Current status and prospects of marine renewable energy applied in ocean robots

The power supply for ocean robots has always been an important issue since it has a fatal influence on the endurance of these vehicles. However, the marine renewable energy (MRE) has huge potential and can provide the possibility to solve this problem between essential endurance and finite energy in ocean robots. This paper starts with brief introduction of marine energy resource and ocean robots and presents significance of improving ocean robots' endurance, through comparison of their performance characteristics. MRE applied in ocean robots developed or under development, including energy conversion and driving principle, is reviewed, such as solar, wind, tides, waves, thermal energy, etc. Many challenges and difficulties are also discussed in energy exploitation and utilization related to ocean robots. Finally, the prospect for the future development of related technologies is proposed in this paper.     

A review of marine renewable energy storage

Marine renewable energies are promising enablers of a cleaner energy future. Some technologies, like wind, are maturing and have already achieved commercial success. Similar to their terrestrial counterparts, marine renewable energy systems require energy storage capabilities to achieve the flexibility of the 21st century grid demand. The unique difficulties imposed by a harsh marine environment challenge the unencumbered rise of marine renewable energy generation and storage systems. In this study, the fundamentals of marine renewable energy generation technologies are briefed. A comprehensive review and comparison of state‐of‐the‐art novel marine renewable energy storage technologies, including pumped hydro storage (PHS), compressed air energy storage (CAES), battery energy storage (BES), hydrogen energy storage (HES), gravity energy storage (GES), and buoyancy energy storage (ByES), are conducted. The pros and cons, and potential applications, of various marine renewable energy storage technologies are also compiled. Finally, several future trends of marine renewable energy storage technologies are connoted.     

海上可再生能源开发评价指标体系与实证研究

开发海上可再生能源对于优化能源结构具有重要意义。文章在对海上可再生能源主要开发形式调查分析的基础上,从技术、经济、资源、环境、安全5方面构建了海上可再生能源开发评价指标体系,在此基础上,从能源转换效率、技术成熟度、投资成本等方面对潮汐能、潮流能、波浪能等海上可再生能源开发形式进行分析。以大连为例进行实证研究,利用构建的指标体系对大连地区的海上风能开发进行分析评价,提出了大连地区海上可再生能源开发的建议。     

我国可再生能源政策与建议

阐述了我国发展可再生能源的必要性及其重要的现实意义，概述了国家对发展可再生能源的立场及其对支持可再生能源发展所实施的宏观政策、对外开放政策、经济政策及一系列的可再生能源工程，并针对实践中就政策的不足之处提出了完善的建议。     

英国可再生能源政策及启示

介绍了美国政府支持新能源、可再生能源发展及高耗能企业调控的做法、对策和取得的成效,并谈了体会和建议。     

欧盟可再生能源发展的新政策及对我国的启示

欧洲的可再生能源发展取得了很大的成就,并建立了有效的支持可再生能源发展的政策体系和框架,是世界可再生能源发展的领先者.文章介绍了欧盟在2007年1月提出的可再生能源发展的新的政策目标以及近期采取的新行动,并提出借鉴欧洲经验,支持我国可再生能源发展的行动建议.     

Intermittent renewable energy: The only future source of hydrogen?

In this paper we assess the feasibility of various future energy production pathways for hydrogen. We argue that neither nuclear energy, nor coal gasification with carbon collection and storage can provide sufficient climate-neutral energy to be probable routes to a hydrogen future. Their contributions are likely to be too little and too late to be of much help. Hydroelectricity, geothermal and biomass energy can all provide base-load power, but even combined have limited potential, and are not always climate-neutral in operation. On the other hand, the high-potential renewable energy (RE) sources, particularly wind and direct solar energy, are intermittent. Further, wind resources are poorly matched to the existing distribution of world population. Wind power's high potential compared with present electricity demand, high return on energy invested, intermittency, and mismatch with load centres all favour hydrogen conversion and transmission to load centres.     

中国能源状况与发展对策分析

能源问题是当今世界的重大问题之一,各国政府都将建立可靠、安全、稳定的能源供应保障体系作为国民经济战略的重点。通过对中国与世界能源状况进行比较,重点分析了中国能源在生产和消费中存在的主要问题,并结合世界形势,提出了解决我国能源问题的办法。     

海洋可再生能源技术发展现状及对策建议

海洋能是一种清洁无污染、蕴藏量丰富的可再生新能源。随着化石能源不断枯竭和低碳减排的迫切要求,世界各国对开发海洋能源产业愈加重视,各种海洋能发电技术得到了不断突破,其中,英国等欧美国家已进入商业化运作前期。文章介绍了国内外海洋能发电技术的最新进展以及已建、在建和计划筹建的工程项目情况。从政策、技术研发、资金及人才培养等方面,提出了我国发展海洋可再生能源产业的对策建议。     

Current utilization and future prospects of emerging renewable energy applications in Canada

Canada has vast renewable energy resources due to its extensive geography and traditionally they have played an important role, particularly prior to the turn of the 20th century. Public interest in new renewable energy technologies (RETs) emerged and grew during the oil shocks of the 1970s and early 1980s. Even though many Canadian provinces had been deriving most of their electricity from hydroelectric power, the first oil crises of the 1970s ignited a strong interest in all forms of renewable energy. Though Canada has huge prospects for low-impact RETs, it is falling behind most industrialized nations in the expansion of these technologies due to a lack of supporting market structures and the absence of appropriate government policies and initiatives. This review focuses on only applications of low-impact emerging RETs that refer to wind, solar, small hydro, geothermal, marine and modern biomass energy. Today, these technologies are mostly in the dissemination, demonstration and early stage of commercialization phase in Canada and currently they contribute less than 1% of the total primary energy consumption. It is evident from the past experience of Europe and Japan that environmentally benign RETs can contribute significantly toward Canada’s Kyoto target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by displacing the use of conventional fossil fuels, and help Canada take an essential step toward a sustainable energy future. In this paper, the current energy utilization scenario of Canada has been analyzed and an array of emerging RET applications has been presented under the category of: (i) green power technologies; (ii) green heat technologies; and (iii) green fuel technologies.     

A new thinking for renewable energy model: Remote sensing‐based renewable energy model

This paper mainly focuses on the two issues through remote sensing: assessment of the renewable energy potential and integration of the renewable energy model. Three methods for assessing the renewable energy potential with remote sensing (RS) are proposed. The methods can provide more precise evaluation of renewable energy potential, which is the first vital step to develop renewable energy model. The paper then first presents three integrations of the renewable energy model with RS and points out that with respect to the problems one of them is employed. The assessment methods based on RS and the integrations with RS are illustrated by a simple example with Europe solar energy data set. The results show that Germany is the optimal country to install photovoltaic with a capacity of 137 125 GW. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

欧盟可再生能源发展形势和2020年发展战略目标分析

2010年,欧盟可再生能源发展呈现出新的形势:一方面,风电满足了欧盟5.3%的电力需求,已经开始发挥替代能源的战略作用;另一方面,光伏发电新增装机容量首次超过风电,显示出分布式光伏发电的巨大优势。在欧盟可再生能源"20-20-20"发展目标的基础上,欧盟各成员国相继制定了具有法律效力的国家可再生能源行动方案,规定了各国在不同时期的可再生能源的发展目标和实现路径。     

Offshore wind development in China and its future with the existing renewable policy

Based on independent studies, this paper focuses on the significant discrepancy of 15 GW between the installed onshore wind generation capacity and what has been actually connected to the power network to reveal the challenges in meeting the Chinese renewable energy target. The recent accidents in Chinese North-Western transmission network (in February–April, 2011) demonstrated the urgent need for a fundamental review of the Chinese renewable energy policy. Offshore wind has been identified as the most feasible alternative to onshore wind to help deliver electricity to Eastern China during the summer peak time. By investigating and summarizing first hand experiences of participation in the Chinese renewable market, the authors provide the economic figures of the first cohort of Chinese offshore wind schemes. Large state owned enterprises (SOE) are dominating the offshore wind development, repeating their previous practices on the land. While this paper acknowledges the critical role of offshore wind generation in meeting Chinese renewable energy targets, it envisages an installed offshore capacity of approximately 2000 MW by 2015, much less than the 10000 MW governmental estimation, which can be attributed to the lack of detailed energy policy, network constraints, offshore wind installation difficulties and quality issues in the manufacture of turbines.     

Investment barriers and incentives for marine renewable energy in the UK: An analysis of investor preferences

Deployment of marine renewable energy (MRE) in the UK is desirable in order to address climate change, meet mandatory EU renewable energy targets and provide significant economic development opportunities, including new export markets. Public funding constraints in the UK mean that substantial investment is required from the private sector to commercialize the industry. By focussing on investor attitudes and behaviours towards wave and tidal technologies, this paper reveals significant observations from the investment community with serious implications for the future of the MRE industry. Through a series of in-depth interviews with individuals from the investment community, device developers and industry support, the research seeks to identify common barriers and incentives to investment. The paper demonstrates that although investors' attitudes are generally aligned, they do appear to have changed over time. Of the participants that had previously invested in early stage MRE device development, none were likely to do so again. It is concluded that this is a function of investors' greater understanding of the scale, and unpredictability of the costs, and the length of time required to develop these technologies. This presents a significant policy challenge for all actors interested in the commercialization of wave and tidal technologies.     

发展可再生能源对浙江省节能减排的意义

分析了浙江省可再生能源资源条件和发展现状,提出了发展可再生能源是浙江省优化能源结构、降低能耗强度、保护生态环境、实现低碳经济发展的重要保障措施。     

热泵技术与可再生能源的开发利用

目前,可再生能源和热泵技术受到广泛的重视.通过对可再生能源与热泵关系的分析以及对热泵低温热能采集方式的论述表明,可再生能源是热泵低温热源的主要来源,而热泵是可再生能源低温热利用最有效的方式,热泵技术的利用极大地拓展了可再生能源的利用范围.     

循环经济框架下的可再生能源发展回顾与思考

在国家倡导大力发展循环经济的形势下,回顾了国内外可再生能源产业现状,展望可再生能源产业发展的前景,剖析了可再生能源产业发展中的问题,提出了建设性的意见。     

The energy situation in OIC countries The possible contribution of renewable energy resources

The paper reviews the socioeconomic situation and energy utilization in Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) countries which vary considerably. The review indicates that growing energy requirements are associated with economic development and population increase. Renewable energy utilization is indicated as an appropriate alternative for providing a considerable portion of future energy demand in certain energy-consuming sectors. When reviewing the present state of the art of major renewable energy technologies, particular attention is paid to both direct and indirect solar technologies. Possible adaption of renewables into the socioeconomic structures of OIC countries is discussed. The programme of action for renewables in the OIC is stressed, pointing to the priority attached to enhancing the renewable energy contribution.     

广东可再生能源利用及发展研究

阐述了广东利用和发展可再生能源的必要性，分析了广东利用和发展可再生能源的有利条件，提出了广东可再生能源发展的重点及对策。     

农村可再生能源适用技术的经济性分析

在农村和城市能源消费模式有很大的区别,在城市能源消费具有相当的密集性,而大部分可再生能源由于其资源密集度较低以及市场竞争能力不足不适宜在城市应用,但在农村则不会造成很大问题,因为农村的用能密集度也不高。一些可再生能源利用技术在农村发展和生态环境保护中发挥了重要的作用,促进了农村的可持续发展。文章将以实例研究的形式重点讨论几种适用山区农村和平原农村的可再生能源利用技术的经验性及其适应性。