衍生螺旋槽对超临界二氧化碳干气密封微气膜稳态特性影响*

以衍生螺旋槽为研究对象,建立衍生螺旋槽端面微气膜三维流动模型,通过软件REFPROP获取CO2在不同压力温度下的物性参数,并导入Fluent计算得到了衍生螺旋槽和经典螺旋槽的膜压分布。对比分析衍生螺旋槽和经典螺旋槽S-CO2干气密封开启力、泄漏率和气膜刚度,讨论不同入口压力和转速下湍流效应、实际气体效应以及离心惯性力对密封稳态性能的影响,揭示多种效应交互耦合对S-CO2干气密封气膜动态特性的密封机制。结果表明：衍生螺旋槽的气膜开启力、泄漏率和气膜刚度等性能参数优于经典螺旋槽,这是衍生螺旋槽两级台阶作用的结果;随着转速的增加,在湍流效应和离心惯性力的交互耦合作用下,开启力、泄漏率及气膜刚度先增大后减小,随入口压力的增大,气膜开启力、泄漏率和气膜刚度均呈近似线性增大,且压力越大衍生螺旋槽和经典螺旋槽的差异越来越明显。     

超临界二氧化碳干气密封稳态性能研究

以超临界二氧化碳(S-CO₂)干气密封为研究对象,建立变黏度变密度雷诺方程,通过构建物性数据库的方式对黏度及密度进行处理,并采用有限差分法对控制方程进行求解,得到端面压力分布,并计算开启力、泄漏量、摩擦扭矩和气膜刚度等稳态性能参数。结果表明:随着压力、转速的增大,开启力、泄漏量、摩擦扭矩、气膜刚度等参数均增大;随着槽坝比和槽深的增加,开启力、泄漏量和气膜刚度均增大,摩擦扭矩减小;随着槽数的增加,各稳态性能参数均减小;将槽坝比控制在0.5～1的范围内,有助于提高密封稳定性。     

超临界二氧化碳气体端面密封阻塞效应研究

为了分析超临界二氧化碳气体临界状态大幅度物性参数变化和偏离理想气体的真实气体效应对干气密封性能的影响,建立螺旋槽干气密封端面微尺度三维流动模型,分别采用Fluent软件中二氧化碳的实际气体模型和理想气体模型求解密封端面流动方程。数值模拟结果表明:考虑超临界二氧化碳实际气体效应时,端面更容易发生阻塞工况;气膜间隙和转速增大,阻塞效应增强,但温度升高,阻塞效应减弱;在阻塞工况下,密封开启力和泄漏量均随着气体温度、转速增加而降低。     

螺旋槽干气密封润滑气膜特性的数值模拟

应用计算流体动力学分析Fluent软件对螺旋槽干气密封润滑气膜特性进行数值模拟,得到气膜流动场的压力分布、泄漏量、气膜开启力等特性参数;模拟数据与试验数据进行比较,并分析两者存在误差的原因。结果表明,随着转速、介质压力的增大,螺旋槽干气密封气膜压力、开启力、泄漏量也增大;该模拟方法的模拟结果与实验结果基本一致,可用于螺旋槽干气密封的优化设计。     

单双列螺旋槽干气密封端面气膜刚度比较

双列螺旋槽干气密封通常被认为具有比单列螺旋槽干气密封更高的气膜刚度,因而更有利于干气密封的稳定运行,但是尚未见具体的理论分析或实验数据来验证这一结论。针对某一双列螺旋槽干气密封,采用窄槽理论,利用Mathcad 软件计算得到端面气膜压力分布和开启力,并得到开启力与膜厚的拟合曲线,以及气膜刚度与膜厚的函数曲线,并与单列螺旋槽进行对比。计算结果证实了双列螺旋槽干气密封具有比单列螺旋槽更高的气膜刚度,尤其是在开启力较小,气膜厚度较大的情况下,其主要原因是双列螺旋槽干气密封在同一开启力下,具有较小的平衡气膜厚度,即气膜的高刚度大部分是依靠减小的气膜厚度获得。双列螺旋槽干气密封端面开启力稍小,泄漏率稍大。     

仿树形槽干气密封稳态性能分析*

针对经典螺旋槽干气密封在反向旋转时动压效果较差,易遭受磨损、失稳等问题,提出一种新型双向旋转式仿树形槽。首先应用SolidWorks软件建立气膜三维模型,然后应用ICEM软件进行网格划分,最后在Fluent软件里对流场进行仿真模拟,将不同膜厚、槽深、转速等参数下开启力、泄漏率的计算结果与螺旋槽进行对比。结果表明：仿树形槽相较螺旋槽可产生明显的动压效应,且开启力较大,但其泄漏率较高,其中仿树形槽膜厚取2 μm,槽深取5~7 μm时,密封性能较好;膜厚和槽深对密封性能有较大的影响,干气密封开启力随膜厚增大而减小,随槽深的增大而增大;压力和转速增大2种槽型开启力都随之增大,但相比螺旋槽,仿树形槽密封性能受转速影响更小,且具有更好的开启效果。仿树形槽在实现双向旋转的同时也具有较好的密封性能,为双向旋转式干气密封槽型的设计提供一定的参考。     

槽底倾斜度对螺旋槽干气密封性能的影响

提出一种可以计算斜底螺旋槽干气密封性能的近似解析方法。构建槽底倾斜螺旋槽干气密封的气膜厚度表达式,基于螺旋槽的窄槽理论,近似解析求解其气膜压力控制微分方程,获得槽底倾斜螺旋槽干气密封端面气膜压力分布,进而获得端面开启力、气体泄漏率和气膜刚度等密封性能,并将结果与Fluent软件计算结果进行对比,两者的结果吻合。计算结果表明:斜底槽对密封开启力和泄漏率的影响规律取决于初始槽深;与平底槽比较,当初始槽深较小时,斜底槽的开启力较小,但泄漏率也较小;当槽深较大时,斜底槽具有较大的气膜开启力,槽底倾斜程度越大,开启力越大,但同时泄漏率也越大;一般地,斜底槽具有较大的轴向气膜刚度,槽底倾斜程度越大,气膜刚度越大,抗干扰能力越强。     

低压螺旋槽上游泵送气体端面密封零泄漏特性

采用有限差分方法,基于对螺旋槽端面气膜压力分布、流速分布和泄漏率变化的数值计算分析,探讨低压上游泵送螺旋槽气体端面密封实现被密封介质零泄漏的作用机制和变化规律。结果表明,螺旋槽上游泵送作用可在高压侧形成周向封闭的高于密封压力的高压流体环带,阻止被密封介质进入密封间隙,实现被密封高压介质的零泄漏,形成密封介质的完全的反向泄漏;泄漏率随转速、槽数和膜厚的增加先减小后增大,随槽深、螺旋角和槽台宽比的增加先增大后减小,随槽根半径增加而减小;当转速、膜厚和槽数达到一定值时,泄漏方向会发生改变;开启力随转速和槽数增加而增大,随着膜厚的增大而减小,随槽深、螺旋角、槽台宽比和槽根半径的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

自加压式动静压混合式气体润滑密封的性能分析

介绍自加压动静压混合润滑气体密封的工作原理,分析其密封特性。采用流体计算软件FLUENT建立不同自加压动静压混合气体润滑密封端面间气膜的数值计算流场,求得气膜的压力和速度分布,得到密封的性能参数,如开启力、刚度、泄漏量。分析该密封在稳定运转状态和启停工作状态的运行特点,与流体动压型气体密封的工作特性进行对比。结果表明:自加压动静压混合密封在运转时具有更大的开启力和泄漏量以及较高的刚度,表现出更好的启停性能;静压引入孔的位置以及均压槽结构对密封开启力及泄漏量有较大影响,静压引入孔在坝区使气膜刚度增大,在动压槽区则使气膜刚度减小。     

水蒸气润滑螺旋槽干气密封性能分析

水蒸气润滑干气密封是一类特殊的干气密封,端面的润滑气体为水蒸气。为了研究水蒸气润滑干气密封的性能,采用无限窄槽理论,并采用RK方程来表达水蒸气的实际气体的行为。对螺旋槽的气膜压力控制方程进行了修正,分析水蒸气润滑干气密封的开启力、气膜刚度、泄漏率、气膜摩擦力矩和热平衡气膜厚度。结果表明:低压时,泄漏率随膜厚增加先减小再增加,中高压时,泄漏率随膜厚增加而增加,实际气体行为对泄漏率的影响较大;摩擦力矩随膜厚增加而减小,实际气体行为对摩擦力矩无影响;当温度为300℃,压力为0.5 MPa时,在常见的工作膜厚范围内,剪切发热速率始终大于膨胀吸热速率,不能获得热量平衡膜厚,压力为2和5 MPa时,实际气体的热量平衡膜厚均小于理想气体,两者相差分别为0.886%和2.932%。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.