住宅建筑南立面太阳能集热可能性分析

为了探讨住宅南立面太阳能集热的可能性，对我国不同太阳能辐照条件地区的4个典型城市利用住宅南立面太阳能集热量的计算，结果表明夏季南立面太阳辐射强度仅为水平面的一半，而在冬季却能达到水平面上的1．5倍；在南立面上，横置管和竖置管在冬季的能量收益相近，而在夏季横置管的能量收益是竖置管的2～3倍。初步分析还表明，尽管各地盈余量不同，但是按每户居民南立面可利用面积的80％计算，冬季南立面横置管的能量收益都能满足一般的生活热水需求，而且在寒冷季节尚有剩余的热量可用于辅助采暖；例如拉萨的月平均日能量盈余约为15kWh，北京约为10kWh，上海约为5kWh，但广州仅在11月和12月有10kWh的热量剩余；夏季除北京能满足一般的生活热水的能量需求外，拉萨地区6～7月平均每日需要7kWh的热量补充，上海地区5月和6月平均每日需要5kWh的热量补充，广州地区从3月到8月平均每日约需要5～6kWh的能量补充。     

Solar energy integration into advanced building design for meeting energy demand and environment problem

The dangerous effects of burning fossil fuels on global warming, alternative energy sources will become indeed important in the future. Because of fossil fuels energy sources shall run out by the early 22nd century given the present rate of consumption. Atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases is trapping heat radiated from the Earth's surface, which cause global warming and environmental problems such as greenhouses effect, stratospheric ozone depletion, acid precipitation, and flooding of coastal settlements. This implies that sooner or later humanity will rely heavily on renewable energy sources. Here we have introduced light energy at an idealized large‐scale application to produce solar energy, where exterior skin and roof of buildings shall be at least 25% blackbody‐assisted photovoltaic to capture solar energy during the whole year. Simply, it is a calculative reaction of solar irradiance on innovative building design to capture sunlight most efficiently that would be the cutting edge technology for the ultimate solution of global energy, environment, and climate crisis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance investigation of a hybrid PV‐diesel power system for remote areas

Algeria is in a region with an enormous potential of solar energy for power generation. However, photovoltaic (PV) power plants have not yet been developed sufficiently in the country, and its applications such as PV pumping, solar distillation, and solar heating. The main problem is the high maintenance, operating costs, fossil‐fuel transportation, and CO₂ emission of Bordj Badji Mokhtar's (BBM's) diesel power plant that exhibits a noteworthy issue in south Algeria. This paper presents the results of a theoretical and experimental study for PV/diesel hybrid energy system (HES) considering the load demand profile and the solar radiation in isolated area of south Algeria. Suggested hybridization based on a renewable energy with a view to an improved environment is promising. Study results show the performance of PV/diesel system based on solar radiation. The experiment load curve in this typical area may conduct the diesel generator to operate at 60% to 70% of its nominal power with less fuel consumption, and it has been verified during this study that the implementation of a PV/diesel hybrid system is efficient for higher load and higher solar radiation. Results and discussions are encouraging considering less emission of greenhouse gases and less storage of fuel, which drives the government to draw a political arrangement for the improvement of cleaner forms of electricity generation.     

A systematic review on parametric dependencies of transpired solar collector performance

Zero or low‐carbon buildings can be achieved through novel technology solutions and integrating renewable energy into the buildings. One method of reducing the fossil fuel dependency of buildings and limiting greenhouse gas emissions is integrating the solar thermal system into the built environment. Recently, transpired solar collector has been identified as 1 of the most efficient solar thermal conversion technologies where a very high efficiency can be achieved. The proposed review paper investigates the performance of transpired solar collectors (TSCs) and discusses the relevant case studies in this context. This paper introduces the background and concept of TSCs. It mainly focuses on the study of parametric dependency of the performance of TSCs. The paper also investigates various mathematical models, experimental study, and numerical simulations particularly CFD used for TSC performance analysis. This proposed paper concluded that wind speed and airflow rate are the most dominant factor in TSC performance but solar irradiation, hole diameter, hole geometry, and pitch size have limited effect on TSC performance; also, profile with longer pitch tends to lower the collector efficiency and heat transfer coefficient. However, profile with shorter pitch tends to reduce the wind effect.     

Development of solar thermal technologies in China

Solar energy is receiving much more attention in building energy systems in recent years. Solar thermal utilization should be based on integration of solar collectors into buildings. The facades of buildings can be important solar collectors, and, therefore, become multifunctional. In addition, solar collectors can be used to enhance the appearance of the facade when considering their aesthetic compatibility. Currently, installation of collectors on the south tilted roofs, south walls, balconies or awnings of buildings are the feasible approaches for integration of solar collectors into buildings. The most well known solar energy demonstration projects in China are introduced in this paper, which cover different integrated approaches, and solar heating and cooling systems. In China's cities, the process of rebuilding apartment roofs from flat to inclined offers the ideal opportunity to carry out solar renovation in combination with roof-integrated collectors. It can be seen from the demonstration projects over the last twenty years, that, solar cooling systems were mainly used in public buildings for either absorption or adsorption. Besides, nearly all solar cooling systems are multifunctional. They have been used to supply heating and hot water in other seasons for the purpose of high solar fraction. In the 11th Five-year research project (duration 2006–2010), the government has encouraged solar energy researchers to study, develop, and break through the key technologies involved in the integration of solar thermal technologies with buildings.     

Analysis of PV/wind potential in the Canadian residential sector through high‐resolution building energy simulation

Rising fuel prices and global warming are two major issues that concern people today. In this paper, the effect that the integration of the hybrid photovoltaic (PV)/wind‐turbine generation can have on conservation of energy and reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) has been studied. Base‐case energy demands were calculated using building energy simulation software and then the residential buildings were equipped with the PV/wind‐turbine electricity generation devices. The results show that the integration of those equipments can reduce both cost of fuel and GHG emissions to a fair amount. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of hydrogen on the environment

The present work considers the impact of hydrogen fuel on the environment within the cycles of its generation and combustion. Hydrogen has been portrayed by the media as a fuel that is environmentally clean because its combustion results in the formation of harmless water. However, hydrogen first must be generated. The effect of hydrogen generation on the environment depends on the production process and the related by-products. Hydrogen available on the market at present is mainly generated by using steam reforming of natural gas, which is a fossil fuel. Its by-product is CO₂, which is a greenhouse gas and its emission results in global warming and climate change. Therefore, hydrogen generated from fossil fuels is contributing to global warming to the similar extent as direct combustion of the fossil fuels. On the other hand hydrogen obtained from renewable energy, such solar energy, is environmentally clean during the cycles of its generation and combustion. Consequently, the introduction of hydrogen economy must be accompanied by the development of hydrogen that is environmentally friendly. The present work considers several aspects related to the generation and utilisation of hydrogen obtained by steam reforming and solar energy conversion (solar-hydrogen).     

建筑物冬季太阳辐射得热分析

对冬季建筑物南壁面的太阳辐射强度、南外窗和南外墙的内壁温进行了逐时计算，并结合冬季太阳辐射的特点进行了逐时热负荷计算。结果表明在冬季供暖空调标准工况下，太阳辐射使南外墙内表面壁温全天整体小幅上升，并使南外墙的逐时热负荷较北外墙降低约20％；在节能达标居住建筑的南向房间，中午时段内室内空气所吸收的南外窗太阳辐射得热量已超过该房间的逐时热负荷，供暖空调系统在冬季运行时有必要充分利用这部分能量。     

建筑形式对太阳能热利用的影响研究

以上海地区的住宅建筑为研究对象,通过模拟分析的方法,采用DeST软件计算确定建筑逐时的采暖、空调能耗,研究分析窗墙比对建筑全年采暖能耗、全年空调能耗以及全年采暖、空调总能耗的影响规律,研究分析太阳辐射热增加所导致采暖能耗的降低幅度与外围护结构保温性能两者之间的定量关系。计算结果表示在夏季外窗遮阳和夜间通风的条件下,加大南向窗墙比可增强太阳能的热利用效率,降低建筑全年的采暖、空调总能耗;而外围护结构保温性能的增强则可降低室内向室外散热的程度,相应提高对冬季太阳辐射的热利用程度,从而达到降低采暖能耗的目的。     

On the outlook for solar thermal hydrogen production in South Africa

Global warming and tightening environmental legislation is putting pressure on divesting from fossil fuel in the energy sector, with the transport sector likely to see the biggest changes. Current alternative energy sources are electric vehicles and hydrogen. Conventional hydrogen production technologies are fossil fuel based, emitting significant amounts of CO₂ into the atmosphere. This paper explores various ways to integrate solar thermal technologies into hydrogen production to generate carbon free hydrogen in South Africa. South Africa's abundant solar resource indicates that the country may become a significant player in the hydrogen market. However, the high capital cost associated with solar thermal energy put solar thermal hydrogen at a price disadvantage against conventional production technologies. Significant market penetration for solar thermal hydrogen is not expected within the next decade, but cost reduction due to improved manufacturing techniques and larger manufacturing volumes might close the gap in the long term.     

Prospects of renewable energy - a feasibility study in the Australian context

Given the recent increasing public focus on climate change issues, there is a need for robust, sustainable and climate friendly power transmission and distribution systems that are intelligent, reliable, and green. Current power systems create environmental impacts as well as contributing to global warming due to their utilization of fossil fuels, especially coal, as carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere. In contrast to fossil fuels, renewable energy is starting to be used as the panacea for solving climate change or global warming problems. This paper describes a feasibility study undertaken to investigate the potentialities of renewable energy including the prospective locations in Australia for renewable energy generation, in particular solar and wind energy. Initially, a hybrid model has been developed to investigate the prospects of wind energy for typical Australian region considering production cost, cost of energy, emission production and contribution from renewable energy using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER), a computer model developed by the USA’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). This model also explores suitable places around Australia for wind energy generation using statistical analysis. Subsequently, the usefulness of solar energy in the Australian context and suitable locations for solar energy generation are also investigated using a similar hybrid model. Finally, the model has been developed to investigate the prospects of renewable energy in particular wind and solar energy including specific locations in Australia that would be suitable for both wind and solar energy generation. From simulation analysis it is clearly observed that Australia has enormous potentialities for substantially increased use of renewable energy; a large penetration of renewable energy sources into the national power system would reduce CO₂ emissions significantly, contributing to the reduction of global warming.     

Technical note Proper utilization of solar energy in Bangladesh: effect on the environment, food supply and the standard of living

The only really sustainable form of energy is solar energy. The densely populated tropical countries can do very well from this completely sustainable energy source without any novel technologies. Most of the commercial energy used world-wide is supplied by using non-renewable resources. Environmental damage—global warming, ozone hole, noise, chemical and radioactive waste—is due to high energy use. Environmental deterioration is a direct consequence of wealth generated and sustained by extremely cheap fossil fuel. The price of fossil fuel does not include the cost for the deterioration of the environment. We show in this paper that even a densely populated country like Bangladesh can attain a high standard of living by a proper utilization of solar energy. We suggest that poor tropical countries should mobilize their resources to develop solar technology.     

Bi‐objective optimization of a grid‐connected decentralized energy system

Motivated by the increasing transition from fossil fuel–based centralized systems to renewable energy–based decentralized systems, we consider a bi‐objective investment planning problem of a grid‐connected decentralized hybrid renewable energy system. In this system, solar and wind are the main electricity generation resources. A national grid is assumed to be a carbon‐intense alternative to the renewables and is used as a backup source to ensure reliability. We consider both total cost and carbon emissions caused by electricity purchased from the grid. We first discuss a novel simulation‐optimization algorithm and then adapt multi‐objective metaheuristic algorithms. We integrate a simulation module to these algorithms to handle the stochastic nature of this bi‐objective problem. We perform extensive comparative analysis for the solution approaches and report their performances in terms of solution time and quality based on well‐known measures from the literature.     

Potential application of a centralized solar water-heating system for a high-rise residential building in Hong Kong

There is a growing, government-led trend of applying renewable energy in Hong Kong. One area of interest lies in the wider use of solar-energy systems. The worldwide fast development of building-integrated solar technology has prompted the design alternative of fixing the solar panels on the external façades of buildings. In Hong Kong, high-rise buildings are found everywhere in the urban districts. How to make full use of the vertical facades of these buildings to capture the most solar radiation can be an important area in the technology promotion. In this numerical study, the potential application of a centralized solar water-heating system in high-rise residence was evaluated. Arrays of solar thermal collectors, that occupied the top two-third of the south and west façades of a hypothetical high-rise residence, were proposed for supporting the domestic hot-water system. Based on typical meteorological data, it was found that the annual efficiency of the vertical solar collectors could reach 38.4% on average, giving a solar fraction of 53.4% and a payback period of 9.2 years. Since the solar collectors were able to reduce the heat transmission through the building envelope, the payback was in fact even shorter if the energy saving in air-conditioner operation was considered.     

Surface reflectance and conversion efficiency dependence of technologies for mitigating global warming

A means of assessing the relative impact of different renewable energy technologies on global warming has been developed. All power plants emit thermal energy to the atmosphere. Fossil fuel power plants also emit CO₂ which accumulates in the atmosphere and provides an indirect increase in global warming via the greenhouse effect. A fossil fuel power plant may operate for some time before the global warming due to its CO₂ emission exceeds the warming due to its direct heat emission. When a renewable energy power plant is deployed instead of a fossil fuel power plant there may be a significant time delay before the direct global warming effect is less than the combined direct and indirect global warming effect from an equivalent output coal fired plant – the “business as usual” case. Simple expressions are derived to calculate global temperature change as a function of ground reflectance and conversion efficiency for various types of fossil fuelled and renewable energy power plants. These expressions are used to assess the global warming mitigation potential of some proposed Australian renewable energy projects. The application of the expressions is extended to evaluate the deployment in Australia of current and new geo-engineering and carbon sequestration solutions to mitigate global warming. Principal findings are that warming mitigation depends strongly on the solar to electric conversion efficiency of renewable technologies, geo-engineering projects may offer more economic mitigation than renewable energy projects and the mitigation potential of reforestation projects depends strongly on the location of the projects.     

浅析既有建筑节能改造太阳能利用技术

以既有建筑为研究对象,研究既有建筑改造中的太阳能利用技术。通过全面分析我国的太阳能资源、国内外的大量研究成果和工程实例,简要介绍了太阳能在建筑上利用的基本形式,系统总结了现阶段适合我国国情、在既有建筑改造中切实可行的太阳能利用技术,提倡在既有建筑改造过程中,积极推进节约资源、利用太阳能的生态建筑的蓬勃发展。对国内既有建筑的生态节能改造,同时与太阳能利用密切结合的工程项目具有实际参考价值。     

Energy consumption of bioclimatic buildings in Argentina during the period 2001–2008

The energy performance of two bioclimatic buildings located in Santa Rosa city, a temperate semi-arid agricultural region of central Argentina, is analysed. The bioclimatic design included direct solar gain, thermal inertia, natural ventilation, thermal insulation, external shading, building orientation, and dwelling grouping. Each double-story building is aligned on an East–West axis and it has a compact shape with 350 m² of useful floor area (58 m²/apartment). The solar collection area is around 18% of the apartment's useful area on the ground floor and 14% on the upper floor. This paper describes the energy performance of the buildings during the period 2001–2008. The analysis includes: (a) the energy consumption (natural gas and electricity) during 2001–2007 (natural gas: annually, bimonthly; electricity: monthly); (b) the natural gas consumption and the thermal behaviour during the winters of year 2001 (between July 27 and August 3) and 2008 (between August 8 and 13); (c) the daily natural gas consumption and the thermal behaviour during 2001 and 2008 winters; (d) the comparison between the energy consumption for heating in bioclimatic and conventional buildings. The authors concluded that the results confirm the large potential of solar buildings design to reach significant levels of energy saving. The comparison of solar and conventional buildings in terms of natural gas consumption demonstrates the magnitude of such potential.     

An integrated system framework for fuel cell-based distributed green energy applications

The environmental pollution and diminishing conventional fuel sources and global warming problems make it more attractive for considering renewables as alternative energy sources, such as solar, wind and micro hydro, etc. Recent advances in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies further facilitate these energy options to supply electrical power to various communities. Hydrogen fuel cell systems coupled with renewable energy sources stand out as a promising solution. This paper presents an integrated system framework for fuel cell-based distributed energy applications. Five components are included in this framework: a physical energy system application, a virtual simulation model, a distributed coordination and control, a human system interface and a database. The integrated system framework provides a means to optimize system design, evaluate its performance and balance supplies and demands in a hydrogen assisted renewable energy application. It can either be applied to a distributed energy node that fulfills a local energy demand or to an energy-network that coordinates distributed energy nodes in a region, such as a hydrogen highway. The proposed system framework has been applied in the first phase of our multi-phases project to investigate and analyze the feasibility and suitability of hydrogen fuel assisted renewable power for a remote community. Through integration with an available renewable energy profile database, the developed system efficiently assists in selecting, integrating, and evaluating different system configurations and various operational scenarios at the application site. The simulation results provide a solid basis for the next phase of our demonstration projects.     

楼宇复合能量系统的应用研究

根据能源利用的发展趋势，客观论述城市区域和楼宇的能源利用将形成以化石能源（天然气、石油）及电力为主，与太阳能等可再生能源并存的多元能源利用格局，并详细阐述楼宇复合能量系统的概念、应用意义和研究方向，希望有助于加深对建筑物多元能源利用手段的认识和促进建筑复合能量系统的进一步研究和实践。