代谢工程技术及其在微生物育种的应用

代谢工程(Metabolic Engineering),亦称途径工程(Pathway Engineering),是一门利用分子生物学原理系统地分析细胞代谢网络,并通过DNA重组技术合理设计细胞代谢途径及遗传修饰,进而完成细胞特性改造的应用性学科。代谢工程综合了生物化学、化学工程、数学分析等多学科内容,是当前国内外学者研究热点之一。论述了代谢工程的发展过程、基本原理及特点以及该项技术在微生物育种的最新应用进展,并展望了未来发展前景。     

甘油二酯的代谢机制及营养功能研究进展

油脂是人体主要的三大营养素之一，合理膳食油脂对人体供能、提升免疫功能、维持神经和生理活性提供了保障。甘油三酯(TAG)作为食用油脂主要成分，在消化代谢后容易转化为储能脂肪，使机体负担较大。甘油二酯(DAG)是一种天然TAG替代脂，被证明具有多种营养功能。旨在为DAG作为新型健康油脂的应用提供理论基础，综述了DAG的代谢机制以及DAG主要的营养功能。DAG具有和TAG相似的理化性质，由于代谢途径与TAG的差异以及可以调控与脂肪氧化相关基因的表达，使DAG具有促进脂肪氧化、抑制体质量增加、降低内脏脂肪含量、改善血清胆固醇、调节血糖、降低血脂等多种功能。DAG的摄入可有效降低代谢综合征和心血管疾病发生的风险。     

乳酸发酵短杆菌中碳架流向赖氨酸的导向与分析

对乳酸发酵短杆菌生物合成赖氨酸的代谢途径及其代谢流量从理论上进行了分析，计算了乳糖发酵短杆菌合成赖氨酸的最大理论转化率。对代谢途径及其遗传调控进行了分析，通过NTG诱变育成了一株带有FP^S、AEG^r、Ma^r和Leu^-4种遗传标记的赖氨酸高产菌株，使赖氨酸的产量提高到54.6g/L，并分析了这些标记对代谢流量改变的影响。     

Dietary fiber in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome: a review

Inclusion of fiber in the diet has been linked to the prevention of a range of illnesses and conditions. This review contains several ideas about the possible benefits of dietary fiber intake in patients with metabolic syndrome. The principal beneficial effects of a fiber-rich diet in these patients are: prevention of obesity, improved glucose levels, and control of the profile of blood lipids. We now also know that dietary fiber may favor the control of arterial blood pressure. Animal experiments have also shown the benefit of different types of fiber on these variables. Of particular relevance are the studies using obese Zucker rats, which present similar anomalies to those seen in patients with metabolic syndrome. There is therefore a growing interest in discovering new sources of natural fiber. Some of these different kinds of fiber may then be used as functional ingredients to obtain foods with properties that are beneficial to health.     

醋酸高产菌株的选育及代谢控制发酵的研究

论述了利用紫外线诱变分离优良醋酸菌的方法及技术，同时通过实验对微生物的代谢机制、代谢控制醋酸菌发酵做了探讨。诱变菌株B9-1的产酸量可达7．55g/100mL，产酸能力稳定。是可进一步诱变提高产酸率并运用于生产的理想菌株。     

中国孕期女性基础代谢率实测值与两种公式预测值的比较研究

目的:开展孕期基础代谢率的估算公式与体成分仪实测基础代谢值间的比较研究。方法:对北京医院产科常规产检的孕妇分别在建档日、孕22—24周、孕30—32周、孕36—38周采用孕妇专用型体成分仪测量其基础代谢值,与两种估算公式计算值进行比较。结果:4次结果中3组间的差异均有统计学意义,其中实测的基础代谢值最低。结论:实测的基础代谢值应用于临床上的能量计算更为合理。     

Relationship of cow and calf circulating lipidomes with colostrum lipid composition and metabolic status of the cow

Newborn calves rely on lipids in colostrum for energy and immune function. The lipid concentration in colostrum, however, is highly variable, and little is known about its composition and maternal factors that influence its composition. The first objective was to measure plasma lipid composition of multiparous cows at 35 d before calving (BC; 35 ± 3 d; ± standard deviation) and 7 d BC (7 ± 2 d), their colostrum, and serum lipid composition of calves (24 h after birth) using multiple reaction monitoring profiling, which is an exploratory and highly sensitive lipidomic analysis method that screens lipids based on chemical functionality. Second, data were analyzed to determine if there were relationships between circulating lipids in the cow, colostrum lipids, and calf serum lipids. Third, relationships between markers of metabolic status of the cows and circulating and colostrum lipids were analyzed with correlation analysis. Blood was sampled and plasma prepared from multiparous cows (n = 16) at 35 and 7 d BC. Within 3 h of parturition, colostrum was collected from cows and fed to her calf. Calves received another feeding of colostrum within 12 h after birth and a serum sample was collected from each calf 24 h after the first feeding of colostrum. The metabolic status of cows was evaluated using insulin, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acid area under the curve in response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test performed at 3 wk BC. Lipids were extracted from plasma, colostrum, and calf serum and were analyzed using multiple reaction monitoring profiling. Concentration of lipids were calculated using spiked in standards and expressed as percent of lipids identified. Data were uploaded into MetaboAnalyst 5.0 for multivariate and univariate analysis. Principal component analysis indicated that circulating lipids in the cow and calf were distinct from lipids in colostrum. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) concentration was greater in colostrum and calf serum than in cow plasma, with 23 of the 24 PG found in colostrum also found in calf serum. In response to intravenous glucose tolerance test in late gestation, nonesterified fatty acid area under the curve was positively related to total triacylglycerols lipids in 7 d BC plasma (r = 0.63) but negatively related to total membrane lipids in colostrum (r = ?0.55). Thus, the metabolic status of the dam influences circulating lipids and colostrum lipid content. Moreover, the circulating lipidome of the cow and calf are similar to one another and distinct from the colostrum lipidome, except for PG, where it appears that colostrum serves as the source for PG in the calf's circulation.     

两个普洱茶品种的代谢物比较分析

该研究利用代谢组学的技术手段对两个通过群体选育获得的云南普洱茶优良品种进行分析,结果表明：品种1（桃形叶）共检测和定量了798种代谢物,品种3（云瑰）共检测和定量了802种代谢物,二者之间有202种显著变化的代谢物（SCMs）,品种1（桃形叶）较品种3（云瑰）有108种SCMs的丰度显著降低,而有94种显著增加。这些SCMs按照数量的多少通常可以分为黄酮、酚酸类、脂质、氨基酸及其衍生物、木脂素和香豆素、有机酸、生物碱、核苷酸及其衍生物、鞣质和其他类。且差异代谢物在49条KEGG通路中富集,大多数已经鉴定的差异代谢物存在于苯丙烷类生物合成、苯丙氨酸代谢、类黄酮的生物合成（包括黄酮及黄酮醇的生物合成）,及氨基酸的生物合成等代谢途径中。这些显著差异代谢物可以用于为品种1（桃形叶）与品种3（云瑰）的监控茶叶适制性和品质控制提供理论依据和科学指导。     

Metabolic regulation in Danish bull calves and the relationship to the fertility of their female offspring

The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic variation of free fatty acids (FFA), glucose, growth hormone (GH), and insulin in juvenile male dairy calves and to assess the relationships, if present, with the fertility of their female offspring. This study used data from 1,498 (269.5 d of age ± 11.1) male calves from a multiple ovulation and embryo transfer breeding scheme (data collected from 1997 to 2002). Calves were Danish Holstein (n = 1,047), Danish Jersey (n = 200), and Red Dane (n = 251), and were sampled following an overnight fast at approximately 9 mo of age. Plasma samples were assayed for basal FFA, glucose, GH, and insulin. Estimated breeding values of female fertility (high values indicating better fertility), based on progeny-test results for approximately 100 daughters per sire, were available for a subset (n = 810) of the male calves as adult sires. Data from Danish Holstein alone or Danish Holstein, Red Dane, and Danish Jersey combined (all breeds) were analyzed for each trait. In both data sets, the estimates of heritabilities of glucose (0.27 ± 0.06), FFA (0.11 ± 0.05), and insulin (0.21 ± 0.06) were moderate, and that of GH (0.09 ± 0.05) was low. Correlations of estimated breeding values for fertility traits with glucose and FFA breeding values were negative, indicating that male calves with high glucose or FFA had female offspring with reduced fertility. Selection for bull calves with lower concentrations of glucose and FFA following an overnight fast could result in female offspring with genetically better fertility. Glucose and FFA may therefore be of interest to enhance selection for improved female fertility, as a measurement in young bulls.     

木质纤维稀酸水解物微生物代谢抑制物的生物降解

稀酸是木质纤维素水解生成可发酵性糖的重要催化剂,但会伴随产生大量的微生物代谢抑制物,严重影响水解物的可发酵性。文中介绍了发酵抑制物的种类、形成机理、代谢毒理,以及不同抑制物的生物降解途径与生物脱毒方法的研究进展,在此基础上对其发展方向作了进一步分析。     

啤酒发酵中代谢工程的初步研究

将代谢工程理论应用于啤酒的发酵过程,通过构建啤酒发酵过程中酵母的代谢网络模型,对啤酒发酵过程进行代谢通量分析。研究不同压力下啤酒酵母代谢能力的变化,并对其进行了代谢通量分析,结果表明,高压可对酵母在啤酒发酵过程中的代谢产生一定的抑制作用。     

两株不同体积酵母酿酒过程中的代谢网络分析

构建了啤酒酵母的代谢网络,通过代谢通量分析的方法,对两株不同体积的酵母进行啤酒发酵过程的代谢网络分析。结果显示体积较小的酵母BB细胞合成能力较强,酿造乙醇的速率较快,并且双乙酰合成较少。     

基因组规模代谢网络模型的自动化重构

对基于KEGG在线数据库、Uniprot-MetaCyc数据库,以及同源比对3种构建基因组规模代谢网络模型的方法进行了自动化研究。同时提出了基于反应式字符频度直方图的马氏距离比对算法,并应用于模型整合和模型核心反应的识别。上述自动化方法的研究均在树干毕赤酵母基因组规模代谢网络重构过程中得到运用实施,对于提高模型构建效率意义重大。     

代谢指纹分析及其在食品科学中的应用

代谢指纹分析是代谢组学的重要研究手段之一,它具有快速、高通量、全局分析的特点。文中在总结国内外近几年来有关代谢指纹分析研究开发与应用文献的基础上,对其概念与分类、分析流程及其在营养代谢性标记物研究、物质代谢规律研究、膳食调查与评价、食品原料差异性鉴别、食品质量评价与追溯等方面的应用,并对该技术在食品科学中应用进行了综述。     

啤酒生产中双乙酰的代谢调控研究

双乙酰是啤酒生产过程中由酵母在合成氨基酸的途径中产生的重要风味物质,其含量是衡量啤酒成熟的重要标志。本文简要综述了啤酒生产中双乙酰的形成机制和代谢调控研究进展。     

发酵制品调控糖脂代谢性疾病作用机制的研究进展

发酵作为一种古老的食品加工技术,不仅能延长食品的保存时间,而且具有改变食品特性的功能。随着近代生物技术的发展,发酵制品的潜在健康价值逐渐显现,在防治糖脂代谢性疾病方面的效应也受到更多关注。该文从调节神经内分泌紊乱、胰岛素抵抗、氧化应激、代谢性炎症和肠道菌群失调5个方面阐述发酵制品对糖脂代谢性疾病的作用机制,评估其作为保健品或药剂的潜力,为今后将发酵制品用于防治糖脂代谢性疾病提供参考。     

生物法合成α-酮戊二酸及其衍生物的研究进展

α-酮戊二酸是三羧酸循环的中间代谢产物,参与氨基酸、维生素和有机酸的合成及能量代谢,具有广泛的应用前景。该研究从α-酮戊二酸及其衍生物的应用、生物合成途径及代谢调控、生物法合成策略等方面综述了生物法合成α-酮戊二酸及其衍生物的研究进展,旨在为生物法合成α-酮戊二酸及其衍生物以及生产菌株的代谢工程研究提供参考。     

In vivo and in vitro models of the human colonic flora.

The study of colonic flora composition and metabolism presents considerable methodological problems. Attempts to circumvent these problems have led to the development of numerous in vitro and in vivo models to simulate the human colon and its microbial population. In terms of in vivo models, conventional laboratory animals have many limitations. Data of greater relevance to man can be obtained by using germ-free rodents associated with human colonic bacteria. The applications of such animals to studies of toxicity of chemicals and gastrointestinal infections are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of the various in vitro systems for studying gut microflora and its metabolic activity (from simple static cultures to the more sophisticated continuous and semicontinuous flow models) are reviewed. The apparatus involved is described together with practical information on media, running conditions, and sampling. The bacteriological and metabolic criteria for establishing the similarity of the models to the in situ colonic flora are also discussed. The final sections of the review are devoted to the major applications (current and future) of the models, including fermentation studies on dietary fiber, metabolism of nutrients and foreign compounds (including carcinogens) in food, and the investigation of colonization resistance.