FDTD modeling of lumped ferrites

Implementing ferrites in finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) modeling requires special care because of the complex nature of the ferrite impedance. Considerable computational resources and time are required to directly implement a ferrite in the FDTD method. Fitting the ferrite impedance to an exponential series with the generalized-pencil-of-function (GPOF) method and using recursive convolution is an approach that minimizes the additional computational burden. An FDTD algorithm for a lumped ferrite using GPOF and recursive convolution is presented herein. Two different ferrite impedances in a test enclosure were studied experimentally to demonstrate the FDTD modeling approach. The agreement is generally good     

Piecewise linear current density recursive convolution FDTD implementation for anisotropic magnetized plasmas

The piecewise linear current density recursive convolution (PLCDRC) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for isotropic dispersive media greatly improves accuracy over recursive convolution (RC) and current density recursive convolution (CDRC) FDTD approaches but retains its speed and efficiency advantages. This letter extends this approach to anisotropic magnetoactive plasmas which incorporates both anisotropy and frequency dispersion at the same time, enabling the transient solutions of electromagnetic wave propagation in anisotropic magnetoactive plasmas. The high efficiency and accuracy of the method are confirmed by computing the reflection and transmission through a magnetized plasma layer, with the direction of propagation parallel to the direction of the biasing field. A comparison to frequency-domain analytic results and CDRC FDTD results is included.     

Efficient mode-matching analysis of discontinuities in finiteplanar substrates using perfectly matched layers

A new method to determine the reflection of substrate modes in finite substrate planar circuits is proposed. The perfectly matched layer (PML) concept is used to transform the open problem into a closed one. The discrete set of substrate, evanescent, and Berenger modes of the resulting anisotropic waveguides are then used in a mode-matching scheme to deduce the scattering coefficients of the substrate modes for oblique incidence on the edge of the substrate. We show results for single- and double-layered substrates and compare with finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) results. The combined perfectly matched layer (PML) mode-matching technique turns out to be very efficient     

FDTD Analysis of Electromagnetic Reflection by Conductive Plane Covered with Magnetized Inhomogeneous Plasmas

A novel finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methodology which incorporates both anisotropy and frequency dispersion at the same time is developed for electromagnetic wave propagation in anisotropic magnetoactive plasmas in this paper. The numerical verification of the method are confirmed by computing the reflection and transmission of right-handed/left-handed circularly polarized (RCP/LCP) wave through a magnetized plasma layer, with the direction of propagation parallel to the direction of the biasing field. And, the right-handed / left-handed polarized wave reflection coefficients for electromagnetic signals normally incident upon a conductive plane covered with a layer of magnetized plasma are computed using the new FDTD method. The parabolic electron-number density profile varies only in the direction perpendicular to the plane. The function dependence of reflection coefficients on the number density, collision frequency and external magnetic field is studied.     

Implementation of a surface impedance formalism at obliqueincidence in FDTD method

The authors point out that modeling of interfaces between two media, using time-domain surface impedances, permits one to reduce the discretization volume in the finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) technique. The method presented here is based on an exact formulation of surface impedances, starting from Fresnel reflection coefficients for oblique incidence of the incident wave. The concept, valid for homogeneous and frequency-independent media, is then introduced into an FDTD algorithm where it is converted into a surface-impedance boundary condition (SIBC) for vertical or horizontal polarizations of locally plane waves. Two- and three-dimensional results are compared to those computed with classical FDTD or Fresnel reflection coefficients involving a Fourier transform     

Analysis and compensation of numerical dispersion in the FDTD method for layered, anisotropic media

In this work, we investigate the effects of numerical dispersion in the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm for layered, anisotropic media. We first derive numerical dispersion relations for diagonally anisotropic media (corresponding to an FDTD reference frame coinciding with the principal axes of a biaxial media). In addition, we incorporate the discretization effects on the reflection and transmission coefficients in layered media. We then apply this analysis to minimize the numerical dispersion error of Huygens' plane-wave sources in layered, uniaxial media. For usual discretization sizes, a typical reduction of the scattered field error on the order of 30 dB is demonstrated.     

PCB上微带线的电磁耦合时域建模分析方法

基于时域有限差分方法和传输线方程,结合高效网格建模技术,文中提出了一种高效的时域建模算 法,它能有效解决微带线的电磁耦合建模问题,实现空间电磁场与微带线瞬态响应的同步计算。首先,结合经验公 式,计算得到微带线的单位长度分布参数,构建适用于微带线电磁耦合分析的传输线方程。然后,采用时域有限差 分(Finite-Difference Time-Domain, FDTD)方法,结合非均匀网格技术和自动网格生成技术,仿真得到微带线激励场, 并在每个时间步进上引入传输线方程获得等效分布源项。最后,对传输线方程使用FDTD 的中心差分格式进行离 散,实现微带线及其端接电路上瞬态响应的迭代求解。为了验证时域建模算法的正确性和高效性,通过自由空间和 屏蔽腔内PCB 上微带线电磁耦合的数值模拟,从计算精度和耗时两方面与传统FDTD 方法的计算结果进行了对比。     

Closed-form solutions for one-dimensional inhomogeneous anisotropicmedium in a special case. I. Direct scattering problem

An analytical formulation is presented for the direct scattering problem of one-dimensional (1-D) inhomogeneous anisotropic medium in a special case. This method gives nonlinear differential equations for the reflection coefficients of the anisotropic medium. Applying the discontinuity condition of the dielectric parameters at the interface of the medium with free space, approximate closed-form solutions for the reflection coefficients are obtained. Numerical examples show the validity of the method     

Modelling of coaxial-fed microstrip patch antenna by finite difference time domain method

A direct three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is applied to coaxial-fed microstrip antennas. The model is shown to be an efficient and accurate tool for modelling coaxial-fed structures. The reflection coefficient can be determined from the simulated time-domain wave that is reflected down the coaxial line. Excellent agreement over a wide frequency range is shown in two cases between the measured and FDTD derived results.<>     

圆柱腔内多导体传输线的瞬态电磁响应

为提高系统抗强电磁脉冲毁伤能力,采用时域有限差分法(Finite Difference Tim e Domain,FDTD)和通用电路仿真器(SPICE)相结合的协同仿真方法,以圆柱腔内由单导线、 双绞线、普通双线和同轴线组成的线束为研究对象,重点研究了导线类型、导线间距、捆扎 和RC滤波电路对耦合特性的影响。结果表明：耦合系数受腔体和传输线的双重影响,同轴线 耦合系数较其他两类线缆降低约40 dB;线间相互屏蔽是捆扎降低耦合系数的主要原因 ;随着导线间距增大,耦合系数幅值增大;RC滤波电路是降低电磁耦合的有效手段。所得结 论对电子系统进行抗电磁脉冲加固具有重要意义。     

N阶色散媒质的FDTD法与数字信号处理技术

提出了一种新的N阶色散媒质的时域分析方法,并将其表征为一组无限冲击响应滤波器,将色散媒质在FDTD中的表述问题转化为数字滤波器(IIR)的设计问题.改进FDTD能分析处理与频率有关的电磁场问题.为验证此方法的有效性和可靠性,用此方法计算了高斯平面波脉冲入射N阶色散媒质的情况,计算结果与解析值非常吻合.     

Spectral FDTD: a novel technique for the analysis of oblique incident plane wave on periodic structures

This paper introduces a new technique which calculates the reflection coefficient for the plane wave incident on planar periodic structures. The method referred to as spectral finite-difference time-domain (SFDTD) replaces the conventional single-angle incident wave, with a constant transverse wavenumber (CTW) wave. Because the transverse wavenumbers are constant, the fields have no delay in the transverse plane (x-y plane), and PBC (periodic boundary condition) can be directly implemented in the time domain for both oblique and normal incident waves. The stability criterion for this new FDTD technique is angle-independent and therefore this method works well for incident angles close to grazing (/spl theta/=90/spl deg/) as well as normal incident (/spl theta/=0/spl deg/). This shows the efficiency of the method compared to other available FDTD techniques for the same purpose that force a more restricted stability criterion as angles turns to grazing. The validity of this method is verified by comparing the reflection coefficient calculated by this method with the analytical results of a grounded slab. The results of this technique are also compared with method of moments for a periodic array of metallic patches and a good agreement is observed. A periodic array of metallic patches above a PEC plate is analyzed and the reflection coefficient is calculated over a wide frequency band for angles varying from 0/spl deg/ to close to 90/spl deg/.     

FDTD方法对阶梯鳍线场分布的研究

本文用FDTD方法对阶梯鳍线变换段的场分布进行了分析计算,给出了形象直观的三维场分布图形,在计算过程中,对阶梯鲁线边沿处网格介电常数的取值进行特殊的等效,取得了满意的结果。由此教育处了阶梯鳍线反射系数的模值、特性阻抗等参数,为波导－阶梯鳍线变换段的匹配设计提供了有价值的参考。     

ADE-FDTD Scattered-Field Formulation for Dispersive Materials

This letter presents a scattered-field formulation for modeling dispersive media using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Specifically, the auxiliary differential equation method is applied to Drude and Lorentz media for a scattered field FDTD model. The present technique can also be applied in a straightforward manner to Debye media. Excellent agreement is achieved between the FDTD-calculated and exact theoretical results for the reflection coefficient in half-space problems.     

GPOF在FDTD近远场外推中的应用及编程实现*

该文针对FDTD近远场外推中时域解收敛慢和运算量大等问题,改进了FDTD求解方向图的方法.其核心思想是:FDTD近场计算时,只计算前一段时间外推面上的数据,利用GPOF法估算后面时间的数据.在计算过程中,利用奈奎斯特原理,减少了时间和空间上的采样点数,大大节省了运算时间.最后将数值结果与商业软件FEKO与HFSS的结果进行比较,验证了算法的有效性.     

Practical aspects of complex permittivity reconstruction with neural-network-controlled FDTD modeling of a two-port fixture.

The paper discusses characteristics of a new modeling-based technique for determining dielectric properties of materials. Complex permittivity is found with an optimization algorithm designed to match complex S-parameters obtained from measurements and from 3D FDTD simulation. The method is developed on a two-port (waveguide-type) fixture and deals with complex reflection and transmission characteristics at the frequency of interest. A computational part is constructed as an inverse-RBF-network-based procedure that reconstructs dielectric constant and the loss factor of the sample from the FDTD modeling data sets and the measured reflection and transmission coefficients.As such, it is applicable to samples and cavities of arbitrary configurations provided that the geometry of the experimental setup is adequately represented by the FDTD model. The practical implementation of the method considered in this paper is a section of a WR975 waveguide containing a sample of a liquid in a cylindrical cutout of a rectangular Teflon cup. The method is run in two stages and employs two databases--first, built for a sparse grid on the complex permittivity plane, in order to locate a domain with an anticipated solution and, second, made as a denser grid covering the determined domain, for finding an exact location of the complex permittivity point. Numerical tests demonstrate that the computational part of the method is highly accurate even when the modeling data is represented by relatively small data sets. When working with reflection and transmission coefficients measured in an actual experimental fixture and reconstructing a low dielectric constant and the loss factor the technique may be less accurate. It is shown that the employed neural network is capable of finding complex permittivity of the sample when experimental data on the reflection and transmission coefficients are numerically dispersive (noise-contaminated). A special modeling test is proposed for validating the results; it confirms that the values of complex permittivity for several liquids (including salt water acetone and three types of alcohol) at 915 MHz are reconstructed with satisfactory accuracy.     

截断各向异性介质的修正NPML吸收边界条件

基于各向异性介质中的时域有限差分（Finite-Difference Time-Domain,FDTD）方法及近似完全匹配层（Nearly Perfect Match Layer,NPML）原理,提出一种截断各向异性介质的修正的NPML吸收边界条件.通过对Maxwell旋度方程中的空间偏导数进行坐标拉伸并结合空间插值方法,推导出易于在FDTD方法中实现的吸收边界公式.计算了电偶极子辐射场的反射误差,验证了这种吸收边界截断二维各向异性介质的有效性.三维算例中数值模拟了时谐场的相位分布,以及不同网格NPML吸收层随时间变化的反射误差.数值结果表明NPML吸收边界能有效吸收各向异性介质中的电磁波.     

开口波导法无损测量微波集成电路基片复介电常数

提出一种测量微波集成电路基片复介电常数的新方法。通过测量贴于开口矩形波导外的介质基片的反射系数,可计算得基片的介电常数和损耗角。经过理论分析,给出求解复介电常数的计算公式和优化算法。对一些基片的复介电常数进行了实际测量,结果表明该测量方法运算量小,精度高,且具有设备简单,不需对样品进行特殊加工或破坏样品等优点。     

Numerical calculation of diffraction coefficients of genericconducting and dielectric wedges using FDTD

Classical theories such as the uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD) utilize analytical expressions for diffraction coefficient for canonical problems such as the infinite perfectly conducting wedge. We present a numerical approach to this problem using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. We present results for the diffraction coefficient of the two-dimensional (2-D) infinite perfect electrical conductor (PEC) wedge, the 2-D infinite lossless dielectric wedge, and the 2-D infinite lossy dielectric wedge for incident TM and TE polarization and a 90° wedge angle. We compare our FDTD results in the far-field region for the infinite PEC wedge to the well-known analytical solutions obtained using the UTD. There is very good agreement between the FDTD and UTD results. The power of this approach using FDTD goes well beyond the simple problems dealt with in this paper. It can, in principle, be extended to calculate the diffraction coefficients for a variety of shape and material discontinuities, even in three dimensions     

Characterization of three-dimensional open dielectric structuresusing the finite-difference time-domain method

Millimeter and submillimeter wave three-dimensional (3-D) open dielectric structures are characterized using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique. The use of FDTD method allows for the accurate characterization of these components in a very wide frequency range. The first structure characterized through FDTD for validation purposes is a mm-wave image guide coupler. The derived theoretical results for this structure are compared to experimental data and show good agreement. Following this validation, a sub-mm wave transition from a strip-ridge line to a layered ridge dielectric waveguide (LRDW) in open environment is analyzed, and the effects of parasitic radiation on electrical performance are studied. The transition is found to be very efficient over a wide sub-mm frequency band which makes it useful for a variety of applications. In addition to the transition, a sub-mm wave distributed directional coupler made of the LRDW is extensively studied using the FDTD method as an analysis tool. Furthermore, an iterative procedure based on the FDTD models is used to design a 3-dB coupler with a center frequency of 650 GHz and negligible radiation loss. This successful design shows that the FDTD technique can be used not only as an analysis method, but also as a design tool to provide designs which take into account all high frequency parasitic effects