Optimal vertical configuration of combined energy dissipation outriggers

The damped outrigger system emerged as an improvement of the conventional outriggers with the aim to provide supplemental damping and to contribute to the vibration control in super tall buildings where this system is usually applied. In addition to viscous dampers (VDs), buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) have also been employed as energy dissipating members in outriggers. Nevertheless, the combined use of outriggers with VDs and BRBs in the same structure has not yet been studied. Such combination can contribute to achieve an effective multiperformance design of super tall buildings. This paper presents a study whose main objective was to determine the optimal vertical combination of two types of energy dissipation outriggers to control the seismic responses of a 9‐zone super tall model structure. Outriggers with VDs (OVDs) and outriggers with BRBs (OBRBs) were placed at the different zones of the structure considering all the possible combinations and in configurations of up to four outriggers. The effects of these combinations on the seismic performance of the structure were studied through parametric analysis and optimization methods. This form of the outrigger system is defined in this paper as combined energy dissipation outrigger system. The results indicate that when two energy dissipation outriggers are used, the combination of OBRB plus OVD shows superior seismic performance compared with other double‐outrigger configurations. In addition, the results show that the locations of OVDs and OBRBs play an important role in the structure behavior; it was found that it is more beneficial to place OBRBs above OVDs.     

超高层框筒-伸臂结构受力和变形性能探讨

基于对某超高层框筒-伸臂结构的可行性研究,提出5种结构方案,研究了设置环向桁架和伸臂对结构体系受力和变形性能的影响。计算结果表明:在低烈度地区的超高层建筑,一般风荷载是控制性工况,整体稳定性可能会成为结构体系成立与否的决定性因素。若伸臂和环向桁架同时设置,可形成筒体、伸臂和框架柱共同工作,减小了核心筒承担的倾覆力矩,伸臂成为整个结构的第二道抗侧力体系,各类构件受力性能更趋于经济合理。同时,伸臂的设置会引起邻近楼层墙柱内力突变,故应对该区域结构构件提出更加严格的抗震措施,保证其不成为薄弱部位。对比分析结果认为:对此类结构体系应多方案论证其可行性和经济性,伸臂和环向桁架设置的位置、数量和截面尺寸的确定应综合考虑各项因素。     

Distribution of strong earthquake input energy in tall buildings equipped with damped outriggers

The seismic design of optimal damped outrigger structures relies on the assumption that most of the input energy will be absorbed by the dampers, whilst the rest of the structure remains elastic. When subjected to strong earthquakes, nevertheless, the building structure may exhibit plastic hinges before the dampers begin to work. In order to determine to which extent the use of viscously damped outriggers would avoid damage, both the host structure's hysteretic behaviour and the dampers' performance need to be evaluated in parallel. This article provides a parametric study on the factors that influence the distribution of seismic energy in tall buildings equipped with damped outriggers: First, the influence of outrigger's location, damping coefficients, and rigidity ratios core‐to‐outrigger and core‐to‐column in the seismic performance of a 60‐story building with conventional and with damped outriggers is studied. In parallel, nonlinear behaviour of the outrigger with and without viscous dampers is examined under small, moderate, strong, and severe long‐period earthquakes to assess the hysteretic energy distribution through the core and outriggers. The results show that, as the ground motion becomes stronger, viscous dampers effectively reduce the potential of damage in the structure if compared to conventional outriggers. However, the use of dampers cannot entirely prevent damage under critical excitations.     

A simplified model for analysis of high‐rise buildings equipped with hysteresis damped outriggers

A simplified model is developed to estimate the seismic response of high‐rise buildings equipped with hysteresis damped outriggers. In the simplified model, the core tube is considered as a cantilever beam, and the effects of outriggers on the core tube are considered as concentrated moments. Modal decomposition method is adopted to obtain the seismic response of the simplified model. To investigate the accuracy and effectiveness of the simplified model, a high‐rise building with a height of 160 m was adopted as the example structure, and its response subjected to a ground motion was analyzed using the simplified model. A corresponding finite element model was built and analyzed by a finite element program called SAP2000 (Computers and Structures, Inc. Berkeley, California, United States). The analysis results obtained from the two models were compared. To consider the randomness of the ground motion, comparisons between the two models were further conducted using another 22 ground motions. It is found that the analysis results obtained from the simplified model agree well with those obtained from the finite element model, and the computation time used for the simplified model is almost negligible compared to that used for the finite element model. Such observations demonstrate that the simplified model is accurate and effective. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of a high‐rise steel structure with viscous damped outriggers

Damped outriggers for tall buildings draw increasingly attentions to engineers. With a shaking table test, two models of a high‐rise steel column‐tube structure are established, one with outriggers fixed to the core and hinged at the columns, whereas the other's cantilevering outriggers are connected to columns by viscous dampers. According to their dynamic properties, five earthquake waves are selected from the Ground Motion Database of Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), and two artificial waves are generated by software SIMQKE_GR. Under various peak ground accelerations (PGAs), nonlinear time‐history analysis is applied to compare structural elastic seismic responses, including accelerations, inter‐story drifts, base shear force, damper's response and additional damping ratios. It is concluded that under minor earthquakes, accelerations, inter‐story drifts and base shear force of structure with damped outriggers are larger than or nearly equal to those of the one with fixed outriggers, and the viscous dampers hardly work. But as PGA increases, the contrary situation happens, and the effect of viscous dampers is enhanced as well. The additional damping ratio reaches around 4% under mega earthquakes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of outrigger numbers and locations in outrigger braced structures using a multiobjective genetic algorithm

Due to its advantages, the outrigger braced system has been employed in high‐rise structures for the last 3 decades. It is evident that the numbers and locations of outriggers in this system have a crucial impact on the performance of high‐rise buildings. In this paper, a multiobjective genetic algorithm (MGA) is applied to an existing mathematical model of outrigger braced structures and a practical project to achieve Pareto optimal solutions, which treat the top drift and core base moment of a high‐rise building as 2 trade‐off objective functions. MATLAB was employed to explore a multiobjective automatic optimization procedure for the optimal design of outrigger numbers and locations under wind load. In this research, various schemes for the preliminary stages of design can be obtained using MGA. This allows designers and clients easily to compare the performance of structural systems with different numbers of outriggers in different locations. In addition, design results based on MGA offer many other benefits, such as diversity, flexible options for designers, and active client participation.     

An inter‐story drift‐based parameter analysis of the optimal location of outriggers in tall buildings

Outriggers are usually added in structural systems of tall buildings to collaborate central shear walls with peripheral columns. With outriggers, the structural overturning moment can be balanced, and the inter‐story drift can be controlled under horizontal loads. Therefore, the optimal location of outriggers plays a very important role in controlling the behavior of the whole building. Existing research has focused on the optimal position of outriggers on the base of the structural roof deflection. In the engineering practice, however, inter‐story drift is the most important target to control the design of tall building structures. This paper investigates the theoretical method of inter‐story drift‐based optimal location of outriggers. A Matlab program is written to perform the parameter analysis of optimal location of outriggers. Take a 240‐m tall building for a target building, the optimal location of one to three sets of outriggers under wind and earthquakes is obtained and can be utilized for the structural preliminary design of tall buildings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Structural performance of multi‐outrigger‐braced tall buildings

The optimum designs of multi‐outriggers in tall building structures are presented and discussed in this paper, through the analysis of structural performance of outrigger‐braced frame‐core structures. The influences of the locations of outriggers and the variations of structural element stiffness on the base moment in core, top drift and fundamental vibration period of such tall building structures are analysed in detail. A non‐linear optimum design procedure for reducing the base moment in the core is presented based on the penalty function method. The computer programs are developed on the basis of the proposed methods for analysing the behaviour and optimum design of multi‐outrigger structures. A series of figures presented in this paper can be used for the design purposes of outrigger‐braced tall building structures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

雪莲大厦高层混合结构设计

北京雪莲大厦为地上部分36层,建筑总高度146.30m的高层建筑,结构具有以下特点:结构高度高,地震反应大,平面轮廓不规则,在纵横两个方向的框架不正交,不能形成有效的抗侧力体系。为解决这些问题,设计中采取了以下措施:采用由矩形钢管混凝土框架-钢筋混凝土核心筒组成的混合结构体系,并设了两个加强层,有效地加强了结构的刚度,采用矩形钢管混凝土框架则解决了框架不正交所带来的梁柱连接问题。介绍了该工程结构体系的选择,加强层的设计及型钢梁柱节点的处理等,工程实践表明:在高烈度区,带加强层的混合结构体系能够满足结构各项设计要求;矩形钢管混凝土柱可大大减少柱断面,也便于非正交框架体系中梁柱的连接。     

北京财富中心二期办公楼超高层结构体系设计研究

北京财富中心二期办公楼结构总高度265m,将成为继国贸三期A座之后,8度抗震区北京的第二高楼和采用钢管混凝土框架+钢筋混凝土核心筒结构体系最高的建筑。建筑平面长宽比达到1.5,通过合理布置及专业协调,有效降低了扭转效应对超高层结构的不利影响。结构沿竖向设置了四道含伸臂桁架和腰桁架的加强层,并将组合钢板剪力墙应用于核心筒底部加强区,有效地增强了结构的整体抗侧刚度,改善了其抗震性能,同时也减小了墙体厚度及自重。外框柱通高采用大直径圆钢管混凝土柱,有效减小了截面尺寸及用钢量。对结构进行了弹性及弹塑性动力时程分析,采取有效措施,降低了高柔结构高振型对结构顶部鞭梢效应的不利影响,提高了整体安全度。结构设计在规范基础上,满足了全国抗震审查专家组提出的一系列超限措施要求,其整体结构方案和构件选型在用钢量、防火性能、风载舒适度等方面体现了明显的综合经济性能,成功降低了结构总造价。     

Two Novel Approaches to Reduce False Alarm Due to Non‐Earthquake Events for On‐Site Earthquake Early Warning System

An on‐site earthquake early warning system (EEWS) can provide more lead‐time at regions that are close to the epicenter of an earthquake because only seismic information of a target site is required. Instead of leveraging the information of several stations, the on‐site system extracts some P‐wave features from the first few seconds of vertical ground acceleration of a single station. It then predicts the intensity of the forthcoming earthquake at the same station according to these features. However, the system may be triggered by some vibration signals that are not caused by an earthquake or by interference from electronic signals, which may consequently result in a false alarm at the station. Thus, this study proposes two approaches to distinguish the vibration signals caused by non‐earthquake events from those caused by earthquake events based on support vector classification (SVC) and singular spectrum analysis (SSA). In the first approach (Approach I), the fast Fourier transform algorithm and the established SVC model are employed to classify the vibration signals. In the second approach (Approach II), a SSA criterion is added to Approach I for the purpose of identifying earthquake events that are classified as non‐earthquake events by the SVC model with increased accuracy. Both approaches are verified by using data collected from the Taiwan Strong Motion Instrumentation Program and EEW stations of the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering. The results indicate that both of the proposed approaches effectively reduce the possibility of false alarms caused by an unknown vibration event.     

昆明江东和谐广场超高层建筑结构抗震设计

昆明江东和谐广场项目B,D座超高层建筑为两栋平面基本对称的双子塔,采用带加强层的框架-核心筒混合结构体系,外围框架柱采用矩形钢管混凝土柱。介绍了该工程结构选型、抗震性能目标、各阶段抗震设计分析方法以及结构构件设计,重点阐述了核心筒剪力墙、外围框架和加强层的设计等关键问题处理和超限应对措施,并对高烈度区超高层建筑抗震设计进行深入探讨。     

Free vibration analysis of a steel T-Shape frame including semi-rigid Khorjini connection with continuous beam

This article deals with the free vibration analysis and determination of seismic parameters of a T-Shape frame which consists of a continuous beam and a column connected to each other by means of a semi-rigid Khorjini connection. The individual members of the frame are assumed to be governed by the transverse vibration theory of an Euler-Bernoulli beam and the semi-rigid Khorjini connection is modeled employing a rotational spring. First of all, a closed-form solution is proposed and then, a numerical analysis is performed for some comparison and validation purposes. The closed-form solution is developed by solving the frame equations of motion, directly. For this reason, some mathematical techniques such as Fourier transform and the well-known complementary solutions are utilized. In this process, some differential equations must be solved, and several boundary conditions should be satisfied. Afterward, the free vibration parameters of the frame are attained. These parameters are also obtained using finite element method as a numerical analysis and it is observed that the results obtained by this approach are completely coincident with the result of closed-form solution. Also, seismic parameters of the frame and seismic behavior of the semi-rigid Khorjini connection for different cases are investigated and their results are compared. Finally, two special cases are presented and, furthermore, the connection mass effect on system frequency is investigated.     

时滞对桥梁半主动控制和主动控制的影响

桥梁减震半主动控制和主动控制系统中会存在一系列时滞因素,为了探讨时滞对桥梁控制效果的影响规律,建立桥梁的有限元模型和减震控制方程,并考虑控制系统不同的滞后时间,采用粘滞阻尼器对一座大跨连续梁桥进行了减震控制地震反应数值计算。结果表明,时间滞后对半主动控制和主动控制的影响趋势基本相同,均会使控制系统的减震效果随着滞后时间的增大而越来越差,甚至会增大桥梁地震反应和使地震反应发散,但是半主动控制出现减震效果为零的滞后时间和地震反应发散的滞后时间均比主动控制更加长一点,这显示了半主动控制的优越性。     

Alternative approach to compute shear amplification in high‐rise reinforced concrete core wall buildings using uncoupled modal response history analysis procedure

The seismic response of the high‐rise reinforced concrete (RC) wall structures is really complicated as several vibration modes other than the fundamental mode normally contribute significantly to the response—commonly recognized as ‘higher mode effects’. Response spectrum analysis (RSA) procedure, which can account for higher mode effects, is usually employed to compute the seismic design demand for the high‐rise structures. Recent studies show that the inelastic seismic force demands obtained from the rigorous nonlinear response history analysis procedure are much larger than the seismic force design demands obtained from the code‐based RSA procedure for the high‐rise RC wall structures. Though, the nonlinear response history analysis procedure is widely accepted for its ability to provide the most accurate estimate of nonlinear seismic responses, the obtained responses are generally so complex that it is quite difficult for engineers to grasp the overall picture of the responses and gain some insight into them and use them to understand the cause of high seismic demands. Another important issue related to the nonlinear seismic response prediction of the high‐rise RC wall structures is the realistic and accurate numerical modeling of RC walls. In this study, a simplified but reasonably accurate procedure called the uncoupled modal response history analysis procedure is used to interpret the complex nonlinear behavior of high‐rise RC wall structures. Moreover, a finite element model based on modified compression field theory is employed for accurate numerical modeling of RC walls by incorporating the axial‐flexure‐shear interaction. This study, by making use of a better computer modeling approach and an in‐depth analysis by modal decomposition, aims to resolve some of the unanswered questions regarding realistic prediction of nonlinear seismic demands of high‐rise structures.     

大跨度T构连续梁振动模态分析

指出模态分析是进行抗震分析所必需的前期分析过程,建立了T构连续梁系统的振动分析模型,并对该系统进行了模态分析,得到了该系统的振动动力特性（固有频率、振型）,为该结构的抗震分析提供一定的理论依据。     

Active Saturation Control of Hysteretic Structures

This article presents an analytical approach to estimating the seismic random response of MDOF elastoplastic structural systems with bilinear hysteretic characteristics under saturation control force. Active saturation control is used for both seismic safety and vibration mitigation under severe earthquake excitation. Numerical calculations are carried out for five‐degree-of-freedom systems, and the efficiency of the theoretical saturation control approach is examined from two viewpoints of random seismic response and energy response. Considering the inability to install a saturation control system in actual structural systems, much more realistic nonlinear control systems are developed and examined from the control efficiency viewpoint through simulation analysis based on the earthquake accelerogram recorded during the Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake.     

Geometric nonlinear analysis of tall building structures with outriggers

In this paper, the geometric nonlinear behavior of wall‐frame tall building structures is analyzed. The governing equations of the wall‐frame systems with outrigger trusses are formulated through the continuum approach, and the whole structure is idealized as a shear‐flexural cantilever with rotational spring. The effect of shear and flexural deformation of the wall frame and outrigger trusses are considered and incorporated in the formulation of the governing equations. Geometric nonlinearity in the sense of von Karman is included in the formulation, and Newton–Raphson iterative method is employed to solve the nonlinear equations. A displacement‐based one‐dimensional nonlinear finite element model is developed. Numerical results for wall frame and mega‐column structures with outriggers are obtained and compared with the finite element package MIDAS. The proposed method is found to be simple and efficient, providing reasonably accurate results in early design stages of tall building structures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

位移放大型黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架减震效果及动力试验研究

为提高黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架在地震作用下的耗能效率,设计了一种带位移放大装置的黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架。对分别设置传统型和位移放大型黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架的超高层结构进行有限元分析,对比了结构的地震响应及阻尼器的工作状态。通过动力荷载试验,考察两种黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架的滞回性能,对比阻尼器的位移及耗能,研究位移放大系数的变化规律,分析伸臂桁架刚度对黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架工作效率的影响。结果表明：相比传统型黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架,采用位移放大型黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架可将阻尼器的耗能效率提高至原来的1.5~1.8倍,使结构获得更好的减震效果;位移放大型黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架滞回曲线光滑、对称、饱满,具有良好的工作性能,且能有效放大阻尼器的工作位移并增大耗能;提出了黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架的位移放大系数的计算式,计算值与试验值吻合较好;为保证黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架的工作效率,建议伸臂桁架的刚度比取值不小于9。     

确定桥梁半主动控制阻尼器位置的简便方法

提出了按照主动控制力的大小数值来确定桥梁半主动控制阻尼器位置的方法,并通过一座大跨桥梁纵向地震反应半主动控制计算分析,验证了该方法的有效性,在分析和总结计算结果的基础上,提出了一些关于桥梁减震控制中阻尼器位置的建议。