基于小波分解与深度学习的液压泵泄漏状态识别

针对液压信号高度复杂且难以识别的特点,提出了一种基于堆栈稀疏自编码器(SSAE)与Softmax的深度神经网络(DNN)来对液压泵泄漏状态信号的特征进行优化与识别。对液压泵的压力与流量信号进行5层小波分解,计算5个高频系数与一个低频系数的样本熵值作为小波特征;融合信号的小波特征与时域特征作为低阶特征,输入构建的深度神经网络进行特征优化,学习输出高阶特征,并使用连接的Softmax层完成识别任务。实验结果表明,基于堆栈稀疏自编码器与Softmax构建的深度神经网络能够学习到液压信号的高阶特征,有效完成液压泵不同泄漏状态的识别,识别精度达到99.3%。此外与随机森林与支持向量机相比,该深度神经网络具有更好的识别精度。     

基于混合特征和堆栈稀疏自编码器的齿轮箱故障诊断

针对复杂工况下齿轮箱多故障信号诊断准确率低的问题,提出了一种基于混合特征和堆栈稀疏自编码器的齿轮箱故障诊断方法。从微观信号特征角度提取奇异值特征和小波分解后的样本熵特征;从宏观角度提取故障信号时域特征,将3种特征进行融合,并输入到由稀疏自编码和Softmax堆栈得到的深度神经网络中进行特征优化和分类识别。实验结果表明:在2种不同工况下,对6种齿轮箱故障数据进行诊断均表现出较高分类识别精度,且所构建的分类模型综合性能上均高于文中其他对比模型,因此本文作者所提出的方法能有效地进行齿轮箱故障诊断。     

堆叠稀疏自编码深度神经网络算法及其在滚动轴承故障诊断中的应用

针对目前机械设备故障数据量大、多样性且主要采用监督式学习提取故障特征的现状,提出一种堆叠稀疏自编码深度神经网络,实现无监督学习提取振动信号内在特征,并用于滚动轴承故障诊断。将频谱包络线作为低层输入逐层训练网络,获取故障特征表达,输入Softmax分类器实现故障分类;通过优化算法对整个深度神经网络进行微调,提高分类精度。滚动轴承故障诊断实验结果表明：所提出的深度神经网络能更准确地实现故障诊断,且在保证准确率的同时将频谱包络线作为低层输入,能够提高计算效率     

基于单层SAE与SVM的滚动轴承性能退化评估

滚动轴承是旋转机械设备的常用关键部件之一,其性能退化评估是机械设备状态监测与视情维修的基础和依据。为及时准确掌握滚动轴承性能退化趋势与程度,提出基于单层稀疏自编码学习和支持向量机的滚动轴承性能退化评估方法,研究能够深度挖掘数据各种潜在隐含信息的稀疏自编码学习方法以及基于时频域特征和稀疏自编码学习的轴承状态特征的提取方法;提出基于支持向量机分类算法改进的轴承性能退化评估算法,并应用到滚动轴承的性能退化评估模型中,确定了模型参数寻优的方法;最后将所获得的轴承状态特征输入到轴承性能退化评估模型,得到了轴承性能退化趋势图,并通过滚动轴承实例验证了所提出方法的实用性。     

基于VMD与分层极限学习机的滚动轴承故障诊断方法研究

针对滚动轴承信号的不规则特性,致使信号故障特征难提取及难以辨识的问题,为实现滚动轴承故障的智能诊断,提出基于VMD排列熵与分层极限学习机的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先将测得振动信号进行变分模态分解(Variational Mode Decomposition,VMD),利用排列熵进一步提取各模态特征组成高维特征向量集;其次利用自动编码器(Automatic Encoder,AE)对极限学习机的隐含层进行分层,且使隐含层节点的输入权值和阈值满足正交条件;最后将构建的特征向量作为H-ELM算法的输入,通过训练建立H-ELM滚动轴承故障分类模型。实验结果表明:H-ELM滚动轴承故障分类模型比SVM、ELM故障分类模型具有更高的精度、更强的稳定性。     

基于卷积降噪自编码器和CNN的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对滚动轴承故障诊断中,振动信号往往具有非线性与非平稳性、且振动信号一般含有噪声的问题,提出一种卷积降噪自编码器和深度卷积网络(CNN)相结合的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先将滚动轴承时域信号输入到卷积降噪自编码器中,用无监督方式训练并在原始数据中加入噪声,提取自编码器隐含层数据作为特征实现降噪与降维,接着将提取的特征输入到CNN中进行模式识别。使用时域信号直接输入到CNN、人工特征输入到CNN两种方法作为对比,并对三种方法提取的特征进行主成分分析(PCA)。实验结果表明,基于卷积降噪自编码器和CNN的诊断方法在滚动轴承故障诊断中正确率较高、时间复杂度较低,验证了该方法的优越性。     

基于深度学习的液压监测系统蓄能装置故障诊断

为了提高液压检测系统故障识别的准确率,提高对液压系统中的蓄能装置故障的诊断率,提出了一种基于堆栈稀疏自编码器的深度学习算法。该方法采用希尔伯特-黄变换和小波变换对压力信号的特征进行提取,然后对堆栈稀疏自编码器(SSAE)进行训练。将训练好的模型连接Softmax分类器,实现对蓄能装置的最佳压力、压力略微减轻、压力严重减轻、接近完全失效的4类压力状态进行诊断。实验结果表明,该深度学习神经网络比机器学习的准确率更高,可以达到98. 3%,能够更好的识别液压系统蓄能装置的故障类型。     

基于多目标和声搜索优化SVM的伺服电机滚动轴承性能退化评估

针对传统的支持向量机(SVM)算法参数往往根据经验设定,难以建立最优模型以准确地检测出伺服电机滚动轴承早期故障的问题,研究一种基于多目标和声搜索优化SVM的伺服电机滚动轴承性能退化评估方法。首先提取轴承振动信号的时域、时频域特征作为原始特征集,采用堆叠稀疏自编码器对原始特征集进行更深层次的特征提取,得到最终的特征向量。之后以轴承退化曲线的趋势性和单调性作为适应度函数,采用多目标和声搜索算法对SVM的参数进行优化,建立最优评估模型,得到轴承的性能退化指标。实验结果表明:该方法能准确地检测出轴承的早期故障,相比于传统的轴承SVM性能退化评估方法具备更好的趋势性和单调性。     

基于多尺度1DCNN的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对滚动轴承振动信号典型非平稳性、非线性的特点,提出一种基于小波变换(WT)和一维卷积神经网络(1DCNN)的轴承故障诊断多尺度卷积神经网络方法。通过小波变换对信号进行多尺度分解,然后对每个尺度成分进行重构,将重构后的信号进行傅里叶变换得到频谱表示,并将各尺度幅值数据构造成一维特征向量作为一维卷积神经网络的输入。最后利用一维卷积神经网络对输入数据进行特征学习,得到轴承故障诊断模型。利用滚动轴承的10个状态数据集验证其性能。结果表明：该方法可以避免人工提取特征,获得99.94%的诊断准确率。     

基于1-DCNN-LSTM的滚动轴承自适应故障诊断方法研究

针对滚动轴承故障振动信号的非线性和非平稳特征,提出了一种自适应的一维卷积神经网络(1-Dimensional Convolutional Neutral Networks,1-DCNN)和长短期记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)融合的轴承故障诊断方法。首先,将原始一维振动信号通过有重叠取样的方式分别输入1-DCNN和LSTM两个通道,然后通过Concatenate层进行空间和时间维度上特征信息的融合,最后,通过Softmax分类器进行故障类别的分类输出。该方法可以直接从原始振动信号中自适应提取特征,实现了"端到端"的故障诊断。采用CTU-2实验平台故障数据,通过对滚动轴承的不同故障类型、不同传感器采集方位、不同故障直径进行实验分析,结果表明:该方法在识别轴承故障类别上与其他方法相比具有更高的识别精度,并具有良好的有效性和稳定性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。