From pollutant to solution of wastewater pollution: Synthesis of activated carbon from textile sludge for dye adsorption

Adsorption is an important process in wastewater treatment,and conversion of waste materials to adsorbent offers a solution to high material cost related to the use of commercial activated carbon.This study investigated the adsorption behaviour of Reactive Black 5(RB5)and methylene blue(MB)onto activated carbon produced from textile sludge(TSAC).The activated carbon was synthesized through chemical activation of precursor followed with carbonization at 650°C under nitrogen flow.Effects of time(0–200 min),pH(2–10),temperature(25–60°C),initial dye concentration(0–200 mg·L~(-1)),and adsorbent dosage(0.01–0.15 g)on dye removal efficiency were investigated.Preliminary screening revealed that TSAC synthesized via H_2SO_4activation showed higher adsorption behaviour than TSAC activated by KCl and ZnCl_2.The adsorption capacity of TSAC was found to be 11.98 mg·g~(-1)(RB5)and 13.27 mg·g~(-1)(MB),and is dependent on adsorption time and initial dye concentration.The adsorption data for both dyes were well fitted to Freundlich isotherm model which explains the heterogeneous nature of TSAC surface.The dye adsorption obeyed pseudo-second order kinetic model,thus chemisorption was the controlling step.This study reveals potential of textile sludge in removal of dyes from aqueous solution,and further studies are required to establish the applicability of the synthesized adsorbent for the treatment of waste water containing toxic dyes from textile industry.     

Synthesis of activated carbon from spent tea leaves for aspirin removal

Adsorption capacity of activated carbon prepared from spent tea leaves(STL-AC) for the removal of aspirin from aqueous solution was investigated in this study. Preliminary studies have shown that treatment with phosphoric acid(H_3PO_4) increased removal efficiency of STL-AC. Characterizations on STL-AC revealed excellent textural properties(1200 m~2·g~(-1), 51% mesoporosity), as well as distinctive surface chemistry(1.08 mmol·g~(-1) and 0.54 mmol·g~(-1) for acidic and basic oxygenated groups, pH_(pzc)= 2.02). Maximum removal efficiency of aspirin observed was 94.28% after 60 min when the initial concentration was 100 mg·L~(-1), 0.5 g of adsorbent used,pH 3 and at a temperature of 30 ℃. The adsorption data were well fitted to the Freundlich isotherm model and obeyed the pseudo-second order kinetics model. The adsorption of aspirin onto STL-AC was exothermic in nature(ΔH~Θ=~(-1)3.808 k J·mol~(-1)) and had a negative entropy change, ΔS~Θ(-41.444 J·mol~(-1)). A negative Gibbs free energy, ΔG~Θ was obtained indicating feasibility and spontaneity of the adsorption process. The adsorption capacity of AC-STL(178.57 mg·g~(-1)) is considerably high compared to most adsorbents synthesized from various sources, due to the well-defined textural properties coupled with surface chemistry of STL-AC which favors aspirin adsorption. The results demonstrate the potential of STL-AC as aspirin adsorbent.     

Multifunctional amphoteric resin to remove both anionic and cationic dyes from aqueous solution

This study reports the synthesis and characterization of a new amphoteric resin, which can be used for the removal of both cationic, methylene blue (MB) and anionic dyes, reactive red-120 (RR-120). The amphoteric resin was characterized by ATR-FTIR, SEM–EDX, TGA/DTA, DLS, BET analysis and also its surface pHpzc was determined. The prepared resin has micro porous structure and its particle size was at the nano level. The prepared amphoteric resin showed high removal affinity for MB in both acidic and basic medium, while for RR-120 high removal affinity in acidic medium. Moreover, it was observed that the amphoteric resin has exhibited almost 100% dye removal up to 600 ppm for MB and up to 300 ppm for RR-120, respectively. The adsorption behavior of both dyes on the amphoteric resin is in agreement with the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second order kinetic model and also electrostatic interaction is dominant in adsorption. Its capacity was slightly low for the MB than that of the commercial activated carbon, but higher for the RR-120. Furthermore, it was observed that the amphoteric resin almost did not lose its high removal efficiency in the concentrated matrix environment for both dyes. After five repeated adsorption–desorption cycles, the high removal efficiency of the resin for the MB (almost 100%) unchanged, but for the RR-120 decreased to 83%.     

Adsorption behavior of cationic dyes on citric acid esterifying wheat straw: kinetic and thermodynamic profile

The kinetic and thermodynamic behaviors of cationic dye adsorption onto citric acid esterifying wheat straw (EWS) from aqueous solution were investigated. Two cationic dyes, methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV) were selected as adsorbates. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of dye adsorption were examined with a batch system by changing various experimental factors (e.g. initial pH, EWS dosage, dye concentration, contact time, temperature). The MB and CV removal ratios came up to the maximum value beyond pH 4. The 2.0 g/L or up of EWS could almost completely remove MB and CV from 250 mg/L of dye solution. The adsorption percentages of MB and CV kept above 95% over a range from 50 to 350 mg/L of dye concentration when 2.0 g/L of EWS was used. The isothermal data followed the Langmuir model. The adsorption processes could be described by the pseudosecond-order kinetic model. The dual linear plots of intraparticle diffusion indicated that two intraparticle diffusion steps occurred in the dye adsorption processes. The thermodynamic study indicated that the adsorptions of dyes were spontaneous and endothermic. High temperatures favored the adsorption processes.     

Synthesis,characterization and application of acid and alkaline activated volcanic ash-based geopolymers for adsorptive remotion of cationic and anionic dyes from water

In this work, two geopolymers were prepared by acid activation (GPAc) and alkaline activation (GPAl) approaches using volcanic ash (VA) as the precursor material. The geosorbents were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analyses and their comparative adsorptive potential for anionic (Eriochrome Black T/EBT) and cationic (methylene blue/MB) dyes from water is herein reported for the first time. GPAl and GPAc had 74.47 and 42.75 m²/g BET surface areas, respectively. Equilibrium adsorption data were described by the isotherm models in the order Freundlich > Sips > Langmuir model. Relative to acid activation (GPAc), alkaline activated geopolymer (GPAl) had the highest adsorption capacity for both MB and EBT, estimated at 952 mg/g and 251 mg/g, respectively, consistent with the BET surface areas. The adsorption rates were best described by the pseudo-second order (PSO) kinetic model. GPAl exhibited faster adsorption kinetics than GPAc as denoted by the adsorption half-life, t_1/2. The thermodynamic functions indicated that the adsorption of both MB and EBT onto the geopolymers was spontaneous, exothermic and feasible. The adsorption was pH-dependent implying electrostatic interactions is the dominant driving mechanism of adsorption. The results show that alkaline activated geopolymers are better sorbents for dye removal than acid activated geopolymers under the examined conditions.     

The adsorptive properties of UiO-66 towards organic dyes: A record adsorption capacity for the anionic dye Alizarin Red S.

In order to decisively determine the adsorption selectivity of zirconium MOF(UiO-66) towards anionic versus cationic species, the adsorptive removal of the anionic dyes(Alizarin Red S.(ARS), Eosin(E), Fuchsin Acid(FA)and Methyl Orange(MO)) and the cationic dyes(Neutral Red(NR), Fuchsin Basic(FB), Methylene Blue(MB),and Safranine T(ST)) has been evaluated. The results clearly reveal a significant selectivity towards anionic dyes. Such an observation agrees with a plethora of reports of UiO-66 superior affinity towards other anionic species(Floride, PO_4~(3-), Diclofenac sodium, Methylchlorophenoxy-propionic acid, Phenols, CrO_4~(2-), SeO_3~(2-), and AsO_4~-). The adsorption process of ARS as an example has been optimized using the central composite design(CCD). The resultant statistical model indicates a crucial effect of both pH and sorbent mass. The optimum conditions were determined to be initial dye concentration 11.82 mg.L~(-1), adsorbent amount 0.0248 g, shaking time of 36 min and pH 2. The adsorption process proceeds via pseudo-second order kinetics(R~2= 0.999). The equilibrium data were fit to Langmuir and Tempkin models(R~2= 0.999 and 0.997 respectively). The results reveal an exceptional removal for the anionic dye(Alizarin Red S.) with a record adsorption capacity of400 mg·g~(-1). The significantly high adsorption capacity of UiO-66 towards ARS adds further evidence to the recently reported exceptional performance of MOFs in pollutants removal from water.     

Heteropoly blue-intercalated layered double hydroxides for cationic dye removal from aqueous media

Heteropoly blue-intercalated layered double hydroxide (HB-LDH) was obtained by aqueous ion exchange of a Zn–Al LDH precursor in nitrate form with the reduced polyoxometalate anions [PW₁₀Mo₂O₄₀]^5?. The physicochemical properties of the product were characterized by the methods of powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The HB-LDH has been used for the removal of cationic dye methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions via adsorption. The intercalation of large cluster anion [PW₁₀Mo₂O₄₀]^5? into LDH could induce the adsorption to cationic dye of MB, obviously. The HB-LDH shows much higher cationic dye adsorption capacity than pure LDH and the maximum adsorption capacity Q_max of MB onto ZnAl–PW₁₀Mo₂ is 30.87 mg/g.     

Synthesis and optimization of high surface area mesoporous date palm fiber-based nanostructured powder activated carbon for aluminum removal

Date palm fiber (DPF) derived from agrowaste was utilized as a new precursor for the optimized synthesis of a cost-effective, nanostructured, powder-activated carbon (nPAC) for aluminum (Al3+) removal from aqueous solutions using carbonization, KOH activation, response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD). The optimum synthesis condition, activation temperature, time and impregna-tion ratio were found to be 650 ℃, 1.09 hour and 1:1, respectively. Furthermore, the optimum conditions for removal were 99.5％and 9.958 mg·g-1 in regard to uptake capacity. The optimum conditions of nPAC was analyzed and characterized using XRD, FTIR, FESEM, BET, TGA and Zeta potential. Moreover, the adsorption of the Al3+ conditions was optimized with an integrated RSM-CCD experimental design. Regression results revealed that the adsorption kinetics data was well fitted by the pseudo-second order model, whereas the adsorption isotherm data was best represented by the Freundlich isotherm model. Optimum activated carbon indicated that DPF can serve as a cost-effective precursor adsorbent for Al3+removal.     

微生物-化学耦合法再生活性炭的研究(英文)

In this study,spent activated carbon(AC) saturated with caramel was regenerated by using yeast and NaOH.The efficiency of regeneration was evaluated under parameters such as amount,treatment time,temperature,pH value,stirring temperature of yeast and NaOH concentration.The optimum condition for AC regeneration was 8 h for yeast treatment time,35 ℃ for 0.075% yeast culture temperature,a pH value of 6 for the yeast dealing with the spent AC,90 ℃ for NaOH stirring temperature of AC and 6% NaOH for washing after the spent AC was treated by yeast.Under these conditions,methylene blue(MB) adsorption was 213 mg·g-1 in comparison with 60 mg·g-1 of spent AC.The micro structure and surface area of the regenerated AC were characterized by scanning electron mi-croscope(SEM) and N2 sorption,respectively.The pore size distributions of virgin and regenerated AC were ana-lyzed by means of H-K equation,resulting in a mean pore diameter of 1.28 nm and a pore volume of 1.13 cm3·g-1.This study provides data for theoretical support of the AC regeneration technology.     

表面接枝改性有机膨润土的制备及其对苯酚吸附

利用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基氯化铵插层钙基膨润土,硅烷偶联剂接枝得到新型有机膨润土.并对其进行FTIR、XRD、SEM、TG和BET表征.结果表明:有机改性后阳离子表面活性剂成功进入膨润土层间,层间距增大,硅烷偶联剂水解后接枝膨润土表面.SEM显示有机膨润土表面片层叠起,疏松.TG显示十六烷基三甲基氯化铵和硅烷偶联剂的分解在200 ℃以后,有机膨润土热稳定性较好,改性过程中没有破坏晶格.有机膨润土N2吸附-脱附曲线表明,有机膨润土具有微孔和介孔特性,为苯酚的吸附提供通道.以有机膨润土作为吸附剂,对苯酚处理过程中加量、吸附时间,pH值对苯酚影响因素进行考察,得到10 ℃时,pH值为7.2,最佳加量为3 g· L-1,吸附时间60 min时,苯酚废水去除率达79.8%.有机膨润土吸附苯酚符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,动力学符合伪二级动力学方程,表面化学吸附和颗粒扩散控制吸附过程;属于放热、熵减型吸附反应.     

向日葵制活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附研究

含有亚甲基蓝（MB）的废液直接排放会造成严重的水体污染。为研究生物质活性炭对MB的吸附性能,以农业废弃物向日葵为原料、磷酸（H₃PO₄）为活化剂,制备粉状活性炭（PAC）和块状活性炭（BAC）,并研究PAC对MB的吸附性能。利用比表面积测试（BET）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、X射线衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（FT-IR）和扫描电镜（SEM）等方法解析活性炭的孔结构和表面特性。结果表明：活性炭前驱体的形状对活性炭的微观结构有较大的影响。PAC比BAC具有更大的比表面积（分别为701.95 m²/g和566.49 m²/g）和总孔体积（分别为2.23 cm³/g和1.04 cm³/g）;PAC和BAC的平均孔径分别为7.31 nm和12.66 nm,均具有介孔材料的结构特性。两种活性炭表面均分布着丰富的含氧官能团和大量疏松的无定形碳,而存在的偏磷酸盐对孔隙起到支撑作用,这为MB的吸附提供了更多的活性位点和吸附通道。在25 ℃、pH为8、PAC用量为50 mg条件下,PAC对100 mL质量浓度为200 mg/L的MB溶液的吸附效果最好,吸附率达到72.2%。吸附过程符合伪二级动力学模型、颗粒内扩散模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型。     

Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by adsorption onto zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash and its thermal regeneration

BACKGROUND: The removal of cationic dyes from wastewater is of great importance. Three zeolites synthesized from coal fly ashes (ZFAs) were investigated as adsorbents to remove methylene blue (MB), a cationic dye, from aqueous solutions. Experiments were conducted using the batch adsorption technique under different conditions of initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, solution pH, and salt concentration. RESULTS: The adsorption isotherm data of MB on ZFAs were fitted well to the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacities of MB by the three ZFAs, calculated using the Langmuir equation, ranged from 23.70 to 50.51 mg g^?1. The adsorption of MB by ZFA was essentially due to electrostatic forces. The measurement of zeta potential indicated that ZFA had a lower surface charge at alkaline pH, resulting in enhanced removal of MB with increasing pH. MB was highly competitive compared with Na⁺, leading to only a < 6% reduction in adsorption in the presence of NaCl up to 1.0 mol L^?1. Regeneration of used ZFA was achieved by thermal treatment. In this study, 90–105% adsorption capacity of fresh ZFA was recovered by heating at 450 °C for 2 h. CONCLUSION: The experimental results suggest that ZFA could be employed as an adsorbent in the removal of cationic dyes from wastewater, and the adsorptive ability of used ZFA can be recovered by thermal treatment. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

枸杞杆制活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附研究

以宁夏农业废弃物枸杞杆为原料,用不同的活化剂分别制备磷酸-活性炭（P-AC）、氢氧化钾-活性炭（K-AC）、磷酸-氢氧化钾-活性炭（P-K-AC）,利用比表面积测试（BET）、X射线衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电镜（SEM）解析活性炭的孔结构和表面特性,并探究活性炭对水溶液中亚甲基蓝（MB）的去除效果。研究结果表明：P-K-AC比P-AC、K-AC具有更大的比表面积（1 519.84 m²/g）和总孔体积（0.81 cm³/g）,P-AC、K-AC、P-K-AC的平均孔径分别为5.28、2.58、1.99 nm,P-K-AC以微孔为主,K-AC、P-AC均为介孔。3种活性炭表面均分布着丰富的含氧官能团和大量的无定型碳,为吸附MB提供了活性位点。在25 ℃条件下,将10 mg的P-AC、K-AC、P-K-AC分别加入50 mL质量浓度为100 mg/L的MB溶液中用于吸附MB实验。结果表明：P-K-AC的吸附效果最好,吸附率达到95%、吸附量为480.81 mg/g;其次是K-AC,吸附量为352.26 mg/g;P-AC吸附量最小,为225.01 mg/g。P-AC,K-AC、P-K-AC对MB的吸附过程都符合伪二级动力学模型、颗粒内扩散模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型。     

质子化剩余污泥吸附染料的性能及机理

以城市污水处理厂的剩余污泥为原料,经过质子化处理制备成生物吸附剂,进行了吸附水溶液中活性红4(RR4)和亚甲兰(MB)的研究。溶液的pH值是影响吸附效果的一个重要因素,阴离子型的RR4在酸性条件下吸附量大,而阳离子型的MB则在中性和碱性条件下吸附量大。吸附RR4和MB的数据对Langmuir等温吸附式拟合良好,在pH=2条件下,生物吸附剂对RR4的最大吸附量（qm）为(25.8±0.4)mg·g-1;在pH=7条件下,对MB的最大吸附量（qm）为(161.2±10.0)mg·g-1。电位滴定及FTIR分析表明,这种生物吸附剂主要含有磺酸基、磷酸基及氨基等功能团,其对染料的吸附以单分子层的化学吸附为主,功能团在不同的pH条件下呈现不同的电离性能并在吸附过程中发挥重要作用。     

木焦油基活性碳的制备及其对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能研究

木焦油是木质生物质材料的高温裂解产物。以木焦油为碳源,以甲醛化处理后的木焦油为前体,通过碳化-活化制备木焦油基活性碳材料。并以制备的木焦油基活性碳为吸附剂,研究了其对模拟水体中亚甲基蓝的吸附性能。结果表明,以木焦油为前驱体经高温碳化活化制备的多孔活性碳,比表面积可达1373Sm_²?g_^-1,表面含有丰富的含氧官能团。木焦油基活性碳对亚甲基蓝具有良好的吸附性能,准二级动力学模型能更准确的描述木焦油基活性碳吸附亚甲基蓝的动力学过程。吸附等温线更符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,木焦油基活性碳对亚甲基蓝的最大吸附容量可达559 mg?g_^-1。热力学分析表明亚甲基蓝在木焦油基活性碳上的吸附是放热和自发的。利用木焦油制备的活性碳材料对亚甲基蓝具有较高的吸附容量,是一种具有潜在应用前景的吸附材料。     

Adsorptive removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution on activated carbon prepared from Malawian baobab fruit shell wastes: Equilibrium,kinetics and thermodynamic studies

Baobab fruit shell (BFS), a renewable bio-waste from Malawian baobab tree was used as a precursor for the production of a low-cost activated carbon to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. Parameters such as contact time, initial methylene blue concentration, adsorbent dose and temperature were studied. The adsorption process can be well described by both Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB dye was ca. 334.45 mg/g. The negative value of the Gibb’s free energy and positive value of adsorption enthalpy showed the spontaneous nature and endothermic nature of the adsorption process, respectively.     

Use of sodium alginate biopolymer as an extracting agent of methylene blue in the polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration technique

In this study, the removal of methylene blue (MB) cationic dye from an aqueous solution was investigated using the polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration (PEUF) technique with sodium alginate (SA) as an extracting soluble polymer, in combination with an ultrafiltration membrane of regenerated cellulose with a 10 kDa molar mass cut-off. SA was characterized via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. For ultrafiltration studies, the washing method was used to evaluate various experimental variables, such as the pH, SA dose and initial MB concentration, and adsorption isotherms to identify the optimal adsorption conditions. Finally, the regeneration of the SA polymer was evaluated in five consecutive cycles of adsorption–desorption of MB. In the obtained characterization results, the structural composition of SA and the characteristic thermal stability of the polymer were verified. The PEUF results demonstrated that a retention capacity of 98% of the MB was realized at pH 8.0 using 0.025 g of SA at an initial optimal MB concentration of 50 mg L⁻¹. It is possible to observe that the Freundlich model better explain the interaction between the dye and the polymer surface. According to the results is demonstrated the regeneration capacity of the polymer and its subsequent reuse.     

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) shell-based activated carbon by CO2 activation in removing of Cationic dye from aqueous solution: Kinetics and equilibrium studies

Cocoa shell (CS) was used as a low-cost precursor for production of activated carbon (AC) and evaluated for its ability to adsorb Methylene Blue (MB) dye. Cocoa shell-based pellets were carbonized at 800 °C and subjected to 850 °C under a flow of CO₂ in different activation times. The cocoa (Theobroma cacao) shell-based activated carbon (CSAC) showed moderate surface area with the average pore size 2.7 nm. CSAC also displays the presence of aliphatic, aromatic hydrocarbons and near absence of C–O, carboxylic acid, and the –COOH functional group. Only the presence of O–H groups was detected. The influences of adsorption time and initial dye concentration on adsorption performance have been measured in a batch system. The results are well described by the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. The results from the kinetic study show that MB adsorption follows pseudo-second-order and Boyd models, which indicated the MB adsorption on the CSAC was controlled by film diffusion.     

Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by using Cold Plasma,Microwave Radiation and Formaldehyde Treated Acorn Shell

In this paper, cold plasma (CPTAS), formaldehyde (FTAS), and microwave radiation treated (MTAS) acorn shell obtained from Quercus petraea tree as biosorbent was characterized and its dye removal ability at different dye concentrations was studied. The isoelectric point, functional groups and morphology of acorn shell was investigated as adsorbent surface characteristics. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV–Vis spectrophotometry were used. Methylene blue (MB) was used as model cationic dye. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms. The results indicated that the data for adsorption of MB onto treated acorn shell fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model. Comparison of adsorption capacities of CPTAS with FTAS has shown a significant increase by as much as about 30 mg/g (33.32%) in MB adsorption.The pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order kinetic models were examined to evaluate the kinetic data, and the rate constants were calculated. Adsorption kinetic of dyes followed pseudo-first order kinetics. Thermodynamic parameters such as free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of dye adsorption were obtained. The results indicated that acorn shell could be used as a natural biosorbent for the removal of cationic dyes.     

The removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto pistachio hull waste

The efficacy of pistachio hull powder (PHP) prepared from agricultural waste was investigated in this study as a novel adsorbent for the elimination of dye molecules from contaminated streams. Removal of methylene blue (MB) as a cationic model dye by PHP from aqueous solution was studied under different experimental conditions. The selected parameters were solution pH (2–10), PHP dosage (0.5–3 g/L), MB concentrations (100–400 mg/L), contact time (1–70), and solution temperature (20–50 °C). The experimental results indicated that the maximum MB removal could be attained at a solution pH of 8. The dosage of PHP was also found to be an important variable influencing the MB removal percentage. The removal efficiency of MB improved from 94.6 to 99.7% at 70 min contact time when the MB concentration was decreased from 300 to 100 mg/L at a pH and PHP dosage of 8 and 1.5 g/L, respectively. The kinetic analysis showed that the pseudo-second-order model had the best fit to the experimental data. The Langmuir equation provided the best fit for the experimental data of the equilibrium adsorption of MB onto PHP at different temperatures. In addition, the maximum adsorption capacity increased from 389 to 602 mg/g when the temperature was increased from 20 to 50 °C. The thermodynamic evaluation of MB adsorption on PHP revealed that the adsorption phenomenon under the selected conditions was a spontaneous physical process. Accordingly, pistachio hull waste was shown to be a very efficient and low-cost adsorbent, and a promising alternative for eliminating dyes from industrial wastewaters.