某高层建筑结构风致响应干扰效应研究

结合某高层建筑风洞模型试验,详细分析了不同工况下结构的风致响应,对干扰效应进行了深入研究。结果表明:基底弯矩的干扰效应主要表现为遮挡效应,遮挡使峰值弯矩减小,但是干扰位于侧风向或者下风向时,有可能使结构的峰值弯矩增大。受扰后,基底弯矩背景分量的变化规律与平均分量较为类似,共振分量的变化规律不明显。峰值加速度受扰后的变化也没有规律性。     

超高层建筑的风荷载及风能发电应用研究

珠江城商务写字楼高309.6m,在大楼中上部安装有4个风能发电机进行风能发电,风荷载是该超高层建筑的控制荷载。对该建筑进行了大比例尺(1∶150)模型的风洞试验,根据试验结果计算了该结构的基底等效风荷载,分析了吸风口附近和各立面风压分布的特点、吸风口内风速放大的特点以及高层建筑中应用风能发电的可行性,并将基底等效风荷载与小比例尺模型的风洞试验结果进行了对比。结果表明:根据不同比例尺模型的风洞试验结果计算的基底等效风荷载会有所不同;在超高层建筑中开设吸风口应用风能发电,对减少结构总体风荷载是有益的,但风机运行时,吸风口内测点极小值风压比无风机时最大增加65%。在超高层建筑中应用风能发电是一种开创性的策略,在超高层建筑中可获得比10m高度处大29.5倍的风能,但要充分利用高层建筑进行风能发电需进行深入研究。     

Wind effects on Shenzhen Zhuoyue Century Center: Field measurement and wind tunnel test

Field measurements of wind effects on Zhuoyue Century Center were conducted during 4 typhoon events in the recent 5 years, during which the field data such as wind speeds, wind directions, and acceleration responses were simultaneously and continuously measured. On the basis of field measured data, dynamic characteristics of this super‐tall building were determined by recently developed fast Bayesian fast Fourier transform method. Using full‐scale measurement data under 4 typhoons and breezy conditions for modal identification, one could observe a relatively wide scatter in the identified modal damping ratios, and the damping ratios do not appear to have an obvious nonlinear relationship with vibration amplitude. The average damping ratios of the first 2 modes were 0.70% and 0.73%, respectively. Serviceability of the super‐tall building under wind action was analyzed on the basis of the field measured response. Finally, the measured wind‐induced acceleration responses were further compared with those obtained from the wind tunnel test to evaluate the accuracy of the model test results.     

开洞矩形截面超高层建筑局部风压风洞试验研究

基于一栋立面上有多个开洞的矩形截面超高层建筑的刚性模型表面压力测量风洞试验结果,分析了矩形截面超高层建筑在长边立面上不同开洞工况下建筑各表面平均风压系数和最不利风压系数的变化规律。试验结果表明:当建筑长边迎风时,开洞使得背风面洞口附近的平均风压系数绝对值增大,但迎风面上的平均风压系数变化很小;当建筑短边迎风时,开洞对洞口附近的平均风压系数和最不利正风压系数均只有微弱影响,但对其最不利负风压系数却有很大影响,特别是中部开洞,将使其周围的最不利负风压系数增大一倍以上;开洞对短边立面上的最不利风压系数不产生明显的影响。为有结构开洞的高层建筑洞口附近的围护结构设计提供了参考数据。     

双幕墙长矩形建筑风荷载特性的试验研究

以节能、生态为理念的双幕墙围护体系已逐步应用于高层办公建筑中。由于双幕墙之间存在通风廊道,因此对于双幕墙建筑有三个受风表面,即外层幕墙的内表面和外表面以及内幕墙的外表面,这使得风载取值变得复杂,目前也无规范可依。本文通过对杭州市某双幕墙办公楼的风洞试验研究,探讨了双幕墙建筑内、外层幕墙的风载取值问题;研究了门厅大跨挑篷风压分布特征,当风从侧面吹向挑篷时,挑篷上、下表面风载与普通屋盖挑篷相同,而当风从正面吹向挑篷时,挑篷上表面出现正风压,并对此现象进行了分析;文中针对该建筑物长宽比较大的特点,比较了大长宽比矩形建筑风载体型系数与规范给出的正方形建筑风载体型系数:当风沿建筑物长向流动时,采用规范给出的正方形建筑风载体型系数是可行的,当风沿建筑物进深方向流动时,其两侧及背风面的负压比正方形的大。     

Monitoring wind effects of a landfall typhoon on a 600 m high skyscraper

This article presents the observations of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and wind effects on a 600 m high skyscraper during a landfall typhoon. Wind structure and characteristics throughout the entire ABL are presented and discussed based on records from a Doppler radar wind profiler and near-ground measurements at several meteorological stations. Wind speed profiles with the feature of low-level jets and radial-distance and exposure dependences of gradient height are stressed. Afterwards, wind-induced pressures on building surfaces of the skyscraper are investigated with highlights on non-Gaussian probability distributions of negative pressures and vortex shedding occurred alternately at two sides of the building. The structural responses measured by both accelerometers and strain gauges are analyzed subsequently. Modal parameters of the skyscraper and their dependence on response amplitude are presented and discussed. This study aims to provide useful information for the wind-resistant design of skyscrapers in tropic cyclone-prone regions.     

台风风场作用下体育场罩棚风压分布风洞试验研究

通过刚性模型测压风洞试验研究了台风风场高湍流、强变异性等特征对大跨结构风压分布特性的影响。以某体育场罩棚为原型制作1∶300刚性模型,进行了常规B类风场和台风风场作用下的测压对比试验。基于试验数据,从测点风压和总体升力角度对两类风场作用下体育场罩棚结构的风压分布总体特性进行了分析,重点比较了典型测点在典型风向角下的风压分布规律及相互关系。结果表明：两类风场作用下平均风压的分布规律基本类似,但各风向角下台风风场中的屋盖总体升力比B类风场增大8%~25%;台风风场的高湍流特性导致基于极值负风压求得的各风向角下屋盖总体升力比B类风场大27%~46%,各测点的极值风压均明显高于常规B类风场作用下的对应值,比值约为1.13~1.70,因此对于台风多发地区的大型体育场屋盖设计,必须考虑台风风场高湍流所致的脉动风压增大效应。     

弧形超高层建筑的抗风设计研究

进行了弧形超高层建筑的模型风洞试验,获得了风荷载体型系数、基础等效静风荷载及结构顶部风致加速度响应,并将其与规范相关值进行了对比,所得结果为其他建筑的抗风设计和风洞试验提供技术参考。     

高层建筑的等效设计风荷载与风振响应研究

基于某典型高层建筑详细的风洞试验结果,计算分析了该结构的基础等效静风荷载及结构顶部峰值加速度响应,与前期的风洞试验结果相对比,评估了不同风洞试验条件和周边建筑对试验结果的影响,获得的结果可以用于此结构的抗风设计以及居住者舒适度评估。     

高层建筑水平悬挑遮阳板风荷载的风洞试验研究

高层建筑悬挑遮阳板等小尺寸构件直接承受风荷载作用,在强风作用下的安全性备受关注。相对于建筑的整体尺寸,悬挑遮阳板很小,难以在缩尺模型上直接模拟,因此在实际工程的风洞试验研究中常常被简化或者忽略。研究中利用3D打印技术制作了精细化的有悬挑遮阳板的高层建筑风洞试验模型,并在打印遮阳板模型时直接预留测压管道,分析了水平悬挑遮阳板的风压分布规律及遮阳板对建筑立面风压的影响,并对基于建筑立面风压的悬挑遮阳板风压估计方法的估算误差进行了评估。研究结果表明：高层建筑水平悬挑遮阳板的最不利净风压的最大值出现在顶层遮阳板处;水平悬挑遮阳板的存在能较大程度地削弱建筑立面上的最不利负风压;悬挑遮阳板最不利风压可利用其上下两侧附近建筑立面测点的风压差近似估计,但对于建筑立面边缘附近的悬挑遮阳板端部以及建筑底部附近的最底层悬挑遮阳板上的最不利风压,这种方法的估算误差较大。     

基于风洞试验的双塔楼超高层建筑风荷载与风致响应

当超高层建筑的高度和间距都比较接近的时候,相互的干扰效应对结构的表面风荷载与结构的风致响应都会产生较大影响。基于刚性模型表面测压风洞试验,得到了双塔楼超高层建筑表面各测点的风压时程。在此基础上,通过数据处理,得到结构的三维动力风荷载模型,进而分别采用频域法进行结构动力响应分析。最后,通过分析结构表面风荷载与风致响应,研究了塔楼之间的干扰对结构风荷载的影响以及对结构风致响应的影响,结果表明:当双塔连线与来流方向平行时,三维风荷载和风致响应都会明显增大,干扰效应影响十分明显。     

Field measurement and aeroelastic wind tunnel test of wind‐induced vibrations of lattice tower

Lattice towers are among the most vulnerable structures during typhoons. In this study, the wind engineering research field base near Shanghai Pudong International Airport was used to measure the mean wind speeds and directions at a height of 10 m, as well as the accelerations atop a 40‐m high lattice tower during Typhoons Neoguri and Nakri to investigate the characteristics of the near‐ground wind and the responses of the lattice tower. Moreover, an aeroelastic model of the lattice tower was generated by the discrete stiffness method. Using the wind tunnel test of the aeroelastic model, the root mean square accelerations of the tower were studied with different wind speeds and directions. The responses of the tower in the across‐wind direction were found always higher than those in the along‐wind direction, which meant the vortex shedding of each single cylinder had an impact on the responses of the tower in the across‐wind direction. The test results were compared with those of field measurements to evaluate the accuracy of the aeroelastic model, and the two were generally in a good agreement. Thus, the aeroelastic model could precisely simulate the dynamic characteristics of a prototypical lattice tower using the discrete stiffness method.     

Monitoring of structural modal parameters and dynamic responses of a 600m‐high skyscraper during a typhoon

This paper presents field measurement results of structural dynamic properties and wind‐induced responses of 600m‐high Ping‐An Finance Center in Shenzhen during the passage of Typhoon Haima. The field measurements included wind speed, wind direction, and structural acceleration responses during the typhoon. Analysis of the field measurements is carried out to investigate the wind‐induced structural vibrations and dynamic properties of the skyscraper under typhoon condition. In the analysis, natural frequencies and damping ratios of Ping‐An Finance Center are estimated using Peak‐Picking method, half‐power bandwidth method in frequency domain, and random decrement technique in time domain, respectively. Two band‐pass filtering methods, namely, elliptical filtering method and Kaiser‐window FIR filter, are adopted to deal with the measured acceleration signals. Consequently, the modal parameters identified with the Peak‐Picking, half‐power bandwidth, and random decrement technique methods are presented and discussed in detail. In addition, the probabilistic characteristics of the recorded acceleration responses are analyzed using the generalized extreme value distribution, and then the serviceability of the skyscraper during the typhoon is evaluated.     

Wind interference effects of a ventilated supertall building on its neighboring supertall building—A case study

Opening ventilating holes on a supertall building is an effective way to reduce its wind‐induced structural response and enhance its wind‐resistant performance. However, its interference effect on the neighboring supertall buildings has seldom been studied yet. Taking two actual neighboring buildings, the Guangdong International Financial Center (IFC) and the Guangzhou Chow Tai Fook Finance Centre (CTF) as examples, this study carried out high‐frequency force balance wind tunnel tests to investigate the interference effect of the IFC's ventilating openings on the wind‐induced response of CTF. Results show that when CTF is located in the downstream area of IFC, the ventilating openings on IFC make the high‐energy frequency band of the power spectral density (PSD) of CTF's crosswind aerodynamic load offset obviously towards the lower frequency interval. Consequently, the wind‐induced response of CTF can be significantly magnified or minified depending on the reduced structural natural frequencies. Since the reduced natural frequency for the structural base bending moment computation is usually smaller than that for the acceleration response computation, ventilation openings on IFC can be advantageous to the crosswind base bending moment response relevant to structural safety design, and disadvantageous to the acceleration response relevant to occupant comfort assessment.     

有大型中庭空间的超高层建筑风荷载试验研究

某超高层建筑高228m,在建筑中部设置大型中庭空间用于建筑的自然通风和采光等。对该建筑进行了风洞模型试验,根据试验结果分析了中庭内风压分布的特点、相关性及概率特征,并对比了有无中庭情况下结构的整体风荷载。结果表明:中庭内风压分布均匀,相关性高,其概率特征可按高斯分布进行处理,中庭的存在对结构整体风荷载没有影响。根据试验结果,并结合规范的分析,给出了中庭内风压的局部体型系数和阵风系数。     

台风 “鲇鱼”作用下厦门沿海某超高层建筑风压特性的风洞试验与现场实测对比研究

为研究超高层建筑表面的风压特性,基于对厦门沿海某超高层建筑表面风压开展的现场实测和风洞模型试验,探讨了台风“鲇鱼”作用下超高层建筑表面的风压特性及其分布规律。研究结果表明：通过风洞试验和现场实测所揭示出的超高层建筑表面风压特性（平均风压系数、峰值风压系数）及其随风向角的变化规律基本一致;平均风压系数的现场实测与风洞试验结果在迎风面吻合较好,而背风面现场实测值明显较风洞试验结果小;峰值风压系数的现场实测与风洞试验结果除个别测点外相差较大。     

L形和一字形双层幕墙平均风压分布特性的试验研究

双层通风幕墙的抗风设计需考虑外层幕墙的内、外表面风压以及内层幕墙的外表面风压,其风荷载取值不同于普通单层幕墙,使得其风载取值变得复杂。通过多个不同截面形式的模型进行双层幕墙压力分布风洞试验研究。介绍风洞试验模型的设计及数据处理方法,着重分析一字形双层幕墙和L形双层幕墙的内外层幕墙的平均风压分布。试验结果表明:L形双层幕墙和一字形双层幕墙的平均风压分布有很大的不同。对于一字形双层幕墙,无论是正风压还是负风压,都主要作用在内幕墙上,外幕墙除拐角区域外所承担的风压很小。对于L形双层幕墙,其外幕墙的正风压要比内幕墙的风压大;负风压时,L形双层幕墙的短边区域是外幕墙所承担的风压大于内幕墙,其长边区域则是内幕墙所受的风压要大于外幕墙。     

Wind effects on a long-span beam string roof structure: Wind tunnel test, field measurement and numerical analysis

The Guangzhou International Convention & Exhibition Center (GICEC) with roof dimensions of 210 m wide and 457 m long is the largest exhibition center in Asia and the 2nd largest of this kind in the world. This paper presents results from a combined study of wind tunnel test, full-scale measurement, and numerical analysis of wind effects on the long-span beam string roof structure. In the wind tunnel test, wind-induced pressures including mean and fluctuating components were measured from the roof of a 1:300 scale GICEC model under suburban boundary layer wind flow configuration. The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method and the quasi-steady approach as well as probability analysis were adopted to estimate the characteristics of the fluctuating wind pressures on the roof. On the other hand, full-scale measurements of wind actions and wind-induced structural responses of the roof were conducted during the passage of Typhoon Nuri. The field data such as wind speed, wind direction, and acceleration responses, etc., were continuously and simultaneously monitored from a wind and structural response monitoring system installed on the roof structure during the typhoon. Detailed analysis of the field data was performed to investigate the characteristics of the typhoon-generated wind and the wind-induced vibration of the long-span roof structure under typhoon condition. The dynamic characteristics of the roof were determined from the field measurements and comparisons with those calculated from the finite element model (FEM) of the structure were made. The damping ratios of the roof structure were estimated by means of the random decrement method and the amplitude-dependent damping characteristics were presented and discussed. Finally, the full-scale measurements were compared with the model test results to examine the accuracy of the wind tunnel test results and to identify possible modelling errors in the numerical study. The results presented in this paper are expected to be of considerable interest and of use to researchers and professionals involved in designing long-span roof structures.     

Wind effect and aerodynamic wind resistance measures of a 257 m high apartment building

采用高频底座测力天平技术，对位于华南沿海城市的一建筑综合体的两栋超高层建筑(主塔和副塔，其高度分别为300 m和257 m)进行了风洞试验，考察了在副塔立面不同位置角区实施不同局部修改(包括凹角、切角和阳台不封闭)时相临主塔和上游高215 m的酒店对副塔横风向效应的影响。结果显示，副塔单体情况下，50 a横风向峰值基底弯矩和10 a重现期最大峰值加速度分别达到10.08 GN·m和0.50 m/s²，综合体的建筑布局可使副塔的峰值基底弯矩和最大峰值加速度分别减少64%和54%，但上游的酒店可使副塔最大峰值加速度增加16%；只考虑综合体时，推荐的上部凹角和下部阳台不封闭方案可使副塔的最大横风向峰值基底弯矩和最大峰值加速度分别减少20%和15%；考虑所有周边建筑的干扰效应时，推荐方案可使10 a重现期的最大峰值加速度减少12%，且在1~10 a重现期风速作用下的平均减振效果为11%。     

某高度257 m公寓建筑的风效应及气动抗风措施

采用高频底座测力天平技术,对位于华南沿海城市的一建筑综合体的两栋超高层建筑(主塔和副塔,其高度分别为300 m和257 m)进行了风洞试验,考察了在副塔立面不同位置角区实施不同局部修改(包括凹角、切角和阳台不封闭)时相临主塔和上游高215 m的酒店对副塔横风向效应的影响。结果显示,副塔单体情况下,50 a横风向峰值基底弯矩和10 a重现期最大峰值加速度分别达到10.08 GN·m和0.50 m/s²,综合体的建筑布局可使副塔的峰值基底弯矩和最大峰值加速度分别减少64%和54%,但上游的酒店可使副塔最大峰值加速度增加16%;只考虑综合体时,推荐的上部凹角和下部阳台不封闭方案可使副塔的最大横风向峰值基底弯矩和最大峰值加速度分别减少20%和15%;考虑所有周边建筑的干扰效应时,推荐方案可使10 a重现期的最大峰值加速度减少12%,且在1～10 a重现期风速作用下的平均减振效果为11%。