三峡电源电站机组发电机转子绝缘降低故障及其处理

针对三峡电源电站水轮发电机组在初期运行中频频出现发电机转子绝缘降低的故障,分析了电源电站机组发电机转子绝缘降低的原因,介绍了技术改进的措施,总结了处理机组发电机转子绝缘降低故障的经验.     

水轮发电机转子磁极绝缘降低的故障分析及处理

针对广东粤电新丰江发电公司1号水轮发电机转子磁极绝缘电阻一直偏低的问题．从制造安装质量、绝缘老化程度、检修工艺过程以及运行与维护等几个方面进行了认真具体地分析,总结出了引起1号水轮发电机转子磁极绝缘电阻降低的原因,并提出了彻底解决1号水轮发电机转子磁极绝缘电阻偏低问题的方法以及有效提高水轮发电机转子磁极绝缘电阻的改进措施。     

三维接触的迷宫气封模态计算研究

本文研究了考虑三维接触状态的迷宫气封模态的计算方法;通过建立接触面刚度矩阵来模拟阻尼套筒对迷宫气封固有振动特性的影响;结果表明该方法对迷宫气封模态计算是行之有效的。     

汽轮发电机绝缘状态的监测与故障诊断

介绍了采用射频监测仪和转子绕组匝间短路监测系统相结合在线监测发电机定、转子绝缘状况的方法,提出了发电机绝缘故障诊断的模糊专家系统。指出:将上述些方法相结合可以有效地实现对汽轮发电机绝缘状态的监测和故障诊断。参3     

迷宫气封偏心距对转子动力学系数的影响

研究表明，迷宫气封中的振荡气流对机组的稳定性有一定的影响。由流场作用在转子上不平衡的气动力是产生自激振动的主要原因。当转子有偏心时，这种不平衡的气动力的作用就更加明显。本文采用混合有限分析解法，引入转子偏心距对转子动特性系数的影响，找出偏心距对转子动特性系数影响的规律。分析结果表明：随着偏心距的增大，转子的动特性系数也急剧变化。     

受迷宫汽封汽流力影响的汽轮机转子动特性系数研究

用等效刚度和阻尼系数对某汽轮机迷宫汽封蒸汽对转子的流体力进行描述,归纳汽轮机转子各位置处汽封等效刚度与阻尼系数的变化规律,进而分析参数变化对机组稳定性的影响,为机组的安全稳定运行提供技术支持。分析表明:汽轮机转子不同位置处的汽封等效刚度与阻尼系数存在一定的变化规律,单纯更改汽封间隙不是提高机组转子稳定性的有效办法。     

机组转子绝缘安装缺陷的改进与应用

本文介绍了发电机转子电气部分的结构及绝缘损坏的危害,剖析了机组转子绝缘安装缺陷的成因,并针对各种处理方法的利弊进行分析,在此基础上就如何运用固定螺栓包扎绝缘的方法解决设计和安装工艺上存在的弊端进行了详细介绍。     

汽轮发电机转子风斗流动特性的实验研究

在转子气隙取气通风系统中,风斗的取风与引风性能直接影响系统的通风冷却效果.对汽轮发电机转子气隙取气斜流通风系统进行了静态实验模拟,研究了结构参数和结构型式对转子进、出风斗取风性能和引风性能的影响规律,为汽轮发电机转子风斗的优化设计提供了可靠依据.     

9FA燃机发电机转子故障处理及分析

对发电机转子异响和接地故障实例进行分析,认为异响是由于一块绝缘塞块的固定片撕裂,造成绝缘塞块随转子低速旋转时在重力和向心力的共同作用下敲击护环所致;接地故障原因是由于内环极引线螺钉出现松动磨损,并产生大量含金属粉末覆盖在压帽以下的导电杆表面及转子本体绝缘层上。总结处理过程,供同类9FA电厂技术人员参考借鉴,便于对发电机转子故障情况的分析预判,制定最佳处理方案。     

迷宫汽封与平衡孔在透平级中应用的仿真研究

为了进一步认识匹配应用迷宫汽封和平衡孔对透平级气动性能的影响,采用商用软件CFX,数值仿真了某汽轮机高压一级半透平、堵住平衡孔的一级半透平内部的三维流场.通过对计算结果的比较分析发现,转子带凸台的高低齿迷宫式汽封,与转子外径相等、同压比的等齿高直通型迷宫汽封相比,泄漏流动的方向折转以及在汽封腔内形成的旋涡显著增多,因此强化了对泄漏流的阻抗及其动能的耗散,提高了汽封的封严性.对于低反动度透平级,气流对动叶栅的直接冲击是级内轴向力产生的主要原因.叶冠的径向高度远小于叶高,但是叶冠产生的轴向力在级轴向力中占有较大比例.平衡孔需要与前后静叶隔板汽封以及动叶前后轴向间隙汽封匹配设计,设计合理,能够消除泄漏流对主流的干扰,降低透平级的流动损失.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

<正>~~     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.