流化介质,研究了以NiO为载氧体在800～960℃内的煤化学链燃烧反应特性。实验结果表明,载氧体与煤气化产物在反应器温度高于900℃体现了高的反应活性。随着流化床反应器温度的提高,气体产物中CO₂的体积浓度(干基)呈单调递增;CO、H₂、CH₄的体积浓度(干基)呈单调递减;煤中碳转化为CO₂的比率逐渐递增,碳的残余率逐渐递减。反应器出口气体CO₂、CO、H₂、CH₄的生成率随反应时间呈单峰特性,H₂生成率的峰值远小于CO的峰值;且随反应器温度升高,CO₂生成率升高,CO、H₂、CH₄的生成率降低。反应温度高于900℃时,流化床反应器NiO载氧体煤化学链燃烧在9 min之内就基本完成,CO₂含量高于92%。     

具有自载体功能的CoFeAlO4载氧体化学链燃烧反应特性

采用燃烧法合成了具有尖晶石结构的CoFeAlO₄载氧体材料,通过表征手段和实验研究考察了不同温度下CoFeAlO₄载氧体的化学链燃烧反应特性和循环稳定性,并对CoFeAlO₄载氧体晶相结构和表观形貌的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明,温度升高有利于提高CoFeAlO₄载氧体转化还原性气体CO的能力,使得还原反应速率更快,但高温下经“还原-氧化”会造成CoFeAlO₄载氧体相态分离,难以保持稳定的自载体尖晶石结构。对反应前后CoFeAlO₄载氧体晶相结构的分析表明,高温条件下经过“还原-氧化”后生成的CoFe₂O₄和CoAl₂O₄是导致CoFeAlO₄载氧体烧结和循环稳定性下降的主要原因。     

Reduction kinetics of a fluidizable nickel–alumina oxygen carrier for chemical‐looping combustion

This study investigates the kinetic modelling of oxygen carrier reduction by methane in the combustion reactor of the chemical‐looping combustion process. The species being reduced and the stability of the fluidizable oxygen carrier sample over repeated reduction–oxidation cycles are established using the temperature programmed reduction and oxidation and the pulse chemisorption characterization methods. The power‐law relation, the nucleation and nuclei growth model and the shrinking‐core models are considered to interpret the experimental kinetics of the oxygen carrier reduction. The obtained results show that the nucleation and nuclei growth model best describes the experimental data providing parameters with adequate statistical fitting indicators.     

Chemical looping oxidative propane dehydrogenation controlled by oxygen bulk diffusion over FeVO4 oxygen carrier pellets

The oxygen distribution and evolution within the oxygen carrier exert significant influence on chemical looping processes. This paper describes the influence of oxygen bulk diffusion within FeVO₄ oxygen carrier pellets on the chemical looping oxidative propane dehydrogenation (CL-ODH). During CL-ODH, the oxygen concentration at the pellet surface initially decreased and then maintained stable before the final decrease. At the stage with the stable surface oxygen concentration, the reaction showed a stable C₃H₆ formation rate and high C₃H₆ selectivity. Therefore, based on Fick’s second law, the oxygen distribution and evolution in the oxygen carrier at this stage were further analyzed. It was found that main reactions of selective oxidation and over-oxidation were controlled by the oxygen bulk diffusion. C₃H₈ conversion rate kept decreasing during this stage due to the decrease of the oxygen flux caused by the decline of oxygen gradient within the oxygen carrier, while C₃H₆ selectivity increased due to the decrease of over-oxidation. In addition, reaction rates could increase with the propane partial pressure due to the increase of the oxygen gradient within the oxygen carrier until the bulk transfer reached its limit at higher propane partial pressure. This study provides fundamental insights for the diffusion-controlled chemical looping reactions.     

Reactivity of low-concentration Cu-doped modified Fe-based oxygen carrier in chemical looping: experiments and theoretical simulations

Based on thermogravimetric experiment (TGA) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the reaction activity and microscopic molecular reaction mechanism of Cu low-concentration doped Fe₂O₃ oxygen carrier (Cu-Fe₂O₃) and H₂ in the process of chemical looping combustion were studied. TGA results showed that the low concentration of Cu-doped reduced the apparent activation energy of Fe₂O₃ reaction with H₂ (from 83.9 kJ/mol to 72.3 kJ/mol). And improved the conversion rate and lattice oxygen release rate of Fe₂O₃ oxygen carrier, which was attributed to the introduction of Cu element. From the atom/molecular level, DFT calculations verified that the low concentration of Cu-doped altered reaction pathway of Fe₂O₃ oxygen carrier reaction with H₂. The calculation results showed that the energy barrier of Fe₂O₃ oxygen carrier reaction with H₂ decreased from 2.30 eV to 1.81 eV (Fe atom top site) and 1.68 eV (Cu atom top site), respectively. The reaction preferentially occurred at the Cu atom site, followed at Fe atom site. Furthermore, the micro-structure characteristic change of Fe₂O₃ oxygen carrier (Cu—O and Cu—Fe bonds introduced) is more favorable for the rapid lattice oxygen release in chemical looping process.     

化学链过程中Cu低浓度掺杂改性Fe-基载氧体反应性能：实验与理论模拟

基于热重实验(TGA)和密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,对Cu低浓度掺杂Fe2O3载氧体(Cu-Fe2O3)与H2在化学链燃烧过程中反应活性和微观分子反应机理进行研究。TGA结果显示,Cu低浓度掺杂降低Fe2O3载氧体与H2反应表观活化能Ea(从83.9 kJ/mol降低至72.3 kJ/mol),因此,低浓度Cu掺杂由于原子尺度Cu掺杂缺陷的引入的确提高了Fe2O3载氧体转化率和晶格氧释放速率。DFT计算从分子水平证实Cu低浓度掺杂改变了Fe2O3载氧体与H2反应路径,路径分析表明,Cu掺杂使Fe2O3载氧体与H2反应能垒从2.30 eV分别降低至1.81 eV(Fe原子top位反应)和1.68 eV(Cu原子top位反应),Cu掺杂的Fe-基载氧体的氢还原反应优先发生在掺杂的Cu原子位,其次为Fe原子位。此外,计算结果表明,因Cu-O和Cu-Fe键的引入,低浓度Cu掺杂改变了Fe2O3载氧体微观结构,这对于载氧体的晶格氧快速释放是有利的。     

高铝耐火砖负载CuO氧载体的化学链氧解耦特性实验

耐火砖常用作高温炉膛材料,具有较高的破碎强度和较强的抗烧结性能。以耐火砖颗粒为惰性载体,采用连续浸渍法制备CuO质量分数为10%～30%的Cu10RefBri、Cu25RefBri和Cu30RefBri氧载体样品,并在热重分析仪（TGA）和批次进料流化床反应器中900～950℃下进行了化学链氧解耦燃烧过程氧载体的释氧-吸氧循环实验测试。结果显示,在上述氧载体样品中Cu25RefBri的释氧速率最高,可达9×10^-5kgO₂/(s?kgOC),流化床中稳定的O₂体积分数可达1.1%。然而,随着循环次数增加,Cu25RefBri的释氧速率逐渐降低至2.0×10^-5kgO₂/(s?kgOC),同时流化床尾气中O₂体积分数降低至0.7%,该值远低于对应温度下的平衡O₂浓度值。氧浓度和释氧速率降低的主要原因在于：循环过程氧载体中形成的低释氧活性的CuAl₂O₄尖晶石含量逐渐增加,导致氧载体总体活性下降。此外,在950℃流化床实验过程,还检测到氧载体颗粒的烧结现象。