Improved generalized spatial modulation via antenna selection

When a high spectral efficiency is needed, the cost of Euclidean distance‐based antenna selection for spatial modulation (EDAS‐SM) in terms of hardware, size, and computational complexity is significantly increased because of the large transmit antenna array required. In comparison, generalized spatial modulation (GSM) can match the spectral efficiency of EDAS‐SM, while using significantly fewer transmit antenna elements. However, the error performance of GSM is naturally limited because of the use of a predetermined and fixed set of transmit antenna combinations. By exploiting knowledge of the channel, the optimal set of transmit antenna combinations can be selected by maximizing the minimum Euclidean distance between transmit vectors. In this paper, an adaptive scheme for selection of the optimal set of transmit antenna combinations is proposed to improve the reliability of GSM. The computational overhead of the said scheme is relatively high; hence, a low‐complexity suboptimal scheme for selection of the set of transmit antenna combinations is further proposed. The improved GSM schemes address the spectral efficiency limitation of EDAS‐SM, while demonstrating superior error performance.     

Zero forcing based sphere decoder for generalized spatial modulation systems

To reduce the number of radio frequency (RF) chains in multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems, generalized spatial modulation (GSM) techniques have been proposed in the literature. In this paper, we propose a zero‐forcing (ZF)‐based detector, which performs an initial pruning of the search tree that will be considered as the initial condition in a sphere decoding (SD) algorithm. The proposed method significantly reduces the computational complexity of GSM systems while achieving a near maximum likelihood (ML) performance. We analyze the performance of the proposed method and provide an analytic performance difference between the proposed method and the ML detector. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed method is very close to that of the ML detector, while achieving a significant computational complexity reduction in comparison with the conventional SD method, in terms of the number of visited nodes. We also present some simulations to assess the accuracy of our theoretical results.     

采用相位判决的低复杂度广义空间调制检测算法

针对广义空间调制(GSM)系统中信号检测复杂度过高的问题,提出了一种基于相位判决的低复杂度检测算法.首先根据一种排序准则对天线组合进行排序,然后将排序后的天线组合中的符号向量依次通过基于相位判决的迫零(ZF)均衡器进行检测,最终得到星座调制符号和激活天线组合.分析和仿真结果表明,该检测算法可以有效缩小接收端的搜索范围,在提供与最大似然(ML)检测算法相近的误比特率(BER)性能的同时,计算复杂度降低了98％.     

广义空间调制系统的低复杂度检测算法

针对广义空间调制( GSM)系统接收端最大似然( ML)检测算法计算复杂度极高的缺点,提出了一种基于压缩感知( CS)信号重构理论的低复杂度信号检测算法。首先,在多输入多输出( MI-MO)信道模型下,通过改进正交匹配追踪( OMP)算法,得到一个激活天线索引备选集;然后,利用ML算法在该备选集中进行遍历搜索,检测出激活天线索引和星座调制符号。仿真结果表明所提算法的检测性能接近于ML算法,且复杂度约为ML算法的2%。因此,所提算法在保证检测性能的同时也大大降低了计算复杂度,实现了检测性能与复杂度之间的平衡。     

Space‐time block coded spatial modulation with labeling diversity

Space‐time block coded spatial modulation (STBC‐SM) exploits the advantages of both spatial modulation and the Alamouti space‐time block code. Meanwhile, space‐time labeling diversity has demonstrated an improved bit error rate (BER) performance in comparison to the latter. Hence, in this paper, we extend the application of labeling diversity to STBC‐SM, which is termed STBC‐SM‐LD. Under identical channel assumptions, STBC‐SM‐LD exhibits superior BER performance compared to STBC‐SM. For example, with 4 × 4, 64‐quadrature amplitude modulation (64‐QAM), STBC‐SM‐LD has a BER performance gain of approximately 2.6 dB over STBC‐SM. Moreover, an asymptotic bound is presented to quantify the average BER performance of M‐ary QAM STBC‐SM‐LD over independent and identically distributed Rayleigh frequency‐flat fading channels. Monte Carlo simulations for STBC‐SM‐LD agree well with the analytical framework. In addition to the above, low‐complexity (LC) near‐maximum‐likelihood detectors for space‐time labeling diversity and STBC‐SM‐LD are presented. Complexity analysis of the proposed LC detectors shows a substantial reduction in computational complexity compared to their ML detector counterparts. For example, the proposed detector for STBC‐SM‐LD achieves a 91.9% drop in computational complexity for a 4 × 4, 64‐QAM system. The simulations further validate the near‐maximum‐likelihood performance of the LC detectors.     

正交空间调制的低复杂度检测算法

针对正交空间调制(QSM)系统中激活天线数的不确定性、最大似然(ML)检测算法复杂度极高的缺点,提出了一种低复杂度检测算法.首先,该算法基于压缩感知(CS)信号重构理论,对系统模型进行重构,使固定激活天线系统中的低复杂度算法可以在新的系统模型中使用;然后,借鉴正交匹配追踪(OMP)算法的思想,选出一个激活天线备选集;最后,通过ML算法搜索备选集,选出激活天线和调制符号.仿真结果显示,相比ML检测算法,所提算法在性能丢失较小的情况下,降低了约90％的复杂度.     

广义空间调制系统的正则化OMP检测算法

在广义空间调制（GSM）系统中,最大似然（ML）检测可以取得最优的检测性能,然而其计算复杂度随激活天线数的增加急剧增长。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于稀疏重构理论的低复杂度检测算法——正则化正交匹配追踪（ROMP）算法。该算法首先根据信道矩阵和当前残差的内积选取多个候选激活天线索引,接着对候选天线索引按正则化标准进行可靠性验证,剔除错误索引,缩小信号的搜索空间,最后通过求解最小二乘问题估计信号。仿真结果表明,与经典的正交匹配追踪（OMP）算法相比,所提算法以少许复杂度的增加为代价极大提升了检测性能,能够在检测性能与复杂度之间取得更好的折中。     

Symbol error probability evaluation for PSK modulation schemes in generalized non‐Gaussian noise channels

The average symbol error probability (ASEP) performance over the faded radio frequency (RF) link when the noise is additive in nature and has generalized Laplacian distribution is evaluated in this paper. The additive white generalized Laplacian noise (AWGLN) distribution can model different impulsive and non‐Gaussian noise environments often encountered in practice and provides a robust alternative to Gaussian distribution. A new expression for evaluating the exact symbol error probability over a multilevel M‐ary PSK‐modulated AWGLN channel is derived. Based on the obtained expression, the ASEP for the single‐hop RF link that models the shadowing and fading conditions over the RF channel by a generalized –K (GK) distribution is derived. Further, the error performance of a decode‐and‐forward relayed and GK‐distributed two‐hop RF link is discussed, and the results are validated through numerical plots.     

A simple low-complexity algorithm for generalized spatial modulation

Generalized spatial modulation (GSM) is an extension of spatial modulation which is significant for the next generation communication systems. Optimal detection process for the GSM is the maximum-likelihood (ML) detection which jointly detects the antenna combinations and transmitted symbols. However, the receiver is much more complicated than SM due to inter-antenna interference and/or increased number of combinations. Therefore, the computational complexity of the ML detection grows with the number of transmit antennas and the signal constellation size. In this letter, we introduce a novel and simple detection algorithm which uses sub-optimal method based on the least squares solution to detect likely antenna combinations. Once the antenna indices are detected, ML detection is utilized to identify the transmitted symbols. For obtaining near-ML performance while keeping lower complexity than ML detection, sphere decoding is applied. Our proposed algorithm reduces the search complexity while achieving a near optimum solution. Computer simulation results show that the proposed algorithm performs close to the optimal (ML) detection resulting in a significant reduction of computational complexity.     

Channel‐estimate‐based frequency‐domain equalization (CE‐FDE) for broadband single‐carrier transmission

A channel‐estimate‐based frequency‐domain equalization (CE‐FDE) scheme for wireless broadband single‐carrier communications over time‐varying frequency‐selective fading channels is proposed. Adaptive updating of the FDE coefficients are based on the timely estimate of channel impulse response (CIR) to avoid error propagation that is a major source of performance degradation in adaptive equalizers using least mean square (LMS) or recursive least square (RLS) algorithms. Various time‐domain and frequency‐domain techniques for initial channel estimation and adaptive updating are discussed and evaluated in terms of performance and complexity. Performance of uncoded and coded systems using the proposed CE‐FDE with diversity combining in different time‐varying, multi‐path fading channels is evaluated. Analytical and simulation results show the good performance of the proposed scheme suitable for broadband wireless communications. For channels with high‐Doppler frequency, diversity combining substantially improves the system performance. For channels with sparse multi‐path propagation, a tap‐selection strategy used with the CE‐FDE systems can significantly reduce the complexity without sacrificing the performance. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enhanced redesigned spatial modulation: Design and performance evaluation under correlated fading channels

Spatial modulation techniques (SMTs) have emerged as promising multiple‐input and multiple‐output (MIMO) technology for fifth generation (5G) networks, which can achieve an appealing trade‐off between conflicting design objectives such as reliability, hardware cost, complexity, spectral efficiency, and energy efficiency. Most of the SMTs suffer from significant performance deterioration under correlated fading channels. In this paper, a novel spectral efficient SMT referred as enhanced redesigned spatial modulation (EReSM) is proposed, which is robust against adverse channel correlation effects. At any time instant, EReSM activates either one or two transmit antennas and employs a robust bits to antenna index mapping that ensures the selection of antenna subsets with maximum spatial separation to mitigate the effect of spatial correlation. EReSM also exploits phase rotation of transmitted symbols as an additional dimension to convey an extra information bit. The rotation angles used for bit mapping are optimized for various modulation schemes to maximize the minimum euclidean distance between the symbols. To analyze the performance, analytical upper bound expression for average bit error probability (ABEP) is derived for both uncorrelated and spatially correlated channel conditions. Monte Carlo simulation results substantiate the accuracy of the analytical results and also demonstrate that the proposed EReSM outperform conventional redesigned spatial modulation (ReSM) by at least 4 dB.     

差分空间调制中的非恒模调制方法

差分空间调制(DSM)由于不依靠信道状态信息(CSI)而备受关注.传统的DSM采用了恒模调制的方法,例如相移键控(PSK),但是在高速传输时PSK对星座图的空间自由度利用很低.针对该问题提出了一种DSM系统中的非恒模调制方法,通过对发射信号做相关预编码处理,使之消除非恒模调制在DSM系统中存在的幅度迭代问题.除此之外,为了使之可以体现分集增益,通过减小传输速率来达到满分集增益,并且加入一个功率均衡项来使该系统可以利用非恒模调制.仿真结果表明所提算法随着信噪比的提高,性能会逐渐优于PSK.     

Novel Trellis‐Coded Spatial Modulation over Generalized Rician Fading Channels

In this paper, a novel trellis‐coded spatial modulation (TCSM) design method is presented and analyzed. Inspired by the key idea of trellis‐coded modulation (TCM), the detailed analysis is firstly provided on the unequal error protection performance of spatial modulation constellation. Subsequently, the Ungerboeck set partitioning rule is proposed and applied to develop a general method to design the novel TCSM schemes. Different from the conventional TCSM approaches, the novel one based on the Ungerboeck set partitioning rule has similar properties as the classic TCM, which has simple but effective code design criteria. Moreover, the novel designed schemes are robust and adaptive to the generalized Rician fading channels, which outperform the traditional TCSM ones. For examples, the novel 4‐, 8‐, and 16‐state TCSM schemes are constructed by employing different transmit antennas and different modulation schemes in different channel conditions. Simulation results clearly demonstrate the advantages of the novel TCSM schemes over the conventional ones.     

低复杂度空间调制MPSK信号的最优检测

针对MQAM信号,已有低复杂度的最优检测算法,但是针对MPSK信号还没有类似的最优检测算法发表,因此从二维矢量量化的ML解调角度出发,利用MPSK星座图的特性,给出了与调制符号阶数无关的ML简化算法,避免了ML联合检测算法中对调制符号空间的搜索,极大地降低了算法复杂度。新算法不仅与ML最优检测算法具有完全相同的性能,而且具有较低的复杂度,有较好的理论和实际意义。该算法在天线技术和绿色通信技术中有较好的实际应用意义。     

Performance analysis of cooperative multi‐carrier relay‐based UAV networks over generalized fading channels

The outage probability in a network of cooperative unmanned airborne vehicles (UAVs) over generalized fading channels is studied analytically using finite mixture with expectation maximization technique. A relay‐based topology with one ground control unit (GCU) is considered, where the cooperative UAVs can communicate with the GCU directly or through relay. The application the UAV is assigned for specifies the minimum required transmission rate the UAV should achieve. The outage probability of the system is defined as the probability that either the transmission rate over any of the links drops below a predefined minimum threshold for that link or the Relay‐GCU link is not able to transmit the aggregate data from all relayed UAVs and the minimum rate required by the relay UAV itself. Throughout the paper, expressions for the outage probability and the average achievable bit rate of a cooperative multi‐carrier system are derived over generalized fading channels. Finite mixture with expectation maximization algorithm is utilized to derive a simple approximate expression for the probability density function (pdf) of the achievable bit rate assuming adaptive M‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M‐QAM). This pdf is used to derive closed‐form expressions for the outage probability and the average bit rate. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于空间调制器的透镜设计与成像研究

为了研究利用空间光调制器制作的菲涅尔透镜的特性,基于标量衍射理论推导了透镜的相位分布函数,建立了菲涅尔透镜的模型;并通过实验测量了空间光调制器的相位—灰度特性曲线,得到了相位与灰度的函数关系.制作了焦距为100 mm和150 mm的菲涅尔透镜相位灰度图.通过实验研究了该菲涅尔透镜成放大实像和缩小实像的成像规律;结果表明...     

Golden codeword–based modulation schemes for single‐input multiple‐output systems

The Golden code has full rate and full diversity. The Golden codeword matrix contains two pairs of super symbols. Based on one pair of super symbols, two modulation schemes, Golden codeword–based M‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation (GC‐MQAM) and component‐interleaved GC‐MQAM (CI‐GC‐MQAM), are proposed for single‐input multiple‐output (SIMO) systems. Since the complexities of the maximum likelihood detection for the proposed GC‐MQAM and CI‐GC‐MQAM are proportional to O(M²) and O(M⁴), respectively, low complexity detection schemes for the proposed GC‐MQAM and CI‐GC‐MQAM are further proposed. In addition, the theoretical average bit error probabilities (ABEPs) for the proposed GC‐MQAM and CI‐GC‐MQAM are derived. The derived ABEPs are validated through Monte Carlo simulations. Simulation and theoretical results show that the proposed GC‐MQAM can achieve the error performance of signal space diversity. Simulation and theoretical results further show that the proposed CI‐GC‐16QAM, ‐64QAM, and ‐256QAM with three receive antennas can achieve approximately 2.2, 2.0, and 2.1 dB gain at a bit error rate of 4 × 10^?6 compared with GC‐16QAM, ‐64QAM, and ‐256QAM, respectively.     

Performance analysis of M‐APSK generalised spatial modulation with constellation reassignment

Generalised spatial modulation (GSM) is a recently developed multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) technique aimed at improving data rates over conventional spatial modulation (SM) systems. However, for identical antenna array size and configurations (AASC), the bit error rate (BER) of GSM systems in comparison with SM systems is degraded. Recently, a GSM system with constellation reassignment (GSM‐CR) was proposed in order to improve the BER of traditional GSM systems. However, this study focused on M‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M‐QAM) schemes. The focus of this paper is the application of a circular constellations scheme, in particular, amplitude phase shift keying (APSK) modulation, to GSM and GSM‐CR systems. An analytical bound for the average BER of the proposed M‐APSK GSM and M‐APSK GSM‐CR systems over fading channels is derived. The accuracy of this bound is verified using Monte Carlo simulation results. A 4 × 4 16‐APSK GSM‐CR system achieves a gain of 2.5 dB at BER of 10^?5 over the traditional 16‐APSK GSM system with similar AASC. Similarly, a 6 × 4 32‐APSK GSM‐CR system achieves a gain of 2 dB at BER of 10^?5 over equivalent 32‐APSK GSM system.     

Performance improvement of 60‐GHz wireless optical systems with reverse‐parallel hybrid modulation scheme

This paper improves the performance of 60‐GHz wireless optical system including radio over fibre (RoF) and radio over free space optics (RoFSO), based on novel reverse‐parallel (RP) hybrid modulation scheme. This scheme combines the chromatic dispersion compensation technique of parallel modulation with energy efficiency manipulation technique of reverse modulation. Superior functioning of RoFSO is provided with reverse modulation compared with normal modulation. Comparative investigations are performed by loading 60‐GHz RF signal with 2.5 and 10‐Gbps data and modulating it with both reverse and hybrid modulators. Hybrid modulation performed better with improved BER of 10^?23 at distance of 51 km for 2.5‐Gbps data compared with reverse modulation with BER of 10^?7.     

Differential spatial modulation scheme based on orthogonal space-time block coded

Focusing on the problem that differential spatial modulation (DSM) couldn’t obtain transmit diversity and has high decoding complexity,a new differential spatial modulation scheme based on the orthogonal space-time block code was proposed and the proposed scheme is called OSTBC-DSM.There were two matrices in this scheme:the spatial modulation matrix and the symbol matrix.The former was aimed to activate different transmit antennas by setting the position of nonzero elements,and the latter structured symbolic matrix by using orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBC) as the basic code block.The proposed scheme could obtain full transmit diversity and higher spectral efficiency compared with the conventional DSM schemes.Moreover,the OSTBC-DSM supported linear maximum likelihood (ML) decoding.The simulation results show that under different spectral efficiencies,the proposed OSTBC-DSM scheme has better bit error rate (BER) performance than other schemes.