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1.
Chun Song Enli Wang Xiaozeng Han Richard Stirzaker 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2011,89(3):363-374
A 19-year field experiment on a Mollisol agroecosystem was carried out to study the productivity of a wheat-maize-soybean
rotation and the changes in soil carbon and nutrient status in response to different fertiliser applications in Northeast
China. The experiment consisted of seven fertiliser treatments: (1) unfertilised control, (2) annual application of P and
K fertilisers, (3) N and K fertilisers, (4) N and P fertilisers, (5) N, P and K fertilisers, (6) N, K and second level P fertilisers,
and (7) N, P and second level K fertilisers. Without fertiliser, the Mollisols could support an average yield of 1.88 t ha−1 for wheat, 3.89 t ha−1 for maize and 2.12 t ha−1 for soybean, compared to yields of 3.20, 9.30 and 2.45 t ha−1 respectively for wheat, maize and soybean if the crop nutrient demands were met. At the potential yield level, the N, P and
K removal by wheat are 79 kg N ha−1, 15 kg P ha−1, and 53 kg K ha−1, by maize are 207 kg N ha−1, 47 kg P ha−1, and 180 kg K ha−1, by soybean are 174 kg N ha−1, 18 kg P ha−1, and 55 kg K ha−1. Crop yield, change in soil organic carbon (SOC), and the total and available nutrient status were used to evaluate the fertility
of this soil over different time periods. This study showed that a fertiliser strategy that was able to maintain yields in
the short term (19 years) would not maintain the long term fertility of these soils. Although organic carbon levels did not
rise to the level of virgin soil in any treatment, a combination of N, P and K fertiliser that approximated crop export was
required to stabilise SOC and prevent a decline in the total store of soil nutrients. 相似文献
2.
Xiao Qin Dai Hong Yan Zhang J. H. J. Spiertz Jun Yu Guang Hui Xie B. A. M. Bouman 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2010,86(3):301-315
In the aerobic rice system, adapted rice cultivars are grown in non-flooded moist soil. Aerobic rice may be suitable for double
cropping with winter wheat in the Huai River Basin, northern China plain. Field experiments in 2005 and 2006 were conducted
to study the response of aerobic rice and winter wheat to sequential rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)
in aerobic rice—winter wheat (AR-WW) and winter wheat—aerobic rice (WW-AR) cropping sequences. Fertilizer treatments consisted
of a complete NPK dose, a PK dose (N omission), a NK dose (P omission), a NP dose (K omission), and a control with no fertilizer
input. Grain yields of crops with a complete NPK dose ranged from 3.7 to 3.8 t ha−1 and from 6.6 to 7.1 for aerobic rice’ and ‘winter wheat’, respectively. N omissions caused yield reductions ranging from
0.5 to 0.8 t ha−1 and from 1.6 to 4.3 t ha−1 for rice and wheat, respectively. A single omission of P or K did not reduce rice and wheat yields, but a cumulative omission
of P or K in a double cropping system significantly reduced wheat yields by 1.2–1.6 t ha−1. N, P and K uptake of both crops were significantly influenced by fertilizer applications and indigenous soil nutrient supply.
Nutrient omissions in a preceding crop reduced plant N and K contents and uptake additionally to direct effects of the fertilizer
treatments in wheat, but not in rice. Apparent nutrient recoveries (ANR) differed strongly between ‘aerobic rice’ and ‘winter
wheat’; in rice: for N it ranged from 0.30 to 0.32, for P from 0.01 to 0.06, and for K from 0.03 to 0.19 and in wheat: for
N from 0.49 to 0.71, for P from 0.09 to 0.15, and for K from 0.26 to 0.31. Further improvements of crop productivity as well
as nutrient-use efficiencies, should be brought about by developing cropping systems, by an appropriate choice of adapted
cultivars, by a site- and time-specific fertilizer management and by eliminating other yield-limiting factors. It is concluded
that nutrient recommendations should not be based on the yield response of single crops only, but also on the after-effects
on nutrient availability for succeeding crops. A whole cropping system approach is needed. 相似文献
3.
Effects of fertilization on nutrient budget and nitrogen use efficiency of farmland soil under different precipitations in Northeastern China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Qiang Ma Wan-Tai Yu Shan-Min Shen Hua Zhou Zi-Shao Jiang Yong-Gang Xu 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2010,88(3):315-327
Based on a consecutive 16-year field trial and meteorological data, the effects of fertilization on the nutrient budget and
nitrogen use efficiency in farmland soil under different precipitation years were studied. With no fertilization treatment,
the grain yield of maize was 3,520 kg ha−1 (mean yield over 13 years). But the maximum yield increased to 7,470 kg ha−1 when treated with mineral N, P and K fertilizers and recycled manure. The nutrient uptake also increased by twofold to threefold
in NPKM treated field compared with that in the control treatment. The highest yields were obtained in years with normal precipitation,
despite the different fertilization schemes. The lowest yields were obtained in drought or waterlogging years, which were
44.7–58.5% of the yields in years with normal precipitation. It also appeared that the deficits of N, P and K were greater
in the years with proper precipitation than those in arid or flood years, because more production was removed from the field.
Soil total N decreased significantly when treated with mineral fertilizer or recycled manure alone. The maximum deficit of
soil total N was observed in control treatment (557 kg ha−1) from 1990 to 2005. The N treatment resulted in a significant negative balance of P, due to the high yield of the crop in
response to applied N. The application of NP or N to soils resulted in a greater negative K balance than that of the control.
The greatest negative balance of total P and available P were obtained under the control and N treatment, and the highest
deficit of soil total K and exchangeable K were obtained under NP treatment. We found that the rate of 150 kg N ha−1 year−1 was inadequate for maintaining soil N balance, and amendment of soil with organic source could not stop the loss of soil
P and K. The applying rates of 150 kg N ha−1 year−1, 25 kg P ha−1 year−1, and 60 kg K ha−1 year−1 combined with 2–3 t ha−1 organic manure were recommended to maintain soil fertility level. The nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was greatly improved
in the years with proper precipitation and balanced fertilization. Higher NUE and grain yields were achieved under NPK and
NPKM treatments in years with normal precipitation. The results clearly demonstrated that both organic and mineral fertilizers
were needed to increase crop production, improve NUE and maintain soil fertility level. 相似文献
4.
Crop production in sub-Saharan Africa is constrained by numerous factors including frequent droughts and periods of moisture
stress, low soil fertility, and restricted access to mineral fertilisers. A 2 year (2005/6 and 2006/7) field study was conducted
in Shurugwi district, central Zimbabwe, to determine the effects of different nutrient resources and two tillage practices
on the grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr). Six nutrient resource treatments (control, pit-stored manure, leaf litter, anthill soil, mineral fertiliser,
mineral fertiliser plus pit-stored manure) were combined with two tillage practices (conventional tillage and post-emergence
tied ridging). Basal fertilisation was done with 0 kg ha−1 as control, 240 kg ha−1 PKS fertiliser, 18 t ha−1 manure, 10 t ha−1 manure plus 240 kg ha−1 PKS fertiliser, 35 t ha−1 leaf litter, 52 t ha−1 anthill soil. About 60 kg N/ha was applied to fertiliser only and fertiliser plus manure treatments as top dressing in the
form of ammonium nitrate (34.5%N). A split-plot design was used with nutrient resource as the main plot and tillage practice
as the subplot, and five farmers’ fields were used as replicates. Grain yield was determined at physiological maturity (140
and 126 days after planting for maize and soybean, respectively) and adjusted to 12.5% moisture content for maize and 11%
for soybean. In the first season (2005/06), addition of different nutrient resources under conventional tillage increased
(P < 0.05) maize grain yield by 102–450%, with leaf litter and manure plus fertiliser treatments, giving the lowest (551 kg ha−1) and highest (3,032 kg ha−1) increments, respectively, compared to the control. For each treatment, tied-ridging further increased maize grain yield.
For example, for leaf litter, tied-ridging further increased grain yield by 96% indicating the importance of integrating nutrient
and water management practices in semi-arid areas where moisture stress is frequent. Despite the low rainfall and extended
dry spells in the second season, addition of the different nutrient resources still increased yield which was further increased
by tied-ridging in most treatments. Besides providing grain, soybean had higher residual effects on the following maize crop
compared to Crotalaria gramiana, a green manure. It was concluded that the highest benefits of tied-ridging, in terms of grain yield, were realised when
cattle manure was combined with mineral fertiliser, both of which are available to resource-endowed households. Besides marginally
increasing yield, leaf litter and anthill which represent resources that can be accessed by very poor households, have a positive
effect of the soil chemical environment. 相似文献
5.
J. Kihara A. Bationo D. N. Mugendi C. Martius P. L. G. Vlek 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2011,90(2):213-225
Smallholder land productivity in drylands can be increased by optimizing locally available resources, through nutrient enhancement
and water conservation. In this study, we investigated the effect of tillage system, organic resource and chemical nitrogen
fertilizer application on maize productivity in a sandy soil in eastern Kenya over four seasons. The objectives were to (1)
determine effects of different tillage-organic resource combinations on soil structure and crop yield, (2) determine optimum
organic–inorganic nutrient combinations for arid and semi-arid environments in Kenya and, (3) assess partial nutrient budgets
of different soil, water and nutrient management practices using nutrient inflows and outflows. This experiment, initiated
in the short rainy season of 2005, was a split plot design with 7 treatments involving combinations of tillage (tied-ridges,
conventional tillage and no-till) and organic resource (1 t ha−1 manure + 1 t ha−1 crop residue and; 2 t ha−1 of manure (no crop residue) in the main plots. Chemical nitrogen fertilizer at 0 and 60 kg N ha−1 was used in sub-plots. Although average yield in no-till was by 30–65% lower than in conventional and tied-ridges during
the initial two seasons, it achieved 7–40% higher yields than these tillage systems by season four. Combined application of
1 t ha−1 of crop residue and 1 t ha−1 of manure increased maize yield over sole application of manure at 2 t ha−1 by between 17 and 51% depending on the tillage system, for treatments without inorganic N fertilizer. Cumulative nutrients
in harvested maize in the four seasons ranged from 77 to 196 kg N ha−1, 12 to 27 kg P ha−1 and 102 to 191 kg K ha−1, representing 23 and 62% of applied N in treatments with and without mineral fertilizer N respectively, 10% of applied P
and 35% of applied K. Chemical nitrogen fertilizer application increased maize yields by 17–94%; the increases were significant
in the first 3 seasons (P < 0.05). Tillage had significant effect on soil macro- (>2 mm) and micro-aggregates fractions (<250 μm >53 μm: P < 0.05), with aggregation indices following the order no-till > tied-ridges > conventional tillage. Also, combining crop
residue and manure increased large macro-aggregates by 1.4–4.0 g 100 g−1 soil above manure only treatments. We conclude that even with modest organic resource application, and depending on the number
of seasons of use, conservation tillage systems such as tied-ridges and no-till can be effective in improving crop yield,
nutrient uptake and soil structure and that farmers are better off applying 1 t ha−1 each of crop residue and manure rather than sole manure. 相似文献
6.
Different fields within a farm have been observed to have different soil fertility status and this may affect the response
of a maize crop to applied N, P, and K fertiliser. A limiting nutrient trial was carried out at six farms each, in three districts
of Western Kenya. In each of the farms, the following treatments were laid out in three fields with different soil fertility
status at different distances from the homestead (close, mid-distance, remote fields): no inputs, application of NPK, NP,
NK, or PK fertiliser (urea, triple super phosphate, KCl) to maize. Total soil N decreased at all sites with distance to the
homestead (from 1.30 to 1.06 g kg−1), as did Olsen-P (from 10.5 to 2.3 mg kg−1). Grain yields in the no-input control plots reflected this decrease in soil fertility status with distance to the homestead
(from 2.59 to 1.59 t ha−1). In the NPK treatments, however, this difference between field types disappeared (from 3.43 to 3.98 t ha−1), indicating that N and P are the major limiting nutrients in the target areas. Response to applied N was related to the
soil total N content in Aludeka and Shinyalu, but not in Emuhaia, probably related to the high use of partially decomposed
organic inputs with limited N availability. Consequently, response to applied N decreased with distance to the homestead in
Aludeka (from 0.95 kg kg−1 relative yield to 0.55 kg kg−1) and Shinyalu (from 0.76 kg kg−1 to 0.47 kg kg−1), but not in Emuhaia (from 0.75 kg kg−1 to 0.68 kg kg−1). Response to applied P was related to the soil Olsen-P content at all sites. While for farms with a relatively high Olsen-P
gradient, response to applied P decreased with distance to the homestead (from 0.99 kg kg−1 to 0.68 kg kg−1), large variability in Olsen-P gradients across field types among farms within a specific site often masked clear differences
in response to P between field types for a specific site. Clear scope for field-specific fertiliser recommendations exists,
provided these are based on local soil knowledge and diagnosis. Scenario analysis, using farm-scale modelling tools, could
assist in determining optimum allocation strategies of scarcely available fertiliser for maximum fertiliser use efficiency. 相似文献
7.
Crop residue,manure and fertilizer in dryland maize under reduced tillage in northern China: I grain yields and nutrient use efficiencies 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Xiaobin Wang Dianxiong Cai Willem B. Hoogmoed Udo D. Perdok Oene Oenema 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2007,79(1):1-16
The rapidly increasing population and associated quest for food and feed in China has led to increased soil cultivation and
nitrogen (N) fertilizer use, and as a consequence to increased wind erosion and unbalanced crop nutrition. In the study presented
here, we explored the long-term effects of various combinations of maize stover, cattle manure and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus
(P) fertilizer applications on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and nutrient and water use efficiencies under reduced tillage practices. In a companion paper, we present the effects
on nutrient balances and soil fertility characteristics. The ongoing factorial field trial was conducted at Shouyang Dryland
Farming Experimental Station in northern China from 1993 onwards. The incomplete, determinant-optimal design comprised 12
treatments, including a control treatment, in duplicate. Grain yields and N, P, and potassium (K) uptakes and N, P and K use
efficiencies were greatly influenced by the amount of rain during the growing season (GSR), and by soil water at sowing (SWS).
There were highly significant interactions between GSR and added stover and manure, expressed in complex annual variations
in grain yield and N, P and K use efficiencies. Annual mean grain yields ranged from 3,000 kg ha−1 to 10,000 kg ha−1 and treatment mean yields from 4,500 kg ha−1 to 7,000 kg ha−1. Balanced combination of stover (3,000–6,000 kg), manure (1,500–6,000 kg) and N fertilizer (105 kg) gave the highest yield.
Stover and manure were important for supplying K, but the effects differed greatly between years. Overall mean N recovery
efficiency (NRE) ranged from 28% to 54%, depending on N source. NRE in wet years ranged from 50% to 90%. In conclusion, balanced
combinations of stover, manure and NP fertilizer gave the highest yield and NRE. Reduced tillage with adding stover and manure
in autumn prior to ploughing is effective in minimizing labor requirement and wind erosion. The potentials of split applications
of N fertilizer, targeted to the need of the growing crop (response farming), should be explored to further increase the N
use efficiency. 相似文献
8.
Effect of the integrated use of legume residue,poultry manure and inorganic fertilizers on maize yield,nutrient uptake and soil properties 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A. O. Amusan M. T. Adetunji J. O. Azeez J. G. Bodunde 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2011,90(3):321-330
Identification of a sustainable integrated soil fertility management option in the tropics will not only salvage the degraded
soils but also enhances the attainment of the goal of food security. This study was conducted in 2004 and 2005 on a degraded
tropical Alfisol in south western Nigeria to evaluate the effect of legume residue, poultry manure and inorganic fertilizers
on maize yield, nutrient uptake and soil properties. The treatments consisted of two rates of poultry manure (0 and 5 t ha−1), three rates of N fertilizer (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha−1 applied as urea), three rates of P fertilizer (0, 30 and 60 kg P ha−1 applied as single super phosphate) and two soybean treatments (with or without incorporation of legume residue) in various
combinations as a factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block design with three replicates. Results showed that poultry
manure alone led to significant increase in maize yield (60%) and soil organic matter (45%). In contrast, legume residue incorporation
gave significantly lower increase in yield (7%) and soil organic matter (11%). However, the combined application of poultry
manure and legume incorporation led to 72% increase in maize yield as opposed to 63 and 10% increase recorded when manure
alone or legume alone were incorporated, respectively. Optimal maize yield was achieved when manure application was integrated
with P fertilizer application. The interaction of P fertilizer and legume incorporation indicated that soil phosphorus and
maize P concentration were significantly increased with the application of the P fertilizer and legume incorporation. Hence,
the application of P fertilizer alone is most likely to be economical compared with its integration with legume incorporation. 相似文献
9.
The effects of 18 years continuous cropping of irrigated rice on soil and yields were studied in two long-term fertility experiments
(LTFE) at Ndiaye and Fanaye in the Senegal River Valley (West Africa). Rice was planted twice in a year during the hot dry
season (HDS) and wet season (WS) with different fertilizer treatments. Soil organic carbon (SOC) under fallow varied from
7.1 g kg−1 at Fanaye to 11.0 g kg−1 at Ndiaye. Rice cropping maintained and increased SOC at Ndiaye and Fanaye, respectively and fertilizer treatments did not
affect SOC. Soil available P and exchangeable K were maintained or increased with long-term application of NPK fertilizers.
Without any fertilizer, yields decreased by 60 kg ha−1 (1.5%) and 115 kg ha−1 (3%) per year at Fanaye and Ndiaye, respectively. The highest annual yield decreases of 268 kg ha−1 (3.6%) and 277 kg ha−1 (4.1%) were observed at Fanaye and Ndiaye, respectively when only N fertilizer was applied. Rice yields were only maintained
with NPK fertilizers supplying at least 60 kg N, 26 kg P and 50 kg K ha−1. It was concluded that the double cropping of irrigated rice does not decrease SOC and the application of the recommended
doses of NPK fertilizer maintained rice yields for 18 years. 相似文献
10.
H. Anyanzwa J. R. Okalebo C. O. Othieno A. Bationo B. S. Waswa J. Kihara 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2010,88(1):39-47
The effects of conservation tillage, crop residue and cropping systems on the changes in soil organic matter (SOM) and overall
maize–legume production were investigated in western Kenya. The experiment was a split-split plot design with three replicates
with crop residue management as main plots, cropping systems as sub-plots and nutrient levels as sub-sub plots. Nitrogen was
applied in each treatment at two rates (0 and 60 kg N ha−1). Phosphorus was applied at 60 kg P/ha in all plots except two intercropped plots. Inorganic fertilizer (N and P) showed
significant effects on yields with plots receiving 60 kg P ha−1 + 60 kg N ha−1 giving higher yields of 5.23 t ha−1 compared to control plots whose yields were as low as 1.8 t ha−1 during the third season. Crop residues had an additive effect on crop production, soil organic carbon and soil total nitrogen.
Crop rotation gave higher yields hence an attractive option to farmers. Long-term studies are needed to show the effects of
crop residue, cropping systems and nutrient input on sustainability of SOM and crop productivity. 相似文献
11.
Soybean-maize rotation is a profitable cropping system and is used under rain fed conditions in north China. Since crop yields
have been reported to decrease when K fertilizers are not used, we analyzed the productivity trends, soil-exchangeable and
non-exchangeable K contents, and K balance in a continuous cropping experiment conducted in an area with an alfisol soil in
the Liaohe River plain, China. The trial, established in early 1990 and continued till 2007, included 8 combinations of recycled
manure and N, P, and K fertilizers. In the unfertilized plot, the yields of soybean and maize were 1,486 and 4,124 kg ha−1 respectively (mean yield over 18 years). The yields of both soybean and maize increased to 2,195 and 7,476 kg ha−1, respectively, in response to the application of inorganic N, P, and K fertilizers. The maximum yields of soybean (2,424 kg ha−1) and maize (7,790 kg ha−1) were obtained in the plots under treatment with N, P, and K fertilizers and recycled manure. K was one of the yield-limiting
macronutrients: regular K application was required to make investments in the application of other mineral nutrients profitable.
The decrease in the yields of soybean and maize owing to the absence of K application averaged 400 and 780 kg ha−1, respectively. Soybean seed and maize grain yields significantly increased with the application of recycled manure. For both
these crops, the variation coefficients of grain were lower with treatments that included recycled manure than without treatment.
After 18 years, the soil-exchangeable and non-exchangeable K concentrations decreased; the concentrations in the case of treatments
that did not include K fertilizers were not significantly different. Treatment with N, P, and K fertilizers appreciably improved
the fertility level of the soil, increased the concentration of soil-exchangeable K, and decreased the non-exchangeable K
concentration. In soils under treatment with N, P, and K fertilizers and recycled manure, the soil-exchangeable and non-exchangeable
K levels in the 0–20 cm-deep soil layer increased by 34% and 2%, respectively, over the initial levels. Both soil-exchangeable
and non-exchangeable K concentrations were the highest with on treatment with N, P, and K fertilizers and recycled manure,
followed by treatment with N, P, and K fertilizers. These concentrations were lowest in unfertilized soils; the other treatments
yielded intermediate results. The results showed a total removal of K by the crops, and the amount removed exceeded the amount
of K added to the soil; in treatments that did not include K fertilizers, a net negative K balance was observed, from 184
to 575 kg ha−2. The combined use of N, P, and K fertilizers and recycled manure increased the K content of the 0–20 cm-deep soil layer by
125% compared to the increase obtained with the application of N, P, and K fertilizers alone. The results clearly reveal that
current mineral fertilizer applications are inadequate; instead, the annual application of recycled manure along with N, P,
and K fertilizers could sustain future yields and soil productivity. 相似文献
12.
Anneke M. Fermont Pablo A. Tittonell Yona Baguma Pheneas Ntawuruhunga Ken E. Giller 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2010,86(1):133-151
Information on fertilizer response in cassava in Africa is scarce. We conducted a series of on-farm and on-station trials
in two consecutive years to quantify yield responses of cassava to mineral fertilizer in Kenya and Uganda and to evaluate
factors governing the responses. Average unfertilized yields ranged from 4.2 to 25.7 t ha−1 between sites and years. Mineral fertilizer use increased yields significantly, but response to fertilizer was highly variable
(−0.2 to 15.3 t ha−1). Average yield response per kg applied nutrient was 37, 168 and 45 and 106, 482 and 128 kg fresh yield per kg of applied
N, P and K, respectively in 2004 and 2005. Fertilizer response was governed by soil fertility, rainfall and weed management,
but was not influenced by variety, pest and disease pressure and harvest age. Relative N and K yields were positively correlated
to SOC and exchangeable K, while response to fertilizer decreased on more fertile soils. Still, fertilizer response varied
widely on low fertility soils (e.g. on soils with <10 g kg−1 SOC, responses ranged from −8.6 to 24.4 t ha−1), indicating strong interactions between factors governing fertilizer response. Response to fertilizer was reduced if total
rainfall <1,500 mm or rainfall from 0 to 3 months after planting <400 mm. Fertilizer application promoted plant growth and
resulted in a better soil coverage and reduced weed competition. Yields in fertilized fields were independent of weed management,
unless growing conditions were unfavourable. 相似文献
13.
S. Sitthaphanit V. Limpinuntana B. Toomsan S. Panchaban R. W. Bell 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2009,85(2):123-139
Fertiliser application strategies for maize (Zea
mays L.) production on sandy soils under high rainfall regimes need to be carefully designed to minimise nutrient losses through
leaching and maximise crop yield. Experiments were conducted to determine N, P, and K leaching in sandy soils with 3–6% clay
in surface layers under maize production, and the effectiveness of different N, P, and K fertiliser timing and splitting strategies
on leaching of N, P, and K and on maize yield. In a column experiment on an Oxic Paleustult (Korat series) with 3% clay, leaching
of N, P, and K from fertiliser (114N-17P-22K in kg ha−1) was significant under simulated rainfall, but decreased to negligible levels with 3–5 split applications of fertiliser.
Maize N and K uptake increased with 3–5 split applications, but not P uptake. Despite continued intense rainfall and further
fertilizer additions, leaching was not recorded after day 30, and this was attributed to the effect of plant water uptake
on reducing deep drainage. Split applications of fertilizer maintained NP and K in the 0–30 cm layer during 30–60 days when
maize nutrient demand was likely to be at its highest, while in the recommended fertilizer regime NPK in the surface layers
declined after 30 days. In a field experiment on an Oxic Paleustult (Korat series) with 6% clay, 3–4 splits of fertiliser
increased N and K uptake and increased maize yields from 3.3 to 4.5 Mg ha−1. Postponing basal fertiliser application from pre-planting to 7–15 days after emergence increased uptake of N, P, and K and
grain yield emphasising the greater risk of nutrient losses from fertiliser applied at planting than later. Strategies designed
to reduce the amount of nutrients applied as fertiliser at planting, such as split application and postponing basal application
can decrease the risk of leaching of N, P, and K from fertiliser and improve nutrient use efficiency, and grain yield of maize
on sandy soils under high growing season rainfall regimes. 相似文献
14.
Jens M. Vesterager Niels E. Nielsen Henning Høgh-Jensen 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2008,80(1):61-73
Symbiotic N2-fixation, N uptake efficiency, biomass- and crop production of cowpea and maize as affected by P source, sole- and intercropped,
and introduction of break crops were studied on a farmer’s fields in semi-arid Tanzania. Cowpea fixed around 60% of its N
from the atmosphere amounting to 70 kg N ha−1 under sole and 36 kg N ha−1 under intercropping as estimated by the 15N isotope dilution method around peak biomass production. The amount of N2-fixed was 30–40% higher when P was applied as either TSP or MRP whereas cowpea yield were unaffected. Intercropped maize
with 19,000 plant ha−1 accumulated the same amount of N as 38,000 sole cropped maize plants although intercropping reduced the dry matter accumulation
by 25%. The N uptake efficiency of the applied 15N labelled fertiliser was 26%, which equal a total pool of early available plant N of 158 kg N ha−1. Under the N deficient conditions, P application did not increase the grain yield of maize. The LER indicate that sole cropping
required 18% more area than intercropping in order to produce the same grain yield, and 35% more land when LER was based on
N uptakes. Introduction of break crops in the maize systems, more than doubled accumulation of dry matter and N in the grain
compared to continuous maize cropping. During maturation sole crop cowpea shedded leaves containing 41 kg N ha−1. The current findings underline the importance of crop diversity in Sub Saharan Africa agriculture and emphasise the need
for including all residues, including shedded leaves, in nutrient balance studies. 相似文献
15.
Krishna R. Tiwari Bishal K. Sitaula Roshan M. Bajracharya Trond Børresen 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2010,86(2):241-253
On-farm runoff plots were established during 2004 and monitored for 4 years in the Pokhare Khola watershed (Nepal) in a completely
randomized design with four replications of each three treatments: traditional Farmer Practice (FP) (Zea mays–Eleusine coracana), Reduced Tillage (RT; Z. mays–Vigna ungeuculata), and Commercial Vegetable with double dose of farm yard manure (CV; Z. mays–Capsicum species) to evaluate treatment effects on soil nutrient losses, nutrient balances and crop income on Bari land (rainfed terraces). Nutrient removal due to crop harvest was found to be significantly higher than nutrient loss through
soil erosion, and CV treatment exhibited a significantly higher N uptake (123 kg ha−1 year−1) through crop harvest than other treatments. Moreover, the CV treatment produced significantly higher income per unit area
of Bari land than the other treatments. Soil organic carbon and major nutrients losses (NPK) through soil erosion were minimal [25.5 kg ha−1 year−1 soil organic carbon (SOC) and 5.6:0.02:0.12 kg ha−1 year−1 nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), respectively]. Result showed that no nutrients were lost through leaching. Nutrient
losses due to soil erosion and runoff were lower than previously reported in the Middle Mountain region, indicating a need
to re-evaluate the soil erosion and nutrient loss problems in this region. Interventions such as reduced tillage and double
dose of FYM with vegetable production were found to be effective in maintaining soil fertility and increasing farm income
compared to the traditional maize-millet production system. The nutrient balance calculations suggest that integrated nutrient
management techniques such as residue incorporation and application of FYM with a minimum application of chemical fertilizer
are potentially sustainable production approaches for the Mid-hills of Nepal. 相似文献
16.
A long term field experiment was conducted for 8 years during 1994–2001 to evaluate the effect of N, P, K and Zn fertilizer
use alone and in combination with gypsum, farmyard manure (FYM) and pressmud on changes in soil properties and yields of rice
and wheat under continuous use of sodic irrigation water (residual sodium carbonate (RSC) 8.5 meq l−1, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 8.8 (m mol/l)1/2 at Bhaini Majra experimental farm of Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India. Continuous use of fertilizer
N alone (120 kg ha−1) or in combination with P and K significantly improved rice and wheat yields over control (no fertilizer). Phosphorus applied
at the rate of 26 kg P ha−1 each to rice and wheat significantly improved the yields and led to a considerable build up in available soil P. When N alone
was applied, available soil P and K declined from the initial level of 14.8 and 275 kg ha−1 to 8.5 and 250 kg ha−1 respectively. Potassium applied at a rate of 42 kg K ha−1 to both crops had no effect on yields. Response of rice to Zinc application occurred since 1997 when DTPA extractable Zn
declined to 1.48 kg ha−1 from the initial level of 1.99 kg ha−1. Farmyard manure 10 Mg ha−1, gypsum 5 Mg ha−1 and pressmud 10 Mg ha−1 along with NPK fertilizer use significantly enhanced yields over NPK treatment alone. Continuous cropping with sodic water
and inorganic fertilizer use for 8 years slightly decreased the soil pHe and SAR from the initial value of 8.6 and 29.0 to 8.50 and 18.7 respectively. However, treatments involving the use of gypsum,
FYM and pressmud significantly decreased the soil pH and SAR over inorganic fertilizer treatments and control. Nitrogen, phosphorus
and zinc uptake were far less than additions made by fertilizer. The actual soil N balance was much lower than the expected
balance thereby indicating large losses of N from the soil. There was a negative potassium balance due to greater removal
by the crops when compared to K additions. The results suggest that either gypsum or FYM/pressmud along with recommended dose
of fertilizers must be used to sustain the productivity of rice – wheat system in areas having sodic ground water for irrigation. 相似文献
17.
Ranjan Bhattacharyya S. C. Pandey S. Chandra S. Kundu Supradip Saha B. L. Mina A. K. Srivastva H. S. Gupta 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2010,86(2):255-268
To date, the sustainability of wheat (Triticum
aestivum)–soybean (Glycine
max) cropping systems has not been well assessed, especially under Indian Himalayas. Research was conducted in 1995–1996 to 2004
at Hawalbagh, India to study the effects of fertilization on yield sustainability of irrigated wheat–soybean system and on
selected soil properties. The mean wheat yield under NPK + FYM (farmyard manure) treated plots was ~27% higher than NPK (2.4 Mg ha−1). The residual effect of NPK + FYM caused ~14% increase in soybean yield over NPK (2.18 Mg ha−1). Sustainable yield index values of wheat and the wheat–soybean system were greater with annual fertilizer N or NPK plots
10 Mg ha−1 FYM than NPK alone. However, benefit:cost ratio of fertilization, agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity of
applied nutrients were higher with NPK + FYM than NPK, if FYM nutrients were not considered. Soils under NPK + FYM contained
higher soil organic C (SOC), total soil N, total P and Olsen-P by ~10, 42, 52 and 71%, respectively, in the 0–30 cm soil layers,
compared with NPK. Non-exchangeable K decreased with time under all treatments except NPK. Total SOC in the 0–30 cm soil layer
increased in all fertilized plots. Application of NPK + FYM also improved selected soil physical properties over NPK. The
NPK + FYM application had better soil productivity than NPK but was not as economical as NPK if farmers had to purchase manure. 相似文献
18.
J. Kanmegne E. M. A. Smaling L. Brussaard A. Gansop-Kouomegne A. Boukong 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2006,76(2-3):233-248
The flows and balances of N, P and K were studied in 20 farms in the Campo Ma’an area in Cameroon between March and August
2002 to assess the nutrient dynamics in smallholder farms. Data were collected through farmer interviews, field measurements
and estimates from transfer functions. Nutrient input from mineral (IN1), animal feed (IN2a) and inorganic amendments (IN2b)
was absent. Major outputs were through crop (OUT1a) and animal (OUT1b) products sold. Partial budgets for farmer managed flows
were negative: −65 kg N, −5.5 kg P and −30.8 kg K ha−1 year−1. For inflows not managed by farmers, deep capture (IN6) was the major source: 16.6, 1.4 and 6.6 kg ha−1 year−1 of N, P and K, respectively. Atmospheric deposition (IN3) was estimated at 4.3 kg N, 1.0 kg P and 3.9 kg K ha−1 year−1, and biological nitrogen fixation (IN4) at 6.9 kg N ha−1 year−1. Major losses were leaching (OUT 3a): 26.4 kg N, and 0.88 kg K ha−1 year−1. Gaseous losses from the soil (OUT 4a) were estimated at 6.34 kg N, and human faeces (OUT 6) were estimated at 4 kg N, 0.64 kg P
and 4.8 kg K ha−1 year−1. The highest losses were from burning (OUT 4c), i.e. 47.8 kg N, 1.8 kg P and 14.3 kg K ha−1 year−1. Partial budgets of environmentally controlled flows were negative only for N −4.8 kg N, +2.4 kg P and +9.6 kg K ha−1 year−1. The overall farm budgets were negative, with annual losses of 69 kg N, 3 kg P and 21 kg K ha−1. Only cocoa had a positive nutrient balance: +9.3 kg N, +1.4 kg P and +7.6 kg K ha−1 year−1. Nutrients reaching the household waste (1.9 kg N, 2.8 kg P and 18.8 kg K ha−1 year−1), animal manure (4.9 kg N, 0.4 kg P and 1.6 kg K), and human faeces (4 kg N, 0.64 kg P and 4.8 kg K ha−1 year−1) were not recycled. Five alternative management scenarios were envisaged to improve the nutrient balances. Recycling animal
manure, household waste and human faeces will bring the balance at −62.6 kg N, 0 kg P and +1 kg K ha−1 year−1. If, additionally, burning could be avoided, positive nutrient balances could be expected. 相似文献
19.
Horizontal nutrient fluxes and food safety in urban and peri-urban vegetable and millet cultivation of Niamey,Niger 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Rodrigue V. C. Diogo Andreas Buerkert Eva Schlecht 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2010,87(1):81-102
Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) has often been accused of being nutrient inefficient and producing negative externalities.
To investigate these problems for the West African capital Niamey (Niger), nutrient inputs through fertilizer and manure to
10 vegetable gardens and 9 millet fields and nutrient offtakes through harvests were quantified during 24 months, and contamination
of irrigation water and selected vegetables with faecal pathogens and heavy metals was determined. Annual partial horizontal
balances for carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) amounted to 9,936 kg C ha−1, 1,133 kg N ha−1, 223 kg P ha−1 and 312 kg K ha−1 in high input vegetable gardens as opposed to 9,580 kg C ha−1, 290 kg N ha−1, 125 kg P ha−1 and 351 kg K ha−1 in low input gardens. In high input millet fields, annual surpluses of 259 kg C ha−1, 126 kg N ha−1, 20 kg P ha−1 and 0.4 kg K ha−1 were recorded, whereas surpluses of 12 kg C ha−1, 17 kg N ha−1, and deficits of −3 kg P ha−1 and −3 kg K ha−1 were determined for low input fields. Counts of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli yielded above threshold contamination levels of 7.2 × 104 CFU 25 g−1 and 3.9 × 104 CFU g−1 in lettuce irrigated with river water and fertilized with animal manure. Salmonella counts averaged 9.8 × 104 CFU 25 g−1 and E. coli 0.6 × 104 CFU g−1 for lettuce irrigated with wastewater, while these pathogens were not detected on vegetables irrigated with pond water. These
results underline the need for urban gardeners to better adjust the nutrients applied to crop requirements which might also
reduce nutrient accumulations in the soil and further in the edibles parts of the vegetables. Appropriate pre-treatment of
irrigation water would help improve the quality of the latter and enhance the food safety of vegetables determined for the
urban markets. 相似文献
20.
Soil nitrate-N levels required for high yield maize production in the North China Plain 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Zhenling Cui Fusuo Zhang Yuxin Miao Qinping Sun Fei Li Xinping Chen Junliang Li Youliang Ye Zhiping Yang Qiang Zhang Chunsheng Liu 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2008,82(2):187-196
High profile nitrate-nitrogen (N) accumulation has caused a series of problems, including low N use efficiency and environmental
contamination in intensive agricultural systems. The key objective of this study was to evaluate summer maize (Zea mays L.) yield and N uptake response to soil nitrate-N accumulation, and determine soil nitrate-N levels to meet N demand of high
yield maize production in the North China Plain (NCP). A total of 1,883 farmers’ fields were investigated and data from 458
no-N plots were analyzed in eight key maize production regions of the NCP from 2000 to 2005. High nitrate-N accumulation (≥172 kg N ha−1) was observed in the top (0–90 cm) and deep (90–180 cm) soil layer with farmers’ N practice during maize growing season.
Across all 458 no-N plots, maize grain yield and N uptake response to initial soil nitrate-N content could be simulated by
a linear plus plateau model, and calculated minimal pre-planting soil nitrate-N content for maximum grain yield and N uptake
was 180 and 186 kg N ha−1, respectively, under no-N application conditions. Economically optimum N rate (EONR) decreased linearly with increasing pre-planting
soil nitrate-N content (r
2 = 0.894), and 1 kg soil nitrate-N ha−1 was equivalent to 1.23 kg fertilizer-N ha−1 for maize production. Residual soil nitrate-N content after maize harvest increased exponentially with increasing N fertilizer
rate (P < 0.001), and average residual soil nitrate-N content at the EONR was 87 kg N ha−1 with a range from 66 to 118 kg N ha−1. We conclude that soil nitrate-N content in the top 90 cm of the soil profile should be maintained within the range of 87–180 kg N ha−1 for high yield maize production. The upper limit of these levels would be reduce if N fertilizer was applied during maize
growing season. 相似文献